Time-Saver Standards for . Interior Design and Space Planning Joseph De Chiara Julius Panero Martin Zelnik
McGraw-Hill, Inc.
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Contents Contributors
vii
Organizations
ix
Foreword
xi
Preface
1.
xiii
Planning and Design of Interior Spaces 1 Residential Spaces Period furniture P Furniture dimensions Living rooms Dining rooms Bedrooms Bathrooms Kitchens t Library/study Family/recreation rooms Laundry/sewing rooms Closets/storage areas
Office Spaces General offices and multiple workstations Private offices Electronic workstations Conference rooms Reception areas Furniture, furnishings, and equipment
Hospitality Spaces Restaurants Bars Hotels
Retail Spaces Shops Banks Department stores
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms Restrooms and toilets Coatrooms
5 44 61 80 87 100 149 190 196 200 206
221 223 231 241 249 260 278
305 307 346 374
385 387 396 401
423 425 460
2.
3.
Construction Details and Finishes
467
Partitions and wall finishes Floors and floor finishes Doors Ceilings Stairs Fireplaces Lighting
469 516 566 641 660 724 743
Architectural Woodwork Standard joinery and casework details Woodwork details Cornices and mouldings Furniture hardware
4.
Specialties Plantscaping Signage and graphics Audio-visual systems Auditorium seating Security Color theory Window treatments 1015 Elevators Indoor recreation Accessories
5.
General Reference Data Space planning Human factors Floor and wall covering Fabric Electrical Columns, capitals, and entablatures Nails, screws, and bolts Mathematical data and formulas
779 781 804 866 887
903 906 931 949 961 977 998 1060 1069 1075
1103 1106 1110 1122 1130 1132 1135 1136 1139
Credits
1145
Index
1151
Contributors Marvin Affrime Andrew Alpern, AIA Amon & Graecen Architects David Appel, DLF, IALD Bertram L. Bassuk Architect Anthony Beaumont Architect Jeannie Bochette steelcase Louis Bowman Architect Scott Bromley Architect Bromley Jacobsen Architecture and Design Jerry Caldari Architect Toni Chi/Albert Chen Associates Will C h ing Planning and Design Barbara Cianci, IALD Cameron Clark Architect Davis, Brody & Wisniewski Architects Majorie Earthlife Brad Elias, ASID David Engel Landscape Architect Engel/GGP Landscape Architects Paul Eshelman, IDEC Evans, Moore, Peterson & Woodbridge Charles D. Flayhan Associates, Inc . Frank J. Forster Architect Ulrich Franzen Architect Gensler Associates Franklin H. Gottschall Adrienne Grad Julius Gregory Architect Albert Halse Hochheiser Elias Design Group, Inc . Caleb Hornbolstel Architect Lees Horton ISD Incorporated Lawrence Israel, FAIA Architect Francis Joannes Architect Ely Jacques Kahn Architect Mary Jean Kamin, ASID William H. Kapple, AIA Joseph Kleiman Dorothy Lee Sammy Lee Architect Lori Lennon, ASID
Architects
Howard Litton, ASID Steve Louie Ronald Lubman Architect Harry Lunstead Design, Inc . Michael Lynn Architect Michael Lynn & Associates Nathan Jerry Maltz, AIA Architect William M. Manley, FASID Mays, Simpson & Hunsicker Architects Merrill, Humble, and Taylor Architects Montgomery Winecoff & Associates, Inc . William Morgan, FAIA Bernhardt E. Muller Architect Richard J . Neutra Architect Julius Panero Architect Panero Zelnik Associates Parish Hadley Associates, Inc . Perkins & Will Architects Dennis Piermont, ASLA Nicholas Politis Professor, Fashion Institute of Technology John Russel Pope Architect William Pulgram Architect Ramey, Himes & Buchner Architects Antonin Raymond Architect Frank Rispoli Saarinin, Swanson & Saarinen Architects Jacqueline Siles The Space Design Group Richard Stonis William Tarr Andrew J. Thomas Architect Thompson, Robinson, Toraby, Inc. Darius Toraby Architect Michael Trencher Professor, Pratt Institute Verna, Cook, Salomosky Architects Walker & Gillette Architects Walker Group/CNI Leroy P. Ward Architect Edgar I . Williams Architect Charlie Wing Martin Zelnik Architect Simon B. Zelnik, FAIA Architect
Organizations A & J Washroom Accessories Access America
Hussey Seating Company
American Parquet Association American Sanitary Partition Corporation
Insulated Steel Door Systems Institute
Alvarado Manufacturing Co ., Inc . American Olean Tile Company
Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station Ilttala, Inc. Indiana Limestone Institute of America Intergraph Corporation
American Standard, Inc.
Interkal, Inc. JG Furniture Systems, Inc.
Armor Elevator Company
Kinney Shoe Corporation Kirsch Division of Cooper Industries, Inc.
Bauman Brown Manufacturing Co .
Lapeyre Stair Co . Lehigh Furniture Corporation
Camden Window and Millwork Clairson International
Maclevy Health and Fitness Products
Culter Manufacturing Corp .
McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Designers Sign Company
Merillat
Eggers Industries
Modernfold National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers National Association of Ornamental Metal Manufacturers
American Specialties, Inc.
Architectural Paneling, Inc. Architectural Woodwork Institute
Just Bulbs Ltd.
Ascente
Kohler
Buckingham-Virginia Slate Co .
Library Bureau, Inc. Manville
Closet Maid Systems Conde Nast Publications, Inc.
Marble Institute of America, Inc. Marvin Windows
Curvoflite
McKinney/Parker
Dover Elevator Systems
Midwest Plan Service
Eljer Plumbingware Division of Wallace-Murray Corporation Euroflair
Focal Point, Inc .
Formica Corporation Franciscan Tile Company
General Electric Lighting General Services Administration Glencoe Publishing Co . Habitat Hafele
Hartco Flooring/Tibbals Flooring Co . Haws
Herman Miller, Inc. Hollow Metal Manufacturers Association Horton Lees Lighting Designs, Inc . Howe Furniture Company
National Cathode Corp . National Retail Merchants Association
National Terrazzo and Mosaic Association, Inc . Nesson Lamps, Inc . New York City Housing Authority Nichols Publishing Niland Company
Osram Corporation PAM International
Parker/Nutone Philips Lighting Co .
Phillips & Brooks, Inc . Pittcon Softforms
Pittsburg Corning Corp .
Putnam Rolling Ladder Co ., Inc. Railex Corporation
Roberts Step-Lite Systems Roppe Rubber Corporation
St . Charles Kitchens
Schlage Lock Company Schulte
Selby Furniture Hardware Co ., Inc. Simon and Schuster Sister Kenny Institute Steel Door Institute Steelcase
Sweet's Division of McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Tarkett
Tile Council of America, Inc. Triangle Pacific Corp .
Western Wood Products Association Whirlpool White Consolidated Industries, Inc . Winebarger Church Furniture Woodwork Institute of California United States Dept . of Agriculture United States Dept . of Commerce
United States Dept . of Housing and Urban Development United States Dept . of the Interior United States Dept . of Transportation
Foreword A resource of incredible range and detail, this volume was compiled by three remarkably inspired designers and educators. Because of their great knowledge of interior design and their sensitivity to the subject matter, they have created the most comprehensive source book for the
field ever . The editors spent three years bringing this volume to fruition, culling the best project drawings by outstanding designers to illustrate much of the subject matter and tapping their own anthropometric expertise to address space planning and special function areas. They also address the importance of historic influence on present-day design with an impressive review of period furniture and interior details . All of
these things have produced a reference work of such scope and inclusiveness that the reader will be relieved of many hours in the pursuit of details and information, time saved that can be used for more innovation and creativity in developing solutions for client needs . The authority and abundance of this book are a testimony to the maturation of this profession of ours and to the editors' appreciation and understanding of its importance .
Jack Lowery, FASID, IDEC
My pleasure in being invited to write part of the Foreword swiftly changed to respect and, in turn, awe at the scope and depth of this book . To say that it is an encyclopedic compilation and mass of information is obvious . But it is especially and uniquely user-friendly . It presents the written and illustrative data without a trace of pedantry ; it meets a real need in our interior designer professional resources. The editors' effort, dedication, and patience, sustained during a period of over three years, are truly heroic . An astonishing number of hours of input have pro-
duced a reference of incalculable value. I offer the same cautionary advice mentioned in the Preface : If the book is a wonderfully comprehensive reference and support for interior design standards, historical material, suggested plan and design criteria, and regulatory limitations, it is not-it will never be-a subsitute for the inspired, creative design act, for imaginative solutions are always driven by new cultural conditions, programs, and functional require-
ments. So to all you designers: Continue to spin your dreams, but do not stray far from this great resource . Lawrence J. Israel, AIA, FISP
Preface Time-Saver Standards for Interior Design and Space Planning is a professional handbook dealing with the planning, design, and detailing of interior spaces . Its primary goal is to provide, within a single reference, information that typically is found dispersed throughout a multitude of sources, including manufacturers' catalogs, technical literature, books dealing with historic styles, and documents and drawings from various
projects . This handbook can be used by the small and medium-size interior design or architectural firm to establish an instant reference library of design data and details by providing a broad selection of detail types and techniques . In addition, the large firm will be able to substantially augment and modify an existing library of details . Perhaps the most unique feature of this handbook is the vast array of construction and woodwork details reproduced directly from actual working drawings contributed by some of the nation's leading interior design and architectural firms . It is this that makes the handbook particularly useful to the interior designer, architect, and student alike. This book consists of five sections . The first, entitled Planning and Design of Interior Spaces, deals with residential, office, hospitality, and retail spaces in terms of the relevant planning, design, and detailing data specifically associated with each . The second section, entitled Construction Details and Finishes, deals with various basic interior construction components associated with most interior spaces . These components include partitions, wall openings, wall finishes, floors and floor finishes, doors, ceilings, stairs, fireplaces, and lighting . Details relevant to each component have been contributed by practicing interior
designers and architects as well as manufacturers. The third section, entitled Architectural Woodwork, deals with standard joinery and casework details, customized woodwork details, cornices and mouldings, and furniture hardware . The fourth section, entitled Specialties, deals with various specialized areas of equipment, systems, furnishings, and decoration, including signage and graphics, audio-visual systems, window treatments, and accessories. Information for these subject areas is drawn from manufacturers, suppliers,
and designers. The fifth section, entitled General Reference Data, provides the most comprehensive set of time-saving reference materials found in handbooks of this type, including tables, charts, formulas, and planning guidelines . Of particular interest to the architect, interior designer, and facility manager are tables that can be easily used to determine carpet and wall covering yardage . Charts and drawings relative to human factors and planning standards are also provided . It should be noted that since the details and other information pre-
sented in this book have been compiled from so many different sources, it is difficult to ensure that all the data are entirely accurate or appropriate ; for example, in some instances planning guidelines may reflect minimum acceptable standards and not necessarily ideal or preferred standards . In other instances the details indicated may have been perfectly adequate in the context of the total building design of which they were a part, but they may well require modification to re-
flect design conditions and the reader's intended use . It should also be noted that building codes, fire safety regulations, barrier-free standards, and many other laws governing the design and construction of buildings vary from state to state . Accordingly, the reader should consult all applicable local, state, and federal codes for conformance prior to applying any of the information contained in this book . Moreover, the reader is cautioned that the dimensional information provided in connection with furniture, equipment, appliances, accessories, etc., has been obtained from manufacturers and technical literature and thus varies from supplier to supplier and from source to source . Certain items may have been discontinued, others modified, and still others replaced . Although every effort has been made to ensure the reasonableness of the information, the reader is cautioned to consult the manufacturer of the item specified for current dimensional data . The reader is also advised that most drawings and other illustrative material have been enlarged or reduced for reasons of page layout and page size . The reader is cautioned, therefore, to disregard any scale designations and not to scale the drawings in order to determine any additional dimensional information . Finally, as mentioned before, the plans and details contained in this book were extracted from complete sets of actual working drawings prepared by many different contributors . They were selected both because they were representative of typical situations faced by the designer of interior spaces and because they were particularly informative . The authors would like to underscore the fact that these plans and details, as well as all the other material presented in this book, are intended to serve only as a helpful point of departure in connection with the design process, and not as a substitute for original thinking and creativity . Although every effort has been made to present reasonably accurate information, the editors and publisher assume no liability or responsibility for damage to persons or property alleged to have occurred as a direct or indirect consequence of the use and application of any of the contents of this book . The reader is advised to view the subject matter primarily as guidelines for preliminary planning and detailing, and to properly review, modify, and process it to ensure conformance with local codes and practices and appropriateness of'applicability . Joseph De Chiara Julius Panero Martin Zelnik
Planning and Design of Interior Spaces
Residential Spaces Period furniture Furniture dimensions Living rooms Dining rooms Bedrooms Bathrooms Kitchens Library/study Family/recreation rooms Laundry/sewing rooms Closets/storage areas
44 61 80 87 100 149 190 196 200 206
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE
17th Century American : Colonial
17th Century immigrants brought to America the building tra . Tditions of their - native lands . The Parson Capen house (1683) at HE
Topsfield, Mass ., for example, closely resembles English houses of the same period . But the clapboards are typically American . In the panels at right are close-up details of the Early Colonial background .
T Colonial living room is typical of those in the more elaborate Early homes are blue-green HIS
. The crewel-embroidered curtains with touches of red . This is taken up by the upholstery-blue-green damask for the sofas, red tapestry for the chairs. The Oriental rug and the portrait above the fireplace are both in tones of red, brown and yellow, with red dominant . An alternative color scheme would have blue and yellow upholstery (needlework for the chairs, satin for the sofas i . The walls would be pine-paneled, adorned with silver sconces, the curtains a bright cotton print in red . yellow, blue and white .
Furniture made in America during the Early Colonial period (the seventeenth century and the first quarter of the eighteenth century) was necessarily, and possibly also by choice, of the simplest type . The early colonists, particularly those in New England, had not time or equipment to spare for any but the essentials of life . Turning on the lathe was the simplest to achieve and thus the most common form of furniture decoration . It was also a process capable of infinite variations of design (some are shown in Fig. 1).
T
IE
color scheme in this dinin't roiuu i keyed to the low
tones of the pine paneling and walnut furniture, the soft
gleam of the smooth polished brass chandelier . The bannister back chairs have rush-bottom seats . Brilliant red and white printed cotton is used for the curtains . The hooked rug is in reds and greens . Alternatively the curtains might be of red and yellow crewel embroidery, the upholstery of red brocade . In the panels at right are furniture and fabrics suited to an Early Colonial dining room .
little bedroom with its pine paneling and low ceiling Ttits is typical of the Early Colonial period. The bed, decorated with hancin ,s of crewel work in an Oriental design . i s the most important feature of the room . The chairs are upholstered in yellow damask . The green printed cotton used for the little draped window curtains is echoed by the greens in the hooked rug on the floor . Alternatively the walls might be painted a dark grayblue, the curtain material being a red printed cotton on a gray ground . The furniture is of walnut and oak.
Even the most costly furniture in this Early Colonial period was usually of solid wood unfinished except for stain or waxing . Veneering and shellacking, to gain carefully patterned graining and high finish, were still unexploited. The pine paneling on the walls might be left unfinished, waxed, or painted. Other woods near at hand in the forests and
so commonly used were oak, birch, maple, and walnut . Generally, American work is patterned upon English work of 10 or 20 years earlier. In Pennsylvania and Delaware, which were settled by colonists of Swedish and German descent (in addition to the English), much of the simple furniture was painted with its motifs transferred from Euro-
pean peasant art . In the later years of the Early Colonial period, when New Englanders were already beginning to trade with the Orient, much Chinese porcelain was imported . The Oriental influence was strong in textiles ; the Tree of Life pattern was very popular at this period . Native textiles copied the patterns
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE 17th Century American : Colonial
and colors of India, Persia, and China. The originals, or good copies of them, were usually imported from England. The colors in common use were of a piece with the solid, sturdy furniture . They seldom escaped from the conventional round of blue, red, gold, and natural gray. The only exceptions were imported fabrics and the occa-
sional hard brilliance of the Chinese porcelain found in the great houses of the day. Whatever luxury there was at this time expressed itself in textiles and silver rather than in furniture . Settlers in the South, manyof them English aristocrats, maintained a higher standard of comfort than those in the North ; they imported most of their furniture and fabrics
from England and continued to do so for a long time . Early Colonial furniture taken as a whole is sturdy, but not subtle . Furniture patterns in this country changed slowly. Paneling relieved the larger flat areas such as cupboard doors and drawer fronts . The latter were further decorated by quite elaborate fretted
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE 17th Century American : Colonial
xass and wrought-iron hardware (see Fig . 1) . More carefully embellished than the eariest American furniture were the pieces mported by the colonists from their various iomelands . These pieces, and the memories >f others left behind, later served as models or American craftsmen . The dominant inluence was Dutch, for the English had a lollander William of Orange, as king . He and tis queen, Mary, gave their names to a style )f which elaborate stretchers (particularly on iighboys, lowboys, and occasional tables) and scrolled legs are among the most obrious characteristics. Also from Dutch, Spanish, and Portuguese iources are derived most of the carved feet
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE 18th Century American : Colonial
THE EXTE111011 The architectural details shown in the five panels at right are characteristic of the Ijack,round for Milt Century Colonial decoration . As one of the finest houses of the period ticv have pictured hat right) `'V'rstovrr the great rnansLon erected 11y Nk illialn 13N'rd in Charles Cite Co ., Virginia . 'Topical of this period are the brick walls and cldrnnrys, the stone or white painted brick trine . In the Norilt wood was in more comnwn use than brick for the exterior, and the interior wooden trite was finny detailed .
THE LIVING .1101)111 The furniture, faln- ics and accessorirs shown in fit( ,- panels are all suitable to the living room . and they- are all topical of the 18111 Century Colonial stole . Tlte interior pictured at right is a fine Colonial living rooun carefully restored to its 18111 Ccnlurv state . 'flee walls are Naples Yellow, the colwnns an(] fireplace white . Red and green are dominant in the Oriental rug, i dark greens and browns in the 1),-r . trait above the fireplace . So the sofa is uldudsirred in ~iriped satin . the ::rlnchair in Nrllow vnctian brocade, the wing Chair in a fit intcd linen . The urns are of Chinese I-rcrlain . Another col,t scheme tniglrt lie : pearly gray walls, oyster white collunns and fireplace . RI 'd tioould he dominant in the Oriental carpet, dark greens and red in the portrait . There would be red damask oo the sofa . green rep on tliv wing , hair, and gold damask for th~ ;mile hair .
Whereas furniture of the Early Colonial period was often so primitive as to be referred to as 'kitchen Colonial ;' in this succeeding era dignity and luxury prevail in the centers of taste . The furnishings reflect the fashionable contemporary styles of England and stately country homes, whether on New England farms or Virginian and Carolina plantations, followed these styles . This gave rise to a number of notable architects, craftsmen, and workers in metal and wood . The eighteenth century Colonial period was the first of the really great eras in American cabinetmaking . The manufacture of wallpaper in this cointry was begun by 1763 . Before this it was
from Europe . The 'Pennsylvania fireplace' or 'Franklin stove' was invented by Benjamin Franklin in 1742 and immediately became popular up and down the Atlantic seaboard . Philadelphia was a furniture style center, in fact the most active in the creation of taste, with Boston and Charleston following A number of artists and craftsmen of this period bear mentioning . Among the architects were Samuel McIntire, Charles Bulfinch, John James, Richard Mundy Peter Harrison, John Kirk, and Isaac Royall . These men were greatly influenced by the English architects Isaac Ware, James Gibbs, Robert Morris, Abraham Swan, William Halfpenny,
Batty Langley, and William Pain, who in turn were in debt to the Italian masters Palladio and Giacomo Leoni . Among the cabinetmakers were Moses Dodge, Stephen Dwight, Henry Hardcastle, Gilbert Ash, Robert Wallace, Charles Shipman, John Brinnor, John Tremain, Charles Warham, John Brown, Bemsley Wells, Thomas and Benjamin Laskey, Jonathan Goodhue, and Job Trask . Among the upholsterers were Stephen Callow, Richard Wenman, Joseph Cox, and John Taylor ; among the metalworkers were William Coffin, Wilkins, Joseph Liddell, William Bradford, John Bassett, and Peter Harby ; and among the painters were John Singleton Copley, Joseph Blackburn, John
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE 18th Century American : Colonial
DINING 1100M The furniture and fabrics shown in the five panels at right would look well in any dining room ; but for your guidance in the selection of materials and colors we illustrate at right a fine Colonial dining room as it might have appeared in the 18th Century . The pine-panelled walls are colored a light ocher, the niches Chinese red . Curtain ; are French blue . Blue, rust and beige predorn . inate in the Oriental rug, dark green, blue and black in the por . trait over the fireplace. Table and chairs are of walnut, the sideboard of mahogany. An alternative color scheme would lie light blue-gray walls with cream niches . Curtains would be oyster white silk, the Oriental rug having a greenish tan background .
13LI)ROOM 1n the bedroom at right, choice of color and textures was designed to achieve an impression of warmth and intimacy . The paneled walls are in two tones of g r aygreen, the ceiling ocher . Curtains are antique gray-green satin . Furniture is walnut, except for the malnogany bed, which has a yellow taffeta spread . Fireside chairs arc covered in crimson damask side chairs in turkey work . An alternative color scheme would he : warns gray walls with oyster white moldings . The ailing would be cream, the carpet solid taupe, and the curtains of blue damask . The bed would have a white moirc spread and blue vat ante . The side chairs would tic upholstered in yellow damask, the wing chair in turkev work .
Ramage, James Peale, and Charles Wilson Peale . Important manufacturers were, of wallpaper, Jackson of Battersea (England) and, of window and bottle glass, Baron Stiegel and Caspar Wistar Fabrics most commonly used during the Colonial period were damask, camblet, Indian gimp and binding, moreen (woolen drapery cloth), harrateen cloth, block-printed
cotton and linen, cashmere, calico, dimity, durance, stout worsted cloth, turkey work (tufted 'pilelike'), paduasoy (strong silk), soy, shalloon, watchet, linsey-woolsey, fustian, silk muslin, chintz, Indian calico, tabby, sarcanet, taffeta, horsehair, camak, bancours, and brocade. Woods most commonly used were oak, ash, elm, red cedar, mahogany, walnut, ma-
pie, pine, and cherry. The Chippendale style merges at one end with Queen Anne, at the other with Hepplewhite, Sheraton, and Duncan Phyfe. The Rococo mounts to its zenith and starts to decline within these years. Walnut has a new rival in mahogany. And American craftsmen produced pieces of a quality which compares favorably with English work .
Residential Spaces
PERIOD FURNITURE
18th Century American : Colonial
Marble was imported until after the Revolution when domestic marbles began to be used . Marble chimney pieces, window sash, lead roofing, and hardware were all imported from London . The size of glass window panes gradually increased as the century progressed . An order of small pilasters or columns supporting the mantel in a chimney piece
was found only in imported work prior to the Revolution . Fireplace openings with neither cornice nor mantel shelf were long common . Ears on the architraves were almost universal, and a pediment (always broken) was very common . After 1760 the scroll pediment, or a similar treatment of the architrave, occurs .
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE 18th Century American : Colonial
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE
18th Century American : Federal
s a typical mansion of the Federal period we show Mappa Tall in Trenton, N .Y . It was started in the closing years of the 18th Century and completed in 1809 . The portico and the simple pediment exemplify the prevailing Classic trend . In the panels to the right are some topical details frimi the Federal period background
Federal interior in it, oziginal condition . The T 'swallsis anda finewoodwork are painted pistachio green . The curtains
are of I)eige damask . the sofa upholstered in red and gold damask . (;old damask is used for the armchairs, yellow damask for the vide chairs . The Oriental rug is wine red in tone, the furniture, mahogany . The clock is of ox-blood marble . An alternate scherne would have light gray-blue walls and woodwork . The draperies would be yellow damask, the chairs upholstered in green damask . The furniture and fabrics shown in panels at right would also be suitable for the Federal living room
The Federal style is at its most suave and elegant in the furniture of Duncan Phyfe, a Scotch cabinetmaker who arrived in New York about 1795 . He did not originate a style ; he translated prevailing fashions into fine craftsmanship . Thomas Sheraton, then the current English favorite, and the French Directoire cabinetmakers set the style. All these designers were profoundly influenced by a rediscovery of the classic splendors of Greece and Italy. Reeding of table, chair, and sofa legs and other framing members gives elegance to Federal furniture . Contrasting color veneer is used to outline the edges of tables and desks and to lend interest to large plain surfaces .
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE 18th Century American : Federal
1 w THE dining room shown above the walls are mist gray, the
ichimneypiece ochre and white marble . The drapery and upholstery are both cherry silk damask. The Oriental rug is in tones of brown, blue and beige. The furniture is mahogany . An alternate scheme would include : soft gray-green walls, beige silk damask curtains, red damask upholstery . The sconces, clock and picture frames would be gilt. This original Federal period dining room will give you ideas for using the furniture and fabrics shown in the panels at right . Or reproductions of similar pieces are appropriate .
T
r',ttts bedroom shown above is typical of those found in fine j houses during the Federal period . Walls, woodwork and chimneypiece are painted moss green . The upholstery is beige damask, except for yellow satin on the desk chair. The rug is in two tones of burgundy with a design of green, pink and white . On the walls are engravings in gilt frames . An alternate color scheme would have walls and woodwork painted peach color . The rug would then be olive green with a design in yellow and pink . The upholstery would be blue, except for red satin on the seat of the desk chair . Other furniture and fabrics suitable for this room are shown at right
Another characteristic subtlety is the raised hairline of wood, known as a cock beading, which is used to finish off the edges of drawers. Phyfe used white wood linings for the drawers in his furniture, instead of the pine linings universally employed by other American cabinetmakers of this period . Brass ornaments (probably for the most part imported) are used extensively on
Federal pieces . They have brass feet and casters, ring handles, and other types of applied ornament . Toward the end of the period, about 1825, china and glass knobs began to supplant brass rings as drawer pulls. The new United States was in its first throes of nationalism ; consequently its emblem, the eagle, appears everywhere - on
transparencies in windows, painted on fans, inlaid in mirrors, desks, knife boxes, and brass work . The 'Spread Eagle' became a favorite tavern sign . All kinds of historic scenes and patriotic emblems appear as decoration on clocks . And yet, the Classic influence was even stronger than the patriotic. Earthenware and porcelain such as Crown-Derby, Worcester,
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE 18th Century American: Federal
and Wedgwood were molded in Classic forms and painted with delicate sepia figures in Classic robes . Silver and Sheffield plate (the latter replacing pewter) also followed Classic forms. Ireland sent Waterford glass. Fabrics most used were damask, brocade, satin, taffeta, haircloth, toile de Jouy, printed cotton, and silk . Woods most used were mahogany, cherry,
and maple ; and fruit woods in less splendid furniture . Curly maple often replaced the satinwood used in European models . After 1800 rosewood was used for the more costly furniture . The Federal motifs derive almost exclusively from classical sources. The acanthus leaf, the lyre, the saber leg, the lion's mask and paw, the bowknot, rosettes,
thunderbolts, trumpets, and drapery swags are all to be found on the list of standard Federal furniture motifs . After the War of 1812, when the Federal era rose to its zenith of popularity, the laurel, cornucopia, and eagle motifs became especially popular. (See Fig . 2.) Phyfe's treatment of the acanthus leaf is so typical that many of his pieces depend upon
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE 18th Century American : Federal
this for their identification . It is simplified into a series of rounded grooves and ridges with a raised tapering ridge up the center. The lyre was used to fill in the backs of chairs, to decorate the arms of sofas, and (split apart) to support mirrors on dressing tables . Two crossed lyres are used as support for a pedestal table.
Residential Spaces
PERIOD FURNITURE
18th Century English: Georgian
of the better country houses in the second half of the 18th Century, is this design from Abraham Swan's British Architect, one of the many handbooks of builders' designs, which at this period carried news of architectural fashions from England to America . At right are close-up details of the Georgian background YPICAL
TH}:
pine-paneled walls in this characteristic Georgian living room are left unstained. The silk curtains are richly embroidered in many colors on a yellow ground which echoes the gilt frames used for pictures and mirrors . The crimson upholstery of the mahogany furniture is given added quality by the olive green carpet . An alternative color scheme would be to have the walls painted dark gray-green with carving picked out in gold . The wall-to-wall carpet would be taupe, the upholstery of the wing chairs yellow Italian damask . In both color schemes needlepoint and natural leather would be used for upholstering other chairs in the room
Chippendale was a dominating factor in the history of Georgian furniture design and his name serves as a convenient tag for the period centering in the reign of the second of the three Georges who provide the period title . Yet this English cabinetmaker achieved eminence not so much by his own work as by that of his copyists . They all used the designs in The Gentleman and Cabinet-Makers' Director, published by Chippendale in 1754 . To fill this book Chippendale commandeered all the ideas he could lay his hands on and then embroidered them with his own fancy, adapted them to his own forms. He plundered the design manuals of China and the French rococo, of the ancient Gothic masters, and of his immediate predecessors in the English furniture trade.
From the craftsmen of the early eighteenth century Chippendale borrowed such tested forms as the cabriole leg, the claw-and-ball foot, and the typical acanthus leaf ornament . But to each of them he added a grace and
charm of which the earlier furniture makers had never been capable. Thomas Chippendale was a typical product of that brilliant English society which flourished during the mid-eighteenth century. He
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE 18th Century Engllsh: Georgian
H
ERE the walls are pine-paneled, the wood being left its natural honey color . The consoles are also of pine . But brilliant against this pale background are the red damask curtains, and the mahogany furniture with its red and yellow striped silk upholstery. Alternatively, the walls might be painted light blue as a background for yellow brocade curtains . The mahogany table and chairs stand on an Oriental rug which repeats colors found in the needlepoint upholstery . In the panels at right is furniture suitable for a room of this style
C
IfARACrERts'rIC of the Georgian period are the richly embroidered Chinese silk draperies and the delicately fretted four-poster bed in this room . The dominant tone is yellow, against which is posed green upholstery, with a gun-metal carpet for base, putty walls for background . Alternatively the walls could be pale green, the carpet brown, the upholstery blue-green and yellow, the ceiling pale apricot. In the panels at right are other pieces suitablo for a room of this type. Modern reproductions of such authentic pieces are available in good furniture stores
was a contemporary of Josiah Wedgwood, the potter, and of Edmund Burke, the orator. Boswell and Johnson, Benjamin Franklin, Garrick, Gibbon, and Goldsmith, all added their wit and intelligence to the creation of a sturdy culture. Thomas Chippendale served their changing taste and their fashionable whims. In his
later years he was engaged in making furniture of classic, elegant simplicity for the brothers Adam . His earlier work to his own designs, his love of gilt and gaudy color, his fascination with the exotic - all typical of the age in which he lived - suggest that he might have made a brilliant stage designer. Chippendale is the first personality in the
history of furniture style. This was due less to his fine craftsmanship than to his ability as a publicist. He was the first cabinetmaker to publish a book of furniture designs. The influence of his Director was particularly strong in Philadelphia, but the American cabinetmakers usually simplified his exuberant ornament to suit their clients' taste and
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE 18th Century English: Georgian
their workers' skill in carving. For it must be remembered that many of the published designs were too complex for reproduction in the solid, even by the most highly skilled English carvers. Such designs were intended for inspiration only. The introduction of mahogany about 1725 was a fundamental influence on furniture
design . Rosewood was another material in favor. Pine was used for paneling and also for intricate carving as, for example, on mirror frames . In the latter case it was usually gilt . Amboyna was occasionally used, mostly for inlays . But the considerable use of inlay is not found until the late Georgian period . From China come the rectangular leg and
an infinite variety of fretted ornament, as well as the more obviously Oriental pagoda forms. From the France of Louis XV come the elaborate combinations of foliated C and S scrolls so typical of the rococo style of ornament . These came to a lush flowering in furniture hardware and gilt mirror frames . Serpentine fronts and sides broke down
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE 181h Century English: Georgian
even the solid rectangular forms of such traditionally four-square pieces as chests of drawers and tables . (For typical profiles and decorative motifs see Fig. 3.) Romance was sought in the past as well as the East ; the pointed Gothic arch and burgeoning crockets turn up in all kinds of furniture and decoration .
Residential Spaces
PERIOD FURNITURE
18th Century English: Late Georgian
such as the one shown Tae exterior of a later Georgian house,cream-painted stucco with
above, would have been finished in stone trim . The Classic detail was in carved stone or molded stucco . At right are details of the architectural background at this period .
GREev brocade curtains, bound with gold, and green brocade upl~ holstery on the sofa and adjacent chairs stand out brilliantly
against the French white of these walls . A damask in tones of coffee and gold is used for the other chairs, a red moire for the other sofa . All these colors are repeated in the rug . The dark brown red of polished mahogany appears in the doors and furniture . Some of the smaller pieces are inlaid with satinwood . Alternatively the walls might be pale pink with white moldings. Upholstery would be blue green except for the chairs by the fire in lemon yellow brocade and the sofa in gold satin .
Chippendale went for inspiration to Chinese and Gothic decoration . The great designers of the later Georgian period - the brothers Adam, George Hepplewhite, and Thomas Sheraton - were entranced by the recently discovered Classic glories of Pompeii and Herculaneum, and by the slim prettiness in vogue at the French court. The motifs most characteristic of the later Georgian period (see Fig. 4) are all of Classic origin : acanthus leaf and honeysuckle, ram's head, winged griffin and lion, laurel, and garland. Characteristic of this period is the perfect coordination between architects, painters, and furniture designers. The four Adam brothers - John, Robert, James, and William, who trademarked themselves the Adelphi (Greek for brothers) -were Scots by
birth, architects by profession . They did not consider their job at an end when they had designed the shell of a house. Every detail of furnishing, decoration, and lighting was especially designed by the Adams to give a rounded effect . Nothing was too small or
unimportant to deserve their attention. The best craftsmen would then be employed to carry out their designs. Chippendale and Hepplewhite, perhaps Sheraton also, made furniture for the Adams. All these designers followed Chippen-
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE 18th Century English: Late Georgian
T
pale blur-green walls are relieved by grisaille paintin delicate Classic taste . Gold appears in the leather chair seats, in the mirror above the consoles and in the binding of the white curtains. Green and beige enliven the carpet and painted ceiling design . Alternatively the wall paintings might be brighter and more varied in color, including Naples yellow, inauve and green . Curtains and chair seats would be cherry, the ceiling painting cinnamon brown and white .
P
11ings
E
colors are dominant here. The sofa, painted oyster white, is upholstered in apple green satin . The rnaliogany lied is covered in white taffeta trimmed with apple green . and the armchair upholstery is cinnamon and gold-striped damask . Curtains are white silk, gold-trimmed . Alternatively the color scheme might he hased on gold and white with blue green silk on the bed and yellow satin upholstery on the armchair for contrast. In the panels to the right are a number of authentic pieces which might It( , used in a Georgian bcdroonn such as this . ALE
dale's lead by publishing design handbooks for the use of other less experienced and less imaginative craftsmen in this country and in the English provinces outside London . Here is seen the changing fashion: lowboys are being supplanted by dressing tables, highboys by wardrobes. Color and inlay become more popular than carving, with Sheraton as the champion of inlay against painting .
Hepplewhite's work is usually characterized by his affection for curves, Sheraton's by a preference for straight lines. This was probably because Hepplewhite was more strongly influenced than Sheraton by contemporary French work, which was enlivened by a profusion of delicate curves . Of particular interest in Sheraton's work are his designs for ingenious folding and multi-
purpose furniture such as folding beds, combined bookcases and washstand, and couches that folded up to become tables . These were designed for use in those bedrooms which were now doubling as parlors during the day. This later Georgian period has often been labeled the Age of Satinwood. All the designers eagerly exploited the possibilities of ve-
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE 18th Century English: Late Georgian
neering and inlay with woods such as satinwood and amboyna, ebony, sycamore, holly, kingwood, and lime . Ivory and brass inlay were often used to mark key plates . Some of these motifs (the acanthus leaf, for example) had been in use by English designers for more than half a century. But now, reintroduced from Italy by means of measured drawings, they take on a fresh
elegance . Italian painters were brought in Pergolesi, Zucchi, and Cipriani - to provide the background of decoration . Angelica Kaufmann, a Swiss, filled their wreathed panels with neo-Classic figures . Yet the solid tradition of English craftsmanship remained intact beneath all these changing fashions . The basic proportions remain almost inviolate . Hepplewhite at-
tempted (in his own words) 'to unite elegance with utility, and to blend the useful with the agreeable'
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE 18th Century English : Late Georgian
Residential Spaces
PERIOD FURNITURE
Late 18th-Early 19th Century French : Dlrectolre and Empire
tte typical Directoire chateau shows French Renaissance tradition crossed with the newer Classic vogue . The center panel of this facade is of stone, the remainder in two shades of painted stucco, perhaps in such gay colors as salmon, tan and blue .
pale range of colors keeps this room in period . The walls are a pinkish gray, the doors gray and gold . The curtains are oyster white bound in gray and the rug predominantly white except for green and gold in the center . Green recurs in the upholstery of the armchair, side chairs and sofa, and gold (satin) in the sofa and meridienne by the fireplace . For added color the fireside pieces might be upholstered in red satin, the other furniture in gold and blue striped satin . In panels at right are other pieces suitable for such a room . CHARACTERISTICALLY
The Directoire was France's recovery period after the shock of a six-year revolution . The Directoire, established in 1795, lasted only a brief four years; but this was long enough for the designers to sketch in the outlines of a new style. Those outlines were to be filled in later as Directoire merged into Empire ; these are but two stages in a single style . With the rise of Napoleon to absolute power, the delicate style of the Directoire was taken over and developed 'for tha good of the State.' It was to be made into a French national style thoroughly imbued with the political principles which were to guide the new state . Imperial Rome was found to provide the dignity and impressiveness required in the
prototype, so all the Imperial symbols were converted to use . The symmetrical shapes of heavy proportion were taken over unchanged, copied in wood instead of being reproduced in stone or bronze . Most pieces displayed large surfaces of
highly polished wood, usually mahogany. They were not, as a rule, decorated by molding or paneling, or even by carving. Ornamentation was almost always applied or inlaid . Most typically it took the form of gilded bas reliefs tacked to the smooth wood sur-
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE Late 18th-Early 19th Century French : Directoire and Empire
Ttte rich brown of polished
mahogany in this table is surrounded by chairs painted gold and white, upholstered in blue satin . The walls are painted oyster while picked out with yellow moldings . Above the doors art! white Classic figure paintings with a lilue background which is echoed in the blue taffeta curtains . Alternatively the walls might be painted green with the cornice picked out in white and gold . The chairs would then be upholstered in red . Other pieces suitable for a room of this type are shown in the panels at right .
PINK wAI.ts decorated in white and gold provide a good background for this tnalu)gany and rosewood furniture relieved with brass mounts . Fabrics are gayly colored here : blue taffeta for curtains and bell canopy, striped yellow and red satin for the chairs, and yellow satin for the two stools (which have white-painted frames) . An alternative color sclx-me would have dark beige walls, green taffeta for the curtains and bed canopy . Most of the furniture would be painted white and gold . At right are Other pieces and fabrics suitable for this type of room .
faces . Painted decoration was more commonly used on walls and ceilings than for furniture. The general color scheme is rich, dark, and somewhat heavy. Rich deep mahogany, French polished and often stained red, was the favorite material . Rosewood and ebony were also in favor. Where other woods were used, their nature was concealed by staining to imitate the more popular species.
Round tables were popular. They usually stood on a pedestal or tripod vase . The top was commonly of porphyry or marble . Beds developed into Classic ceremonial couches with scrolled ends . The popular craze for all things Roman extended to include women's dresses and Lucullan banquets . In the early (Directoire) part of the period fabrics were quite delicately colored, the decorative motifs still possessed some Gre-
cian delicacy of form, and much of the furniture was painted and gilt . Later, under Napoleon's fist, fabrics were usually in deep primary colors, the motifs of Imperial Roman heaviness, the furniture of dark red polished mahogany. From each of his campaigns he brought home some new decorative motif which he would turn over to his craftsmen for use in the net batch of furniture made to his order
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE Late 18th.-Early 19th Century French : Directoire and Empire
The Egyptian campaign yielded an impressive collection of sphinxes, pyramids, obelisks, and lotus leaf capitals . From Italy came all the paraphernalia of Imperial Roman decoration, acanthus leaves, laurel wreaths, torches, winged victories, cornucopias, and the rest, including the famous wreath of bees Napoleon is usually accused of having appropriated from the arms of an old Italian family, the Barberini.
The early Empire pieces IDirectoire) are simplified versions of the styles current under Louis XVI. These pieces have grace, simplicity, and charm . The hampering restrictions on foreign trade led to the use of native fruitwoods instead of mahogany.
Residential Spaces
PERIOD FURNITURE
Late 18th-Early 19th Century French : Direcloire and Empire
Residential Spaces
PERIOD FURNITURE
17th and 18th Century American : Colonial
Hesidential Spaces
PERIOD FURNITURE
17th and 18th Century American: Colonial
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE Late 1811-Early 19th Century American : Federal (Duncan Phyfe)
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE 16th Century English : Early Jacobean
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE 17th Century English: Jacobean
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE 17th Century English : William & Mary
Residential Spaces
PERIOD FURNITURE
18th Century English: Queen Anne
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE leth Century English : Georgian (Chippendale)
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE 18th Century English : Late Georgian (Heppiewhite)
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE 18th Century English : Late Georgian (Sheraton)
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE 18th Century English: Late Georgian (Brothers Adam)
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE
18th Century English: Late Georgian (Brothers Adam)
ALL THt fURN1ruR£ Di51oNjv q BY THE BROTHtRs ADAM WAa DVIIT DY GIIICRS. HGPPLEWHITfCHIPPENDAIC 4 0THER5 .11ficLrrro THt Comm5slow5. MOST f THZ.}c MAKERS WITH 1HE Ib5,NeAr-fXCEPTIoN 0/CH1Pr'ENDAI-A WFRf.INFLU£NCEo THESL AF(TI,>T5, BY THE WORK
WHILF_ TI+c FURNITURE- 13 VERY FORnnL- IH CHAKACTF R IT 15 Also VERY BLAVTIFVL. ~ TASTLFU1` . No DYTAIL WA5 Too 5MAI.1-T0 WCL1VL IHEIK ATTrMTION. B251DES THE ORDINARY PILCI;5 THEY OESIONtp L*HTINO FIXTUREZ . UPHoL5TERY. , NunLRov5 ACCLSSORIL5.
THE DROTFIERS ADAM WLRE ARCHITECTS ~ rHL FV0 .NITURC THEY DESIGNED WAS INTENDS) - FOR DEFINITt PLACES IN THEHousES THEY BUILT. Fop, TH15 Re-A5cN 5omE f THE PLFLCS WER1LARGE A5 IS THE CASE of R(CC5 !)L--H AS THE TABLE ~PIIRROR SHowm ACovC . ~-Onc DOORCl5t5 W[KE MADE GUITE LONG . rHlt PRovop,Tnoms HowrvLR JEtm In Mo5r CA5r-5 To HAVE DEEH .fXCGILWT. IT WAS ON' DACAUS4 of A DfNRC To HAVE. LVEAY DETAIL. P(ILFr4T IN THE Hou5E5TH£Y Du11,T THAT THEY D[SIGNEO THE FURNITURE,EY' WHICH THEY ARG FAMov5 TOoAY .
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE
17th and18th Century French: Louis XIV, XV, and XVI
TIHC
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LOUL5 XVV Fl .Rj1ITURL WERE_ TAPL51WS . DAPJA5K5. fCTH cK
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bovaUET5 . RIDDCH :i .GAIC1AHDS GfVAIHTT FLLWERS . CUPIDS' FTc. ° ,1O'FT COLCR5 FR?,gC?11KATE IM TH , 5 51rtE'
Residential Spaces PERIOD FURNITURE 16th and 17th Century Spanish
Residential Spaces
PERIOD FURNITURE
Period Styles and Finishes TABLE 1
Period Style and Finishes Period style
Associated styles
Walls and ceilings
Floors
Oriental and largepatterned domestic rugs Plain rugs
Early English Tudor Jacobean Charles II
Italian Renaissance Spanish Renaissance William & Mary Larger pieces of Queen Anne
Oak panels Rough plaster with oak trim Parquetry ceilings
Anglo-Dutch William & Mary Queen Anne
Chippendale Early Georgian Louis XVI Smaller pieces of Jacobean, such as gate-leg table or Windsor chair
Papered Painted (in light tones) Hung with fabrics Paneled
Hardwood flooring Parquetry
Oriental and largepatterned domestic rugs Plain rugs
Painted dado Painted Paneled Papered upper section
Hardwood flooring Parquetry
Plain or small-patterned rugs or carpets Oriental rugs
Late Georgian Adam Hepplewhite Sheraton Empire Federal
Chinese Chippendale Louis XVI Duncan Phyfe Directoire
Plain plaster Painted Papered Large wood panels painted Gesso ceilings
Hardwood flooring Parquetry
Plain or small-patterned rugs or carpets Oriental rugs
Large wood panels painted and decorated Wallpaper in Chinese motifs
Hardwood flooring Parquetry
Plain or small-patterned rugs or carpets Oriental rugs
Spanish Renaissance
Italian Renaissance Early English Louis XIV
Rough plaster painted Ceilings same or beamed
Hardwood flooring Tiles Vinyls in tile pattern
Spanish or Oriental rugs
Oak panels Rough plaster with oak Parquetry ceilings
Late Georgian Chippendale Queen Anne Duncan Phyfe French Provincial
Smooth plaster, light trim Wallpaper, scenic and Chinese designs Paneling Ceiling plaster
Hardwood flooring or planks Vinyls in jaspe pattern
Dark hardwood flooring Vinyls in plain or jaspe patterns
Hooked, braided, Oriental, or domestic rugs Carpet, plain, two-toned patterned
Painted solid colors, striped, figured Plain papers Combinations of above
Hardwood flooring Parquetry Vinyls in modern pattern
Carpet Rugs in solid colors, geometric patterns
18th-century American Colonial Federal
Smooth plaster Wallpaper in scenic or geometric designs
Hardwood flooring Parquetry
Aubussons Homespun carpet, smallpatterned Oriental rugs
Large-patterned paper
Hardwood flooring
Early Georgian Chippendale
Chippendale Early Georgian Louis XVI Smaller pieces of Jacobean, such as gate-leg table or Windsor chair
Louis XIV, XV, and XVI All late Georgian styles 1 or 2 pieces of Directoire
Early Colonial Early American
Modern
French Provincial
Victorian
All Early English styles William & Mary Queen Anne wing chair
Swedish Modern Chinese Chippendale
Colonial William & Mary Queen Anne
Hardwood stained, dark strips and planks on flooring Stone Tiles
Floor coverings
Braided or hooked rugs
Carpet in large patterns Oriental rugs
Residential Spaces FURNITURE DIMENSIONS Children's Furniture and Tables
Residential Spaces FURNITURE DIMENSIONS
Sofas, Loveseals, Lounge Chairs, and Arm Chairs
Residential Spaces FURNITURE DIMENSIONS Bed/Mattress Types and Sizes
Figure 1 provides the designer with an array of typical bed and mattress sizes with which rooms can be planned. Tables 1 and 2, however, suggest that within the bedding and mattress industries there exists a wide range of sizes from which to select . Many manufacturers use bed/mattress terminology that reflects different dimensional standards than that of other manufacturers. Ultimately, the designer, in consultation with the client, must verify exact measurements . Be sure to take your clients to see and test the bed or mattress selected . After all, they are the ones who will have to sleep on it .
TABLE 1
Juvenile, Youth, and Adult Mattress Types and Sizes
Mattress type Bassinet Portable crib Junior crib Youth bed Bunk bed Dorm bed Hospital bed Narrow twin Twin bed
Full-size or double bed Queen-size bed King-size bed Extra-long double Super twin
TABLE 2
Wi dth ( in)
Length (in)
Min
Max
Min
Max
17 22 24 33 30 32 36 36 39
23 26 32'/2 36 33 36 36 36 39
36 45 46 66 75 75 75 74 75
40 52 58 76 76 80 80 75 80,84
54 60 76 54 45
54 60 78 54 45
74 80 80 80 75
75 84
Max
Min
Max
26 29 35
27 30 36
84 80 80
Pillow Types and Sizes Width (in)
Pillow type
Min
Standard Queen King
18 19 20
Length (in) 20 21 22
Note : Many manufacturers also make and sell undersized pillows for cribs and youth beds as well as oversized pillows for the larger beds .
Residential Spaces FURNITURE DIMENSIONS Waterbeds, Sofa Beds/Convertible Sofas, and Wall Beds
Residential Spaces FURNITURE DIMENSIONS
Audio-Visual Equipment
Residential Spaces
FURNITURE DIMENSIONS
Television Viewing Areas
The shape of the viewing area is approximately as shown in Fig . 2. Its size is always based on the size of the image to be viewed . The human eye comprehends detail only within a limited cone angle (about 21/2 minutes of arc), and the length of chord subtending this arc, i .e ., the image of width, varies with its distance from the observer. Thus an object 20 feet away and 6 feet long appears the same as a similar object 10 feet away and 3 feet long . The size of the viewing area is determined by three dimensions : m the minimum distance (1), which is the distance from the nearest part of the image to the eye of the closest viewer 0 the maximum distance (2), which is the distance from the furthermost part of the image to the most distant viewer m the maximum viewing angle (3), which is the angle between the projection axis and the line of sight of a person located as far from this axis as can be and still see all image detail in proper brilliance Practical minimum and maximum distances are both expressed as multiples of the image width (W). They vary both with the medium being used and with the type and quality of material being projected, and may be affected also, in some degree, by personal preferences. They have not yet been precisely determined by scientific methods, and it's doubtful that such data would have much practical value anyway. The generally accepted values, resulting from numerous studies, are these :
Residential Spaces FURNITURE DIMENSIONS
Residential Spaces FURNITURE DIMENSIONS 20th Century Classic Chairs
INGRAM HIGH CHAIR
WASSILY CHAIR
DESIGNER : Charles R . Macintosh
DESIGNER : Marcel Breuer
YEAR : 1900
YEAR : 1925
MANUFACTURER : Atelier International
MANUFACTURER : Knoll International
DIMENSIONS : 18'h'1N x 17'h'D x 591/4'H
DIMENSIONS : 30 3/4'W x 29'D x 28'/2'H
KUBUS CHAIR
MR . CHAIR
DESIGNER : Joseph Hoffman
DESIGNER : Mies Van Der Rohe
YEAR : 1910
YEAR : 1927
DIMENSIONS : 36'W x 30'/2'D x 28'/2'H
MANUFACTURER : Stendig DIMENSIONS : 21 3/4'W x 32'/4'D x 32'/4'H
HAU KOLLER CHAIR
LC1 SLING CHAIR
DESIGNER : Joseph Hoffman
DESIGNER .
YEAR : 1911
YEAR : 1928
DIMENSIONS : 35'/2'W x 32'D x 37'H
Atelier International
Le Corbusier MANUFACTURER : DIMENSIONS : 23 5/8'W x 255/8'D x 25/4'H
MIDWAY CHAIR
LC9 LOUNGE CHAIR
DESIGNER : Frank Lloyd Wright
DESIGNER : Le Corbusier
YEAR : 1914
YEAR :1928
MANUFACTURER : Atelier International
MANUFACTURER : Atelier International
DIMENSIONS : 16'W x 13'D x 35'H
DIMENSIONS : 22'W x 63'D
Residential Spaces FURNITURE DIMENSIONS 20th Century Classic Chairs
CESCA ARMCHAIR
BARCELONA STOOL
DESIGNER : Marcel Breuer
DESIGNER : Mies Van Der Rohe
YEAR :1928
YEAR : 1929
MANUFACTURER : Knoll International
MANUFACTURER : Knoll International
DIMENSIONS : 225/8'W x 21 5/8'D x 31 3/4'H
DIMENSIONS : 23'W x 22'D x 141/2'H
BRNO ARMCHAIR
CHAISE LOUNGE
YEAR :1929
YEAR : 1931
MANUFACTURER : Stendig
MANUFACTURER : Knoll International
DESIGNER : Mies Van Der Rohe
DIMENSIONS : 18'W x 23'D x 31 1/2'H
DESIGNER : Mies Van Der Rohe
DIMENSIONS : 23 5/8'W x 471/2'D x 37 1/z'H
LC2 ARMCHAIR
ZIG-ZAG CHAIR
DESIGNER : Le Corbusier
DESIGNER : Gerrit Rietveld
YEAR : 1929
YEAR : 1934
MANUFACTURER : Atelier International
MANUFACTURER : Atelier International
BARCELONA CHAIR
PAIMO CHAIR
DESIGNER : Mies Van Der Rohe
DESIGNER : Alvar AaIto
YEAR : 1929
YEAR : 1935
MANUFACTURER : Knoll International
MANUFACTURER : Palazetti
DIMENSIONS : 30'W x 30'D x 30'H
DIMENSIONS : 231/2'W x 31 1/2'D x 25'H
DIMENSIONS : 30'W x 271/2'D x 261/2'H
DIMENSIONS : 141/2'W x 17'D x 29'H
Residential Spaces FURNITURE DIMENSIONS 20th Century Classic Chairs
BARREL CHAIR DESIGNER : Frank Lloyd Wright
MOLDED FIBERGLAS CHAIR DESIGNER : Charles Eames
BUTTERFLY CHAIR DESIGNER : Harday Boner & Kurchan YEAR : 1938 DIMENSIONS : 28'W x 27'/2'D x 35'h'H
DIAMOND CHAIR DESIGNER Harry Bertoia YEAR : 1952 MANUFACTURER : Knoll International DIMENSIONS : 33 3/4'W x 28'D x 30'/2'H
MOLDED PLYWOOD CHAIR DESIGNER : Charles Eames YEAR : 1946 MANUFACTURER : Herman Miller DIMENSIONS : 21'h'W x 19 1/4'D x 29 3/8'H
LOUNGE CHAIR DESIGNER : Charles Eames YEAR :1956 MANUFACTURER. Herman Miller DIMENSIONS : 3214, 'W x 32j/4'D x 33'/2'H
WOMB CHAIR DESIGNER : Eero Saarinen YEAR :1948 MANUFACTURER : Knoll International DIMENSIONS : 40'W x 39'D x 35 1/2'H
OTTOMAN DESIGNER : Charles Eames YEAR 1956 MANUFACTURER. Herman Miller DIMENSIONS : 26'1N x 21'D x 15'H
YEAR : 1937 MANUFACTURER : Atelier International DIMENSIONS : 21 1/2'W x 22'D x 32'H
YEAR :1949 MANUFACTURER : Herman Miller DIMENSIONS : 25'W x 25'/2'D x 31'H
Residential Spaces FURNITURE DIMENSIONS 20th Century Classic Chairs
ALUMINUM GROUP CHAIR DESIGNER Charles Eames YEAR : 1958 MANUFACTURER : Herman Miller DIMENSIONS : 28'/2'W x 24 3/4'D x 33 3/4'H
LOUNGE CHAIR DESIGNER : Richard Schultz YEAR : 1966 MANUFACTURER : Knoll International DIMENSIONS : 26'W x 28'/4'D x 26'h'H
TUBO CHAIR SHERRIFF CHAIR DESIGNER : Sergio Rodriguez YEAR :1958 MANUFACTURER : OCA
DESIGNER : John Mascheroni YEAR : 1968 MANUFACTURER : Vecta DIMENSIONS : 32'W x 32'D x 32'H
SAPPER COLLECTION HAND CHAIR DESIGNER : Pedro Freidberg
DESIGNER : Richard Sapper YEAR : 1977
YEAR : 1963
MANUFACTURER : Knoll International
MANUFACTURER : Hand Crafted
DIMENSIONS : 283/8'W x 27'/2'D x 38'/2-4V
BASIC OPERATIONAL PLATNER CHAIR DESIGNER Warren Platner YEAR : 1966 MANUFACTURER : Knoll International DIMENSIONS : 36'/2'W x 251/2'D x 30'h'H
DESIGNER : Niels Diffrient YEAR : 1979
MANUFACTURER : Knoll International
DIMENSIONS : 25'/2'W x 21'D x 32'/2-36'h'
Residential Spaces FURNITURE DIMENSIONS 20th Century Classic Chairs
NOTHING CONTINUES TO HAPPEN CHAIR DESIGNER Horward Meisper YEAR : 1981 MANUFACTURER : Art et Industrie DIMENSIONS : 17'W x 16'D x 37'H
OTTOMAN
DESIGNER : Niels Diffrient
YEAR : 1986
MANUFACTURER : Sunar/Hauserman DIMENSIONS : 25'1N x 24'D x 17'/s'H
ED ARCHER CHAIR LOUNGE CHAIR DESIGNER : Michael Graves YEAR : 1982
MANUFACTURER : Sunar/Hauserman DIMENSIONS : 32'W x 29'D x 29'H
OUEENE ANNE CHAIR DESIGNER : Robert Venturi YEAR .1984
MANUFACTURER : Knoll International DIMENSIONS : 26'/2'W x 23'/2'D x 38'/2'H
JEFFERSON CHAIR DESIGNER : Neils Diffrient YEAR : 1986 MANUFACTURER. Sunar/Hauserman DIMENSIONS : 32 3/8'W x 34'D x 43'/2'H
DESIGNER . Philippe Starck
YEAR : 1987 MANUFACTURER : Driade Italy DIMENSIONS : 18 1/2'W x 21 1/2'D x 38 /1 2'H
STONE CHAIR
DESIGNER : James Kutasi YEAR :1988
MANUFACTURER : James Kutasi Australia DIMENSIONS : 195/F'W x 195/8'D x 35 1/2'H
Residential Spaces FURNITURE DIMENSIONS Traditional Bedroom and Dining Room Furniture
Residential Spaces FURNITURE DIMENSIONS
Traditional solos, settees, and Benches
Residential Spaces FURNITURE DIMENSIONS Traditional Desks, Bookcases, and Chests
Residential Spaces FURNITURE DIMENSIONS Traditional Chairs
Residential Spaces FURNITURE DIMENSIONS Traditional Tables
Residential Spaces LIVING ROOMS Furniture Arrangements
The size of living rooms and the furniture arrangements contained within such spaces vary dramatically, depending on the size of the dwelling, the economic status and lifestyle of the user, and the relationship of the room to other areas of the dwelling . With regard to the luxury end of the scale, there are few limitations and no attempt has been made to identify the endless planning options possible . There are, however, minimum requirements and basic planning considerations that are applicable whatever the size of the space. Minimum Requirements
A living room for a three- or four-bedroom dwelling unit requires more space for its occupants than one for a one- or two-bedroom dwelling unit . Luxury units will necessarily need more space to accommodate more furnishings. In any case, the minimum living room with no dining facilities should be approximately 180 ft' but preferably around 200 ft'. Figures 1 and 2 show two living rooms with typical furniture groupings (no dining facilities) . Figure 3 shows a living room with one end used for dining . This area often is arranged in an 'L' shape to achieve greater definition or privacy from the living activities . Dwelling units with three or more bedrooms should have separate dining rooms or clearly defined dining areas. The minimum width of a living room should be 11-12 ft . This is extremely tight, however, and if at all possible the width should be at least 14 ft . Planning Considerations
Planning considerations should include adequate floor and wall space for furniture groupings, separation of trafficways from centers of activity, and ease of access to furniture and windows . Circulation within the living room should be as direct as possible and yet not interfere with furniture placement . Ideally, there should be no through traffic . If such traffic is necessary, it should be at one end, with the remaining portion of the room a 'dead-end' space. During social activities, people tend to gather or congregate in relatively small groups . Desirable conversation distance is also relatively small, approximately 10 ft in diameter. When the living room is combined with the dining area, the dining area should be offset into an alcove or be clearly identified as an entity in itself.
Residential Spaces LIVING ROOMS Circulation
Residential Spaces LIVING ROOMS Furniture Clearances
Figures 5 to 10 show various groupings and related clearances . Figure 5 shows that a space 12'6' x 15'6' should be provided in order to accommodate seating for five around a 56-in-diameter cocktail table . The piano, sofa, and cocktail table arrangement shown in Fig. 6 requires a space at least 11'0' x 16'0'. Figure 7 suggests that a space at least 12'9' x 13'3' is required to accommodate a grouping to seat 6 or 7 persons, while Fig. 8 indicates that a corner arrangement for two requires a space at least 6'3' x 6'6' . When planning furniture arrangements, allowances for clearances should take into account the human dimension as well, as illustrated in Figs . 9 and 10 . It should be noted that these diagrams are not intended as models for complete living room layouts. They are intended only as guidelines to illustrate minimum clearances for preliminary planning purposes .
Residential Spaces LIVING ROOMS Living Room Activities
Residential Spaces
LIVING ROOMS Media Cabinet Details
Fig . 11 Working drawings of a media cabinet, including plans, elevations, and sections of the installation . The design of the cabinet should take into account the actual electronic and other equipment to be housed and the clearances involved for operation . Power outlets should be coordinated and located so as to conceal unsightly wires and cables .
Residential Spaces LIVING ROOMS Media Cabinet Details
Residential Spaces LIVING ROOMS Plans, Elevations, and Details
Residential Spaces
LIVING ROOMS Plans, Elevations, and Details
Residential Spaces LIVING ROOMS Fireplace Wall Elevation and Details
Residential Spaces LIVING ROOMS Fireplace Wall Sections and Details
Residential Spaces
LIVING ROOMS
Fireplace Mantle Details
Figure 13 shows a plan and elevations of modifications to an existing fireplace . Based on these drawings and inspection and measurement of existing conditions, the contractor prepares and submits shop drawings for the designer's approval . Since at least two trades are involved, coordination of the trades by the contractor and a thorough
review of the shop drawings by both contractor and designer are essential . It is important, also, that modifications conform with all applicable codes . The extent of hearth extension, the materials used, and the distance of combustible materials from the fire box are among the numerous items governed by codes .
Residential Spaces
LIVING ROOMS Bar Delalls
Residential Spaces LIVING ROOMS
Residential Spaces LIVING ROOMS
Residential Spaces LIVING ROOMS
Residential Spaces LIVING ROOMS
Residential Spaces LIVING ROOMS Planning Data : Sofas
Residential Spaces LIVING ROOMS Planning Data : Sofas
Residential Spaces
LIVING ROOMS
Planning Data : Sofas
Residential Spaces DINING ROOMS Furniture Clearances
SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ARRANGEMENT Requirement
Each living unit should contain space for the purpose of dining . This area may be combined with the living room or kitchen, or may be a separate room . Criterion The amount of space allocated to dining should be based on the number of persons to be served and the proper circulation space. Appropriate space should be provided for the storage of china and large dining articles either in the dining area itself or in the adjacent kitchen . Space for accommodating the following sizes of tables and chairs in the dining area should be provided, according to the intended occupancy, as shown : 1 or2 persons : 2 ft 6 in by 2 ft 6 in 4 persons: 2 ft 6 in by 3 ft 2 in 6persons . 3 ft 4 in by 4 ft 0 in or 4 ft 0 in round 8persons . 3 ft 4 in by 6 ft 0 in or 4 ft 0 in by 4ft0in 10 persons: 3 ft 4 in by 8 ft 0 in or 4 ft 0 in by 6ft0in 12 persons: 4 ft 0 in by 8 ft 0 in Dining chairs . 1 ft 6 in by 1 ft 6 in Buffet or storage unit : 1 ft 6 in by 3 ft 6 in Figures 1 to 6 show the minimum requirements of the U.S . Department of Housing and Urban Development. Commentary Size of the individual eating space on the table should be based upon a frontage of 24 in and an area of approximately 2 ft'. In addition, table space should be large enough to accommodate serving dishes . Desirable room for seating is a clear 42 in all around the dining table . The following minimum clearances from the edge of the table should be provided : 32 in for chairs plus access thereto, 38 in for chairs plus access and passage, 42 in for serving from behind chair, 24 in for passage only, 48 in from table to base cabinet (in kitchen) . In sizing the separate dining room, provision should be made for circulation through the room in addition to space for dining . The location of the dining area in the kitchen is desirable for small houses and small apartments . This preference appears to stem from two needs (1) housekeeping advantages ; (2) the dining table in the kitchen provides a meeting place for the entire family. Where only one dining location is feasible, locating the dining table in the living room is not recommended.
Residential Spaces DINING ROOMS Furniture Clearances
A dining room for 12. A hutch or buffet is typically about 18' deep . A 42' wide table is common . There is space behind the chairs to edge past one side and one end, and to walk past on the other side and end. Table space is 24' per person, the minimum place setting zone . With arm chairs at the ends, allow an extra 2'for each ; add 4' to the room length .
Minimum width for table and chairs . 8'-8' for 36' wide table, 32' on one side to rise from the table and 36' on the other side to edge past A 48' long table seats 4 and requires 34 .6 ft' .
Dining space with benches. 6'-6' for benches on both sides of a 36' table. A 48' long table seats 4 and requires 26 ft' .
Figures 8 and 9 show clearances and room sizes for various dining arrangements . Since these data come from two sources, there maybe slight disparities in suggested dimensions for similar conditions . Since these illustrations are intended only as guidelines for preliminary planning purposes, either set of any differing dimensions can be used .
Residential Spaces DINING ROOMS
Furniture Clearances and Room Sizes
Residential Spaces
DINING ROOMS
Furniture Clearances
To assure adequate space forconvenient use of the dining area, not less than the following clearances from the edge of the dining table should be observed : 32 in for chair plus access thereto 38 in for chairs plus access and passage 42 in for serving from behind chair 24 in for passage only 48 in from table to base cabinet (in dining-kitchen)
Residential Spaces DINING ROOMS Dining Tables and Room Sizes ROUND
SQUARE
TABLES
TABLES
Residential Spaces DINING ROOMS Dining Tables and Room Sizes
Residential Spaces BEDROOMS Furniture Clearances and Arrangements Most of the clearances and bedroom sizes shown here are minimum and intended primarily for preliminary planning purposes . Some building codes permit rooms of even smaller sizes, while rooms in many private homes and luxury apartments are much larger. Moreover, in the final analysis lifestyle, the size and scale of furniture, the activities to be accommodated, and barrier-free design are all factors that should be taken into account during the design process . Ideally, the recommended minimum bedroom size should be 10'0'x 12'0' exclusive of closets, while the recommended minimum size for a larger bedroom or master bedroom should be 12'0' x 16'0' exclusive of closets . A larger proportion of the bedroom floor area is occupied by furniture than is the case with any other room ; windows and doors account for a large percentage of the wall and partition space. These two factors complicate the planning of bedrooms, especially when the rooms are small. Because of the room layout, some bedrooms with smaller areas better meet the needs than larger ones . The location of doors, windows, and closets must be properly planned to allow the best placement of the bed and other furniture . Privacy, both visual and sound, are desir-
able for the bedroom. Children's bedrooms should be located away from the living room, because conversation in the living room prevents the children from sleeping . Closets should be used between all bedrooms wherever possible . Each child needs a space that is his or her own to develop a sense of responsibility and a respect for the property rights of others . The ideal plan would provide a bedroom for each child, but since this is not always possible, there should be a bed for each . The minimum room width shall be determined by the space required for the bed, activity space, and any furniture facing the bed . Widths less than 9'0'will usually require extra area to accommodate comparable furniture . Aside from sleeping, the bedroom is the center of dressing and undressing activities . An interrelationship exists between dressing, storage of clothes, and the bedroom. Inevitably, in a small apartment, it is not only economical but necessary to plan the use of the bedroom for more than one activity. It is essential to incorporate in the bedroom other functions such as relaxation, work, or entertainment . A master bedroom should accommodate at least one double bed 4'6' x 6'6' or two
single beds 3'3' x 6'6' each, one crib 2'4' x 1'5' if necessary, one dresser 3'6' x 1'10', one chest of drawers 2'6' x 1'10', one or two chairs 1'6' x 1'6' each, two night tables, and possibly a small desk or table 1'6' x 3'0' . Figures 1 to 3 illustrate three configurations and the furniture clearances and room sizes required . Ample storage is essential. Each bedroom requires at least one clothes closet . For master bedrooms, at least five linear feet of closet length is needed . For secondary bedrooms, at least three linear feet is needed . Clothes closets require a clear depth of two feet . Each bedroom shall have at least one closet that meets or exceeds the following standards 1 . Depth : 2 feet clear 2 . Length (for primary bedroom) : 5 linear feet clear 3. Height : a. At least 5'4' clear hanging space b. Lowest shelf shall not be over 6'2' above the floor of room 4 . One shelf and rod with at least 12 inches clear space above shelf 5. At least one-half the closet floor shall be level and not more than 12 inches above floor of adjacent room
Residential Spaces BEDROOMS Furniture Clearances and Arrangements
FURNITURE CLEARANCES To assure adequate space for convenient use of furniture in the bedroom, not less than the following clearances should be observed (Figs. 4 and 5) : 42 in at one side or foot of bed for dressing 6 in between side of bed and side of dresser or chest FURNITURE ARRANGEMENTS The location of doors and windows should permit alternate furniture arrangements . 36 inches in front of dresser, closet, and chest of drawers 24 in for major circulation path (door to closet, etc.) 22 in on one side of bed for circulation 12 in on least used side of double bed . The least-used side of a single or twin bed can be placed against the wall except in bedrooms for the elderly
Residential Spaces BEDROOMS General Plannino Data
Fig . 8 Occupancy of a bedroom by more than two persons is not recommended . In cases where budgetary and/or space limitations offer no alternative, however, a dormitory arrangement may be necessary. The U .S . Department of Housing and Urban Development recommends the arrangement illustrated in this diagram .
.-Mm
Fig . 7 Double occupancy bedroom . Net area :14 .7 MI (160 ft2). The most likely occupants of this type of bedroom are adults, school-age children of the same sex, children of different sexes who are less than 9 years old, and preschoolers .
Residential Spaces BEDROOMS Built-In Storage Details
liesidential Spaces
BEDROOMS Built-In furniture
Residential Spaces BEDROOMS Built-In Furniture
Residential Spaces BEDROOMS Built-In Furniture
Residential Spaces BEDROOMS Built-In Wardrobe Details
Residential Spaces BEDROOMS Built-In Wardrobe Details
Residential Spaces BEDROOMS Plan and Elevation of Walk-In Closet
Residential Spaces BEDROOMS Built-In Furniture and Closet Details
Residential Spaces BEDROOMS Closets
Residential Spaces BEDROOMS Ciosels
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Planning Data and Fixture Arrangements A bathroom should have enough area to accommodate a lavatory, a water closet, and a bathtub or shower. Arrangement for fixtures should provide for comfortable use of each fixture and permit at least 90° door swing unless sliding doors are used . The bathroom should be convenient to the bedroom zone, and accessible from the living and work areas . Linen storage should be accessible from the bathroom, but not necessarily located within the bathroom . Each complete bathroom should be provided with the following : 1 . Grab-bar and soap dish at bathtub 2 . Toilet paper holder at water closet 3 . Soap dish at lavatory (may be integral with lavatory) 4 . Towel bar 5 . Mirror and medicine cabinet or equivalent enclosed shelf space 6 . In all cases where shower head is installed, provide a shower rod or shower door Each half-bath should be provided with items 2 to 6 listed above .
MINIMUM SHOWER CLEARANCES
A B C D E F G H J
DOUBLE LAVATORY CLEARANCES
A B C D E F G H
in
Cm
15-18 28-30 37-43 32-36 26-32 14-16 30 18 21-26
38 .1-45 .7 71 .1-76 .2 94 .0-109 .2 81 .3-91 .4 66 .0-81 .3 35 .6-40 .6 76 .2 45 .7 53 .3-66 .0
I( L
in
Cm
54 12 42 min . 18 36 min . 30 24 12 min . 15 40-48 40-50 72 min .
137 .2 30 .5 106 .7 min . 45 .7 91 .4 min . 76 .2 61 .0 30 .5 min . 38 .1 101 .6-121 .9 101 .6-127 .0 182 .9 min .
BIDET AND WATER CLOSET A B C D E F G H I
in
Cm
12 min . 28 min . 24 min . 52 min . 12-18 12 40 18 30
30 .5 min . 71 .1 min . 61 .0 min . 132 .1 min . 30 .5-45 .7 30 .5 101 .6 45 .7 76 .2
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Planning Data
Figure 1 deals primarily with some of the more critical male anthropometric considerations. A lavatory height above the floor of 37 to 43 in, or 94 to 109.2 cm, is suggested to accommodate the majority of users . It should be noted, however, that common practice is to locate the lavatory in the neighborhood of 31 in above the floor In order to establish the location of mirrors above the lavatory, eye height should be taken into consideration . Figure 2 explores, in much the same manner, the anthropometric considerations related to women and children . Given the great variability in body sizes to be accommodated within a single family, a strong case can be presented for the development of a height adjustment capability for the lavatory. Until that is developed, there is no reason, on custom installations, why the architect or ' interior designer cannot take anthropometric measurements of the client to ensure proper interface between the user and the lavatory.
A
g
C
G H
L M
in
cm
48 30 19-24 27 min . 18 37-43 72 max . 32-36 69 max . 16-18 26-32 32 20-24
121 .9 76 .2 48 .3-61 .0 68 .6 min . 45 .7 94 .0-109 .2 182 .9 max . 81 .3-91 .4 175 .3 max . 40 .6-45 .7 66 .0-81 .3 81 .3 50 .8-61 .0
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Typical Plans and Fixture Arrangements
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Typical Plans and Fixture Arrangements
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Typical Plans and Fixture Arrangements
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Typical Plans and Fixture Arrangements
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Custom Designs
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Custom Designs
Hesiaenuai zipaci BATHROOMS
Custom Designs
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Lavatory Types and Dimensions
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Lavatory Types and Dimensions
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Lavatory types and Dimensions
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Lavatory Types and Dimensions
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Whirlpool Types and Dimensions
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Bathtub Types and Dimensions
Hesidential Spaces BATHROOMS Watereloset Types and Dimensions
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Bidet Types and Dimensions
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Accessories
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Plans, Elevations, and Details
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Plans, Elevations, and Details
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Plans, Elevations, and Details
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Plans, Elevations, and Details
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Plans, Elevations, and Details
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Plans, Elevations, and Details
flesidential Spaces BATHROOMS Plans, Elevations, and Oelalls
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Vanities
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Vanities
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Vanities
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Accessory and Control Placement
SHOWER CURTAIN ROD: KEEP WITHIN INSIDE OF TUB OR SHOWER . 1a .
O2 .
O3.
ENCLOSURE DOORS: IF SWINGING DOORS ARE USED, PLACE HINGES ON THE SIDE OPPOSITE CONTROL VALVES . SHOWER HEAD : SEE ELEVATION OF TUB AND SHOWER STALL FOR RECOMMENDED HEIGHTS. GRAB BARS SHALL BE MANUFACTURED OF SHATTER-RESISTANT MATERIAL, FREE FROM BURRS, SHARP EDGES AND PINCH POINTS . KNURLING OR SLIP-RESISTANT SURFACE IS DESIRABLE. RECESSED SOAP DISH SHALL BE FREE FROM BURRS AND SHARP EDGES. WHERE GRAB BAR IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE SOAP DISH, IT MAY HAVE A MINIMUM LENGTH OF 6 INCHES . FAUCET SHALL BE MANUFACTURED OF SHATTER-RESISTANT MATERIAL, FREE FROM BURRS AND SHARP EDGES. ALL FAUCET SETS IN SHOWERS, TUBS AND LAVATORIES SHALL BE EQUIPPED WITH A WATER-MIXING VALVE DELIVERING A MAXIMUM WATER TEMPERATURE OF 110° i5°F.
6O .
SHOWER STALL LIGHT: SHALL BE OF A VAPOR-PROOF FIXTURE WITH THE ELECTRICAL LIGHT SWITCH A MINIMUM OF 72 INCHES AWAY FROM SHOWER STALL.
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Vanities ; Lavatory Counters
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Lavatory Counters
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Lavatory Counters
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS
Bathtub and Shower Details
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Bathtub and Shower Details
SHOWER RECEPTORS, WALLS
Cement Mortar
Recommended use 0 over wood or concrete subfloors
Glass Mesh Mortar Units
Recommended use
n in showers over dry, well-braced wood studs, furring, or metal studs
COUNTERTOPS
Wood or Metal Studs
Gypsum Board Organic Adhesive
Recommended use n in showers over water-resistant gypsum backing board on wood or metal studs
Wood Base
Cement Mortar
Thin-Bed
Glass Mesh Mortar Unit
Recommended uses m on countertops, drainboards, lavatory tops, etc. m preferred method where sink or lavatory is to be recessed
Recommended use ra on countertops where thin-set method is desired
Recommended uses m preferred thin-set mortar method on countertops, drainboards, lavatory tops, and similar uses m preferred method where self-rimming sinks and lavatories are desired
Fig . 18
Typical installation details for shower receptors, walls, and countertops.
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Bathtub and Shower Details
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS
Whirlpool Details
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Ceramic Tile Details
TILE OVER TILE Interior Walls
Interior Floors
Recommended uses for alteration of ceramic-tiled areas where modernization ora change of design is desired in residences, motels and hotels, restaurants, public rest rooms, etc . ra also applicable to smooth floors of terrazzo, stone, slate, etc.
Recommended uses r+ for alteration of ceramic-tiled areas where modernization or a change of design is desired in residences, motels and hotels, restaurants, public rest rooms, etc. 0 also applicable to smooth walls of marble, stone, slate, etc Requirements 0 existing installation must be sound, well bonded, and without major structural cracks Materials, grouting, expansion joints, installation specifications for organic adhesive installation see Method W223 for Dry-Set or latex-portland cement mortar installation see Method VV202 E for epoxy adhesive installation refer to manufacturer's literature Fig.19
Typical installation details fortile over tile .
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Adaptable Bathrooms
ACCESSIBILITY It is essential that the design of interior spaces, as well as exterior spaces, be responsive to the needs of those having physical disabilities . There is a proliferation of state and local legislation in this regard, and, more recently, federal legislation (Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990), that provides design guidelines and requirements . The
designer should become familiar with those codes and other requirements in her or his area prior to initiation of design and, where possible, go beyond the very minimum standards . The design of the bathroom is perhaps one of those areas where the interface between the physically disabled and the interior space
is the most critical . Accordingly, on this page and the following pages are design guidelines prepared by the Veterans Administration and the U .S . Department of Housing and Urban Development.
recommended selfsupporting shelf and countertop - recommended additional connection for hand-held shower head
1-1 standard S'-0' bathtub -reinforced areas for possible future grab bar installation
vanity cabinet removed and protection cover installed hand-held shower and grab bars added as needed
clamp on tub seat added as needed
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Adaptable Bathrooms
This sample bathroom meets the minimum space requirements of both ANSI and UFAS ; note, however, that the space is very small and many wheelchair users will have difficulty using such a bathroom . More space should be allocated when possible .
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Adaptable Bathrooms
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Adaptable Bathrooms
Standard Bathtub with Removable Seat
Standard Bathtub with Built-in Seat
ANSI Minimum Roll-in Shower
Preferred Deeper Roll-in Shower
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Adaptable Bathrooms
POWDER RM . PLAN WITH 27' REMOVABLE VANITY CABINET
BATHROOM PLAN W/20' LAVATORY
BATHROOM TYPE WITH 24' REMOVABLE VANITY CABINET
Iil,'Slllf'.ilil~Sl ;;(IdCC'=~
BATHROOMS
Adaptable Bathrooms
BATHROOM PLAN WITH
24'
REMOVABLE VANITY CABINET x _ TkE Out EDGE
of NE WATER CLOSET *kl NOT EXTO4D NTO THE CLEAR SPACE REDWRED FROM THE DOOR OPONr4G.
36'x 36' ADAPTABLE SHOWER STALL
MINIMUM BATHROOM REQUIRED W/ADDITIONAL SHOWER
Residential Spaces
BATHROOMS Wheelchair Accessible Design
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Wheelchair Accessible Clearances
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Wheelchair Accessible Design
Hesidenlial tip icc~
BATHROOMS Wheelchair Accessible Clearances
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Wheelchair Accessible Clearances
Residential Spaces BATHROOMS Wheelchair Accessible Design
Residential Spaces
KITCHENS
Anthropometric Data The height of a kitchen workcounter, the proper clearance between cabinets or appliances for circulation, the accessibility to overhead or undercounter storage, and proper visibility are among the primary considerations in the design of cooking spaces . All must be responsive to human dimension and body size if the quality of interface between the user and the components of the interior space are to be adequate . In establishing clearances between counters, the maximum body breadth and depth of the user of larger body size must be taken into account as well as the projections of the appliances . Refrigerator doors, cabinet drawers, dishwashing machine doors, and cabinet doors all project to some degree in their open position into the space within which the user must circulate and must be accommodated . Standard kitchen counter heights manufactured are all about 36 in, or 91 .4 cm . But such a height does not necessarily accommodate the body dimension of all users for all tasks . Certain cooking activities, for example, maybe more efficiently performed from a standing position, but with a counter height less than 36 in . In overhead cabinets the upper shelves are usually inaccessible to the smaller person, while the lower shelves are usually inaccessible to most without bending or kneeling . The logical answer is the development of kitchen cabinet systems capable of total adjustability to accommodate the human dimension of the individual user. Such a system could accommodate not only those of smaller and larger body size, but also elderly and disabled people . Figure 1 provides some general anthropometric data for establishing basic heights of cabinetry and appliances above the floor Figures 2 and 3 show in more detail the interface of the human body and the kitchen environment .
C E G H I J
L M N RANGE CENTER
P 0
in
CM
48 min . 40 15 21-30 1-3 15 min . 19 .5-46 12 min . 17 .5 max . 96-101 .5 24-27 .5 24-26 30 60 min . 35-36 .25 24 min . 35 max .
121 .9 min . 101 .6 38 .1 min . 53 .3-76 .2 2 .5-7 .6 38 .1 min . 49 .5-116 .8 30 .5 min . 44 .5 max 243 .8-257 .8 61 .0-69 .9 61 .0-66 .0 76 .2 152 .4 min . 88 .9-92 .1 61 .0 min . 88 .9 max .
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Anthroporrretric Data Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the clearances related to range centers . Figure 2 indicates a minimum clearance between appliances of 48 in, or 121 . 9 cm . The anthropometric basis for the clearances are amplified in Fig . 3 . The 40-in, or 101 .6-cm, wall oven workzone clearance is adequate to accommodate the projected wall oven door, in addition to the maximum body depth dimension of the user The standing figure shown in broken line, however, indicates both dimensionally and graphically that the 40-in clearance will not permit comfortable circulation when appliances on both sides are in operation at the same time . The range workzone clearance, also 40 in, is adequate to accommodate the open range door and the body size of the kneeling user. An extremely important, but frequently overlooked, anthropometric consideration in kitchen design is eye height . In this regard, the distance from the top of the range to the underside of the hood should allow the rear burners to be visible to the user.
C
G H I L M N 0
in
Cm
48 min . 40 15 21-30 1-3 15 min . 19 .5-46 12 min . 17 .5 max . 96-101 .5 24-27 .5 24-26 30 60 min . 35-36 .25 24 min . 35 max .
121 .9 min . 101 .6 38 .1 min . 53 .3-76 .2 2 .5-7 .6 38 .1 min . 49 .5-116 .8 30 .5 min . 44 .5 max 243 .8-257 .8 61 .0-69 .9 61 .0-66 .0 76 .2 152 .4 min . 88 .9-92 .1 61 .0 min . 88 .9 max .
RANGE CENTER
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Typical Layouts
The U-shaped plan is the most efficient. When not broken, it provides the opportunity and floor space for several simultaneous activities . The corridor or gallery kitchen is typically accessible from both ends, often converting it from a work space to a corridor It sometimes is closed off on one end, thereby creating a variation of the U-plan, which although small can produce a fairly comfortable kitchen. The broken U-shaped plan often results from the necessity of locating a door along one or two of the three walls of a typical Ushaped scheme . The resulting through traffic reduces the compactness and efficiency of the plan . The typical L-shaped kitchen allows for the location of a small breakfast area in the opposite corner.
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Typical Layouts
F;,g . 8 These diagrams illustrate further variat'ons of the typical plans shown in =igs . 4 to 7 . A'riargle perimeter of 23'0' or less is usually indicative of a relatively efficient kitchen layout .
Minimum counter frontage . For combined work centers .
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Clearances Space Criterion The size of the kitchen should be determined oy the number of bedrooms provided in the wing unit . Work centers for the following equipment, cabinets, and space for their use should be provided : 1 . Range space with base and wall cabinet at one side for serving and storage of utensils and staples. 2. Sink and base cabinet with counter space on each side forcleanup. Wall cabinets for storage )f dinnerware . 3. Refrigerator space with counter space at latch side of the refrigerator door.
4 . Mixing counter and base cabinet for electrical appliances and utensil storage. Wall cabinet for staple storage. Recommended minimum edge distance Equipment should be placed to allow for efficient operating room between it and any adjacent corner cabinet. At least 9 in from the edge of the sink and range and 16 in at the side of the refrigerator is recommended . Circulation space A minimum of 40 in should be provided between base cabinets or appliances opposite each other This same minimum clearance applies when a wall,
storage wall, or work table is opposite a base cabinet . Traffic Traffic in the kitchen should be limited to kitchen work only. Serving circulation to the dining area should be without any cross traffic. Height of shelving and counter tops 1 . Maximum height of wall shelving 74 in . Height of counter tops should be 36 in . 2. Minimum clearance height between sink and wall cabinet 24 in ; between base and wall cabinets 15-in clearance.
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Storage and Cabinets
KITCHEN STORAGE Each kitchen or kitchenette should have (1) accessible storage space for food and utensils, (2) sufficient space for the average kitchen accessories, (3) sufficient storage space for those items of household equipment normally used and for which storage is not elsewhere provided .
CLEARANCES OVER COOKING RANGES In Fig. 10, dimension A: 2 ft 6 in minimum clearance between the top of the range and the bottom of an unprotected wood or metal cabinet, or 2 ft 0 in minimum when the bottom of a wood or metal cabinet is protected . Dimension B : 2 ft 0 in minimum when hood projection X is 18 in or more, or l ft 10 in min. when hood projection X is less than 18 in . Dimension C : not less than width of range or cooking unit . Dimension D : 10 in minimum when vertical side surface extends above countertops. Dimension E : when range is not provided by builder, 40 in minimum . Dimension F : Minimum clearance should be not less than 3 in . Cabinet protection should be at least 114 in asbestos millboard covered with not less than 28-gauge sheet metal (0 .015 stainless steel, 0.024 aluminum, or 0.020 copper) . Clearance for D, E, or F should be not less than listed UL or AGA clearances .
Residential Spaces
KITCHENS
Storage and Cabinets
Above a sink, plan for a minimum of 22 in . to the bottom of a wall cabinet . Since the wall behind a sink often holds a window, measurement for a cabinet is academic . But if wall space is minimal, a cabinet over the sink makes good sense.
The use of large pans, pancake flips and similar cooking maneuvers dictate a distance of 30 in . between rangetop and wall cabinet bottom . A fan mounted in the wall is the means here to exhaust cooking fumes to the outside.
Utensil and General Storage
Kitchen activities become tiresome in poor light . A single fixture, centered on the ceiling is insufficient . Your need for light is greatest over the work centers A good light there reduces the danger of cutting yourself ; eases the task of monitoring color changes during a mix, and so on . The best place to install fixtures for this purpose is beneath the wall cabinets (with a shield to prevent glare when you're seated in the kitchen) . A workable alternative is found in fixtures installed in an extended soffit . Plan for light above a rangetop and over the sink, as well . Choose incandescent, deluxe warm white or deluxe cool white lamps for the fixtures to avoid poor color rendition. TABLE 1
Space for utensils includes storage for dishes, pots and pans, utensils, and appliances . With the increased use of such electrical appliances, their storage becomes a significant problem. General storage requires space for linens, towels, and kitchen supplies . Included in this category are brooms, mops, and other cleaning equipment and supplies .
Minimum Kitchen Storage Required Item
Total shelving in wall and base cabinets Shelving in either wall or base cabinets Drawer area Countertop area ,
Item
Total shelving in wall and base cabinets Shelving in either wall or base cabinets Drawer area Countertop area
A range of 15 in . to 18 in, is the proper span between standard base and wall cabinets. Opt for the 15 in . distance if you are 5 ft . 4 in . or less ; a wider span if you're taller. The highest shelf: 6 ft . from the floor, is a reachable distance .
40 to 60 ft' Area - Kitchenette 0-bedroom living unit,* ft'
1-bedroom living unit,* ft2
24
30
10 4 5
12 5 6
60 ft2 Area and Over - Kitchen 1- and 2-bedroom living units, ft'
3-and 4-bedroom living units, ft2
48
54
to
20 10 12
8 10
*Kitchen unit assemblies serving the kitchen function and occupying less than 40 ft 2 area in 0-BR living units shall not be less than 5 ft in length and shall provide at least 12 ft2 of total shelving in wall and base cabinets . Drawer and countertop space shall also be provided . No room count is allowable for this type facility.
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Cabinet Dimensions
Example of the proper dimensional limits and relative placement of kitchen base cabinets and wall cabinets
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Cabinet Dimensions
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Cabinet Sizes
FRAMED
FRAMELESS
WALL CABINETS
Wall cabinets are available in heights of 42 ;' 30;' 24 ;' 18;15,°and 12' Most cabinets are available in widths ranging from 9' to 48,° in 3' increments . Framed wall cabinets are 12'
deep not including doors. Frameless wall cabinets are 12Y<' deep including doors .
WALL BLIND CORNER CABINETS
DOUBLE-FACE WALL CABINETS
Wall blind corner cabinets are available in heights of 47,'30' and 24' Most wall blind corner cabinets are available in widths of 24;' 27 : 30 ;' 33;' 36 ; 42,'and 48'
BASE CABINETS
All base cabinets are 34Y2' tall . Most are available in widths ranging from 9' to 48 ;' in 3' increments. Framed base cabinets are 24' deep, not including doors . Frameless base cabinets are 24'/<' deep, including doors.
F.
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Double-face wall cabinets are available in heights of 30:'24' and 18' Most are availabl in widths of 18 :'24 :'3Q'36:'42' and 48' Framed cabinets are 13' 5/16' deep with doors. Frameless are ',3Y2' deep with door,
Four-drawer base cabinets are available in widths ranging from 12' to 24 ; in 3' increments . Frameless base cabinets are also available in a three-drawer style in widths of 30' and 36'
BASE BLIND CORNER CABINETS
All base blind corner cabinets are 34'/l' high . Most are available in widths of 24:'30 :' 36; 39,° 42,'and 48'
11-0
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SPECIALTY CABINETS
Lazy Susans : 36'-Wide Range Hoods : (framed only) 36' & 30'-Wide
Wall What-Not Shelves (framed only) 30'-High Base Open Shelves : (framed only) 34'/1'-High Pantries : (framed only) 36' x 66' Utility Cabinets : (framed) 24' x 66' 18' x 66' In 12' and 24' Depths Utility Cabinets : (frameless) 24' x 65%2' 18' x 65Y1' In 12'/<<' and 24'/' Depths
Tilt-Out Range Hoods : (frameless only) 30' x 24' Glass Door Wall Cabinets : (frameless only) 30' & 36'-Wide Microwave Cabinets : (framed only) 30'x21' Microwave Shelves : 30' x 221/8' (framed) 30' x 18' (frameless) Oven Cabinets : (framed) 27' x 66' 30' x 66' 33' x 66' Oven Cabinets : (frameless) 27' x 65'/z' 30' x 65'/:' 33' x 65'/:' Up to six 6' drawers can be added to frameless oven cabinets
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Cabinet Types and Dimensions
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Cabinet Types and Dimensions
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Cabinet Types and Dimensions
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Cabinet Types and Dimensions
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Cabinet Types and Dimensions
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Cabinet Types and Dimensions
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Cabinet types and Dimensions
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Residential Spaces KITCHENS Cabinet Details
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Cabinet Details
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Cabinet Details
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Cabinet Details
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Sink Types and Dimensions
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Appliances
Ranges and Built-In Ovens Freestanding ranges and built-in ovens come in a variety of sizes and configurations . Some of the larger ranges consist of modular cooktops providing anywhere from two to seven heating elements as well as modular grills, griddles, and even downdraft built-in ventilators . Normally, a minimum clearance of 30' is required above any range or cooktop, but the designer is cautioned to carefully verify local code requirements . Manufacturers' specifications should be carefully reviewed for rough opening requirements and any venting requirements, particularly for self-cleaning ovens .
Dishwashers Built-in, freestanding, and undersink dishwashers are fairly well standardized in terms of overall dimensions . Access to plumbing and waste lines is the major consideration, as is the method of securing the dishwasher in order to minimize vibration . Refrigerators Refrigerator door swings and clearances are of critical importance . While a 90°door swing may provide sufficient room for a person to observe storage within a refrigerator or freezer, a 180° door swing may be required to clean a refriqerator and remove storaqe bins .
This is particularly true of the side-by-side door configuration . In addition, adequate clearance should be allowed between the sides and top of the refrigerator and any adjoining cabinetwork, especially if a built-in look is desired. The designer should check requirements with the manufacturer. While these drawings can be used for preliminary planning, final dimensions and clearance must be verified with the manufacturer Often overlooked are clearances for refrigerator handles or pulls as well as coils mounted at the rear of the refrigerator .
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Appliances
Note :
Dimensions shown are for planning purposes only.
Residential Spaces KITCH=NS Appliances
Note : Dimensions shown are for planning purposes only.
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Countertops
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Countertops
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Plans and Elevations
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Plans and Elevations
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Wheelchair Accessible Design
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Wheelchair Accessible Design
Residential Spaces
KITCHENS Wheelchair Accessible Design
Residential Spaces KITCHENS
Wheelchair Accessible Design
Requirements The ANSI and UFAS standards require accessible and adaptable features which make the kitchen usable by most people . The fixed accessible features specified in ANSI 4.32.5 and UFAS 4 .34 .6 include requirements for doors, clearances, clear floor space, appliances, storage, controls, and knee space . The adaptable features are removable base cabinets at knee spaces and counters that can be adjusted in height or fixed at a lower than standard height . The adaptable features for kitchens specified in the standards are shown in Figs . 13 and 14. In Fig. 13, the kitchen is shown in a standard configuration with the counter height at 36 inches and the knee spaces covered with base cabinets . In Fig . 14, the kitchen has been adapted by exposing the knee spaces and lowering the work surface and sink counter segments . No other changes have been made to the kitchen. Since removable base cabinets and adjustable height counters are not now products that are readily available for purchase, they are usually custom-made items .
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Wheelchair Accessible Design
hesicenlial Spaces KITCHENS
Wheelchair Accessible Design The kitchen shown in Figs . 17 and 18 is an example of a more elaborate kitchen having ANSI/UFAS accessible/adaptable features . This kitchen exceeds the ANSI/UFAS minimum requirements .
Residential Spaces KITCHENS
Wheelchair Accessible Design Work Surfaces People who use wheelchairs and other people who must or wish to sit down while preparing food need at least one work surface lower than the usual 36-in-high counter (Fig . 19). The standards (ANSI 4.32.5 .4 and UFAS 4.34.6 .4) require that at least one 30-in-wide, adjustable-height work surface be provided in an adaptable kitchen, although a wider size is preferred. The wider work surface provides space for pots, dishes, and other utensils as well as small appliances, and makes it easier to work on several things at once or to cook using many ingredients .
Residential Spaces KITCHENS
Wheelchair Accessible Design Work surfaces at ovens If a wall oven is installed, a lowered work surface with knee space should be installed next to the wall oven . The standards specify that when the wall oven is not self-cleaning, a knee space must be located next to the oven to permit a disabled person in a wheelchair to pull up close enough to clean the oven . Even if a self-cleaning oven is installed, locating the knee space next to the oven makes it easier and safer for a disabled person to remove hot items from the oven . When an oven with a side-opening door is used, a pull-out shelf located beneath the oven must be installed . The shelf is used as a transfer surface for dishes as they are placed into or taken out of the oven . When not needed, the shelf is pushed back into the oven cabinet (Fig . 23). When an oven with a drop-front door is used (Fig . 21), the pullout shelf is not needed because the door serves as a transfer shelf. See ANSI 4.32 5 7 and UFAS 4.34.6 .7 for dimensions and details of oven .
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Wheelchair Accessible Design
Cooktops in Adjustable Height Counter Segments ANSI 4.32 .5 .6 and UFAS 4.34.6 .6 permit use of a standard range if the controls comply with ANSI 4.25 or UFAS 4 .27 . The controls must be placed along the front or the side of the range so that a seated person need not reach across a hot burner to adjust the controls (Fig . 24). Some wheelchair users cannot use conventional ranges because the surface is too high and there is no knee space for maneuvering . Cooktops in lowered counter segments with knee space below allow some wheelchair users to get close enough to
operate the controls and move heavy pots and pans (Fig . 25). Cooktops with smooth surfaces are preferred by people with limited hand and arm strength because they can slide pots of hot food on and off the cooktop rather than lifting them over raised burners and knobs. When a cooktop is installea in a lowered counter, the width of the counter segment and knee space should be at least 30 inches and should provide space to the side of the cooktop for utensils and maneuvering . An additional 30 inches to the side is recom-
mended (Fig . 26). When the knee space is under a cooktop, the standards require that the bottom of the cooktop be insulated to protect against accidental burns. While this type of installation may be the only way that some people can cook, it does expose a person in a wheelchair to the hazard of spilling hot food in his/her lap. People who pull up beneath the cooktop must exercise extreme care and cool hot foods before moving them .
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Wheelchair Accessible Design
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Wheelchair Accessible Design
Residential Spaces KITCHENS Wheelchair Accessible Design
Residential Spaces
LIBRARY/STUDY Anthropometric Data
It is difficult to develop precise formulas by which to design residential library shelving or to project the number of books, that can be accommodated on a unit base because of the many variables involved . The size of books, the types of books and other reading materials, the reach limitations of the user, etc., all have an impact upon the design requirements . It is possible, however, for preliminary planning purposes, to apply the broad guidelines indicated in Figs . 1 to 3. Seven volumes per foot of shelving can be used as a rule-of-thumb to project capacity. The height of the highest shelf above the floor should be limited to between 78 and 81 in ; 24 in is the minimum height above the floor to gain access to a shelf without squatting. Limitations for shelving to serve children will differ and are indicated in Fig . 3.
TABLE 1
Library Shelving : Volumes per Linear Foot of Shelf Based on Subject
(Standard stack section 3 ft wide x 7 1/z ft high with 7 shelves) Subject Art (excluding oversize) Nonfiction Economics Fiction General literature History Law Medical Periodicals, bound Public documents Technical and scientific Average for overall estimating
Volumes per foot of shelf
Volumes per single face section
7 8 8 8 7 7 4 5 5 5 6
147 168 168 168 147 147 84 105 105 105 126 125
Residential Spaces LIBRARY/STUDY Plans and Elevations
Residential Spaces LIBRARY/STUDY Library Shelving Details
Residential Spaces LIBRARY/STUDY Library Shelving Details
Residential Spaces LIBRARY/STUDY Built-In Bookshelves
BUILT-IN BOOKSHELVES
Here is a simple method of building in bookshelves, bar units, etc ., for residences and other types of buildings by using an egg-crate system . The front of the shelf is supported by the vertical members and the back of the shelf is nailed to the plywood back . These built-in bookshelves and bar unit were developed for a residence on the Eastern Shore of Maryland . In this design Hugh Newell Jacobsen, FAIA, divided the built-in bookcases into units of three shelf widths and introduced a recessed vertical divider 3' deep by 7'/z' wide between bookcase units . The major trim piece is solid wood 1'/e ° X 1'/e ° with a '/a ° wide by '/s' deep groove at the middle . This simple trim piece acts as framing for sides, top, and bottom of the bookshelves and also for the bar unit with glass shelves and mirrored back, sides, top, and bottom,
Residential Spaces LIPHARYISTUDY
Residential Spaces FAMILY/RECREATION ROOMS Arrangements and Clearances
Recreational Activities
Indoor recreational activities invariably require definite spaces for equipment and clearances for using it . Not all games occupy floor areas indicated as necessary for those diagramed on this page . But if interiors are planned to accommodate large units of equipment such as that required for table tennis, and provide necessary playing clearances, spaces will be adequate for many other uses as well . Dimensions of game equipment and floor areas required for its use are both subject to variation. Sizes noted here are comfortable averages, not absolute minima .
Residential Spaces FAMILY/RECREATION ROOMS Arrangements and Clearances
TABLE 1 Size
Pool and Billiard Table Sizes (in feet)
3x6 3'/2 x 7 4x8 4112 x9 5 x 10 6 x 12
Home
Where used
Home Home Commercial standard in South America, Mexico, and Spain Popular U.S . commercial standard U S. professional standard Commercial standard in Canada and England
Standard ping pong table sizes are 3 ft x 6ft;3ft6inx7ft0in ;4ft0inx8ft0in ; 4ft8inx8ft6in,5ft0inx9ft2in ;5ft6inx 10ft2in,6ft8inx12ft8in .
Residential Spaces FAMILY/RECREATION ROOMS Residential Bar
RESIDENTIAL BAR This small residential bar with double lighting was designed so that the back bar shelves would display all the types of bar glasses and the liquor bottles as a decorative element . Note how the recessed fluorescent tube fixtures indirectly light up all the glasses and the 2' open slot in the bottom shelf indirectly lights up the liquor bottles on the back bar shelf . The entire front bar has recessed light fixtures in the ceiling above ; this allows for two different methods of lighting the bar area . Note also that the bar front is slightly padded with foam rubber and the entire bar top is finished with dark brown leatherette .
Residential Spaces FAMILY/RECREATION ROOMS Piano Sizes; BarDetails
Residential Spaces
LAUNDRY/SEWING ROOMS Laundry Room Layouts
HOME LAUNDRY ACTIVITIES Home laundry includes the processes from sorting through ironing of clothes and household linens, including pretreating, washing, drying, and sprinkling . General Planning Suggestions
1 . It is desirable to plan space for specific laundry processes. 2 . Moistureproof surfaces are needed for pretreating and sprinkling of clothes. 3. Drying areas should be accessible for use under all climatic conditions . 4. To control moisture in the room, dryers should be located to permit venting to the outside of the house. 5. Adequate storage for washing equipment and supplies should be located near the place of first use. 6. Facilities for hanging drip-dry garments after washing should be provided . 7. In locating the washing equipment consideration should be given to convenience of inter-related household activities, distances from the source of soiled clothes and the drying areas, and the isolation of clutter.
TABLE 1
Space Requirements for Washer-Dryer Arrangements
Type and size of equipment
Stacked arrangement : washer, 31 x 26 in ; dryer, 31 x 26 in Angle arrangement : washer 26 x 26 in ; dryer, 31 x 26 in Straight-line arrangement: washer, 26 x 26 in ; dryer, 31 x 26 in
Auxiliary equipment Basket, 19-in diameter Basket, 19-in diameter Basket, 19-in diameter
Figures 1 and 2 illustrate arrangements of laundry equipment. Space needed by a single worker in front of equipment or between equipment placed opposite is indicated. Overall dimensions of areas will vary with type and size of equipment selected . No allowance has been made between the back of equipment and the wall for electrical, plumbing, and dryer vent connections. The space required will depend on the type of installation used . Counter space is provided for sorting and folding three washer loads of clothes. The
Total floor area, in
Work area, in
Wi dt h
Depth
43 x 37
43
63
36 x 59
62
76
36 x 66
62
66
space under the counters has been used for bins, one for soiled clothing and the other for dry, clean articles that require further treatment before use or storage . Additional counter space can be provided by the tops of the dryer and washer, depending upon the type selected . A tall storage cabinet for laundry supplies would complement each arrangement. In this cabinet, an ironing board, iron, mops, and buckets (needed for cleaning the laundry area) may also be stored .
Residential Spaces LAUNDRY/SEWING ROOMS Laundry Room Layouts
Residential Spaces
LAUNDRY/SEWING ROOMS
Laundry Room Layouts
LAUNDRY LOCATION The ideal location of the laundry space is a matter of preference . The laundry area may be separate or combined with the bathroom, the kitchen, the utility space, or the corridor. The most frequently mentioned advantages and disadvantages of these various options are listed below. Separate Laundry Advantages A separate space can be used for other activities such as sewing and hobbies, if it is large enough . Clothes may be hung for air drying without interfering with other household activities . Noise from laundry appliances can be shut off from the rest of the dwelling . Temporary holding or storage of clothing to be washed or ironed is made easier. Disadvantages Providing this extra room increases the cost of the dwelling . Laundry in Combination with Bathroom Advantages
When the bathroom is located near the bedrooms, the washer and dryer are close to where most laundry originates . This facili tates gathering soiled articles and putting away clean linen and clothing . Combining the laundry space with a half bathroom adjacent to the kitchen provides many of the advantages of a separate laundry room . The tops of the laundry appliances provide useful horizontal space on which to lay clothes. Floor and wall finishes in bathrooms are usually resistant to high humidities . Usually, additional plumbing costs are minimal. The bathroom sink may be used for hand washing. Mechanical ventilation can be provided economically for both functions. Disadvantages A bathroom will usually accommodate only washing and drying facilities . Other laundry related activities such as ironing, will have to be carried out elsewhere in the dwelling . Occupants may wish to use the bathroom when laundry is being washed or dried .
KEY I, Z.
STORAGE CLOSET CLOTHES CHUTE
3, 4.
SORTING SHELF
6. 7 S.
DRYER
LAUNDRY TRAY WASHING MACHINE 1IZONPR
IRONING BUAI20
Residential Spaces
LAUNDRY/SEWING ROOMS Laundry Room Layouts
Laundry in Combination with Kitchen Advantages
Suitable in housing for young families because the person doing the laundry can keep an eye on the washing machine while doing otherjobs and supervising the children . Direct access to the outside for clothes drying is likely to be easier than from laundries located in a basement or on a second storey. Kitchen sinks are usually sizeable and can be used for laundering . Additional plumbing costs are usually small . Disadvantages
Danger of cross-contamination through the handling of dirty washing during food preparation . Grease and cooking smells can be passed on to clean clothes. Noise generated by running appliances cannot easily be shut off from the rest of the dwelling . Laundry in Combination with Utility Space in Basement Advantages
Generally, as much space as needed can be provided . Noise generated by running appliances can be easily shut off from the rest of the dwelling . Disadvantages Laundry must be carried up and down stairs, although automatic dryers have eased the problem of carrying heavy baskets of damp clothes to outdoor clotheslines . Laundry in Combination with Corridor Advantages The space is used more economically (Fig . 9) . The space above the appliances may be used as a linen closet . The appliances can be hidden from sight when they are not in use; they can be recessed into the wall and enclosed with doors. Disadvantages
Noise generated by running appliances cannot be easily shut off from the rest of the dwelling . An alcove adjacent to a corridor will accommodate only a minimum-sized laundry area . Other laundry related activities, such as ironing, will have to be carried out elsewhere in the dwelling .
Residential Spaces LAUNDRY/SEWING ROOMS Laundry Room Layouts
Planning for Efficiency The sequence of laundering operations determines the planning of space and facilities and the placing of equipment. Convenience and time-and-step saving are easily achieved by placing the elements in their natural order of use : (t) clothes chute (with or without bins or hampers), (2) sorting table or counter, (3) washing machine, (4) laundry trays, (5) dryer, (6) ironer or mangle, (7) ironing board, (8) rack, 'horse,' or table for finished laundry In addition, storage closet or cabinets will be necessary for soaps, powders, bluing, bleaches, starch, basket, clothespins, iron, etc.
KEY I . STORAGE CLOSET Z . CLOTHES CNLITE 3. SORTING SPELL= 4. LAU N DRY TRAY
WASHING MACHINE
6. DRYER 7 IRoNc-R S. IRONING BOARD
Residential Spaces LAUNDRY/SEWING ROOMS Sewing Center Clearances General Planning Suggestions 1 . An area especially planned for sewing, convenient to other activity areas, is desirable. 2. Most houses need storage space for sewing materials and equipment . The amount and kind of storage required varies according to the quality and frequency of sewing . 3. A minimum sewing area should include the machine, auxiliary work surfaces, a chair that permits freedom of motion, and storage arrangements . The work surface for layout and cutting may be outside the area for sewing machine operations and serve multiple purposes . 4. Consideration should be given to work surfaces at comfortable heights for the varying activities of sewing . 5. Light should be adequate for the activity.
TABLE 2
Dimensions of Area for Layout and Cutting Garments Measurement
Working surface Length Width Table, free-standing
Table obstructed on one side Height Clearance for worker TABLE 3
Minimum
Dimensions, in
Adequate
56
72
28 28 34-40 (range) 18
36
32 36 (median) 24
Minimum
Adequate
16 42
18 60
3
4 10
Dimensions of Fitting Space Use of Space
Viewing in mirror : Mirror dimensions, in Width Length
Top to floor Clearance in front of mirror, ft Width Length Clearance while fitting self, ft Clearance while being fitted, ft Fitting garment on dress form, ft
70
6-8 6x4 8'/2 x 4 5x4
72
7x6
Residential Spaces CLOSETS/STORAGE AREAS
Figures 1 and 2 show the vertical clearances related to male and female closet and storage facilities . Wherever possible or practical, the closet shelf should be located within human reach . The height shown for the high shelf has been established based on fifth percentile male and female data in order to place it within reach of individuals of smaller body size . Any shelf located at a greater distance should be used primarily for storage that requires only infrequent access . The location of the shelf just above the rod is essentially a function of rod height . The clearance between the bottom of the shelf and the top of the rod should allow for easy removal of the hanger. Figure 3 illustrates two various types of walk-in storage facilities . Undoubtably, it can be argued that the 36-in, or 91 .4-cm, clearance shown between the hanging garment and the storage shelf or between opposite garments could be reduced about 50 percent . The authors contend, however, that in order to achieve any degree of comfort in the selection and removal of the desired garment, a minimum of 36 in should be maintained . The degree to which this dimension can be reduced is a question of the level of comfort the user is prepared to tolerate in exchange for the floor space saved. The two drawings of the plan view of the human figure illustrate clearances required for donning a coat or putting on a pair of stockings.
C
p
1
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L M N 0
in
cm
64-68
162.6-172 .7
72-76
182.9-193 .0
12-18
30 .5-45.7
8-10
20 .3-25.4
20-28
50 .8-71 .1
34-36
86 .4-91 .4
10-12
25 .4-30.5
60-70
152.4-177 .8
69-72
175.3-182 .9
76
193.0
68
172.7
42
106.7
46
116.8
30
76 .2
18
45 .7
Residential Spaces
CLOSETS/STORAGE AREAS Types of Closets CLOTHES CLOSETS The capacity of a clothes closet depends upon the accessible length of rod. Three types of closets are common .
Walk-in closet This type provides rods on one or both sides of an access path at least 20' wide . A wider access space within the closet may be used as a dressing area .
Reach-in closet The minimum front-to-back depth of space for hanging clothes is 24'. The accessible rod length is equal to the width of the door opening plus 6' on each side .
Shelf Space and Lighting
The shelf is normally located 2' above the rod, and another shelf may be located 12' higher. Shelves higher than the rod may also be installed at the end of the closet . A fluorescent fixture over the door is recommended for lighting a closet . Deluxe cool white tubes match daylight for selecting clothes.
Rod Lengths and Heights
Edge-in closet By providing an edge-in space of at least 18', the accessible rod length can be much longer than the door width. This requires less wall space than a full front opening.
Recommended heights of rods are 68' for long robes, 63' for adult clothing, and 32' for children's clothing .
The Minimum Property Standards of HUD (1973) require that each bedroom have a closet, with rod and shelf, with minimum dimensions of For double-occupancy bedrooms : 24' by 60' For single-occupancy bedrooms : 24' by 36' For closet at entrance to house : 24' by 24' A more desirable front-to-back depth would be 28' for bedroom closets and 30' for entrance closets to accommodate bulky outer garments . The average rod space per garment is about 2' for women's clothing, 21/4' for men's clothing, and 4' for heavy coats.
Residential Spaces
CLOSETS/STORAGE AREAS Clothes Closet Details
Fig . 4 Bedroom closet designed for one person . This diagram shows dimensions for rods, shelves, and drawers to hold underwear, sweaters, shoes, hats, purses, and ties . Research shows that each person needs at least 48 inches of rod space for hanging clothing .
Residential Spaces
CLOSETS/STORAGE AREAS Clothes Closet Details
Residential Spaces CLOSETS/STORAGE AREAS Clothes Closet Details
Residential Spaces CLOSETS/STORAGE AREAS Clothes Closet Details
Residential Spaces CLOSETS/STORAGE AREAS Clothes Closet Details
Residential Spaces CLOSETS/STORAGE AREAS Closet Wall Details
Residential Spaces CLOSETS/STORAGE AREAS Closet Wall Details
Residential Spaces
CLOSETS/STORAGE AREAS General Storage Shelving
Residential Spaces CLOSETS/STORAGE AREAS
Wire Basket and Shelving Systems
Residential Spaces CLOSETS/STORAGE AREAS Wire Basket and Shelving Systems
Front View Multiple-stacked, wrap-around storage shelving . Optional baskets and door racks. (%'12; 16' and 20 widths available)
Front View_ Multiple-stacked storage shelving . Optional full-height door storage rack . (9 ; 12; 16° and 20' widths available)
Top View All the shelving you'll ever need for full-size family food storage. Sliding baskets hold fruit, vegetables and other kitchen supplies . Optional door racks maximize storage area by utilizing all available space.
Top View Standard pantry design provides ample shelving and storage for canned goods and other food items . Center pole gives extra support. Optional door racks provide easy access to your most needed items.
HOUSEKEEPING/ UTILITY ROOM
Front View Double, full-width upper storage shelving with stacked storage shelving . (12,' 16 widths available) Tbp-View Makes housework easier to handle by storing household cleaning items just where you need them . Plenty of shelving space for cloths, detergents and brushes. Wide storage area holds vacuum cleaner, brooms, mops and small appliances .
Front View Double, full-width storage shelving with side-mounted shelving and basket unit and optional door/wall storage rack . (12,16 widths available) Top View Make a clean sweep of cleaning with fulllength shelves that hold a variety of utensils . Storage baskets pack brushes, cloths and sundry items. Bottled detergents and cleaning products can be stored neatly and safely in optional door racks.
Residential Spaces CLOSETS/STORAGE AREAS Wire Basket and Shelving Systems
BEDROOM APPLICATIONS Front View Single and double hang with upper storage, center pole support and shoe racks. (12; 16' widths available) Top View Combination convenience for single and double hanging clothes. The perfect his and hers closet . Extra wide shelf space for clothing, linen and blankets in your master bedroom. Plus lots of room for her long dresses and coats - his shirts, suits and slacks . Shoe racks on both sides.
Front View Full-width, double hanging with lower shelving height . Sliding basket system and shoe racks. (12; 16 widths available) ToR View Specially designed for the children's room . Extra lowhanging shelf makes it easy for kids to reach. Stores toys and sports equipment in easy-access sliding baskets . Shoe rack keeps sneakers and other footwear neatly organized.
Front View Walk-In. Single and double hang with upper storage and central shelving unit with additional clearance and shoe racks. (12; 16 widths available)
Top View Single hanging space for coats and other long garments . Double hanging convenience for shorter garments . Full shelves with central storage unit allow easy storage of sweaters, boots, sports equipment, tall and over-sized items . Tailor-made for couples with a 2nd bedroom.
Front View StandardDouble . hang with shoe rack and off-center pole support. (12; 16' widths available) Top View Makes kids stuff out of chaos in any teenager's room . Plenty of storage space for footballs, beach equipment, basketballs, skates and other cumbersome items. Doubles as storage area for dresses and coats. Conveniently placed hanging rod for all your teenager's clothing .
Residential Spaces CLOSETS/STORAGE AREAS
Wire Basket and Shelving Systems
LINEN Front View Multiple-stacked linen shelving with pole support and sliding basket system . M'14 16 and 20' widths available) Top View Four extra-wide shelves for linen and blankets . Storage baskets slide out and hold dish cloths, pillowcases and smaller items. The perfect linen closet.
FOYER/FRONT ENTRY CLOSET
Front View Single hang with upper storage and offcenter storage unit and shoe racks . (12; 16 widths available) Top View A welcome addition to any home . Fullwidth, upper storage holds hats, gloves and sweaters . Off-center storage for umbrellas and winter items. Shelves, shoe racks and generous hanging space lets guests know they're welcome.
Front View __ Multiple-stacked linen . shelving . (%'12' 16 and 20 widths available) Top View Bathroom linen closet stores towels, sheets and cleaning supplies in one easy-access area .
Front View Single hang with halflength shoe racks and upper storage. (12 ; 16 widths available) Top View Holds coats, hats, shoes and guest clothing with care . Upper storage area for visitor's bags and small cases.
Residential Spaces CLOSETS/STORAGE AREAS
Wire Basket and Shelving Systems
MASTER BEDROOMS
Front View Walk-In. Single hang with upper storage and central shelving/ basket unit and shoe racks. (1416' widths available)
Front View Walk-In. Singleand double hang with upper storage, central shelving and shoe racks . (12 ; 16' widths available)
TopView Keeps shoes, shirts and clothing neatly organized. Sliding baskets for easy access to linen, underwear, etc. Fulllength clothes storage for dresses, shirts and suits . Ideal for master bedroom.
Top View
Front View Single hang with upper storage and central shelving and basket unit, additional clearance and shoe racks. (12', 16' widths available)
Front View Single hang with upper storage and full-width shoe racks. (12',16' widths available)
~op View So well designed it actually replaces a piece of furniture! Four sliding baskets provide multiple storage capacity for shirts, underwear, socks and sweaters . Full-length clothes hanging space, fullwidth shoe racks and lots of shelf space make this system a must for your 2nd bedroom.
Hang dresses and coats on one side, suits and shorter garments on the other. Central shelving actually replaces a piece of furniture in the master bedroom!
Top_ View Doubles shelf/storage space. Single hanging for clothes, coats, shirts and jackets. Expands easily to accommodate future needs. 'Mro fulllength shoe racks.
Office Spaces General offices and multiple workstations Private offices Electronic workstations Conference rooms Reception areas Furniture, furnishings, and equipment
223 231 241 249 260 278
Office Spaces INTRODUCTION
The amount of office space built during the past few decades can be measured in the hundreds of billions of square feet . Within these buildings, workers spend nearly half their waking hours and a third of their entire lives . Over the life span of a typical office building, the same spaces may be occupied by a succession of different tenants, each with their own programmatic requirements . Consequently, interior spaces may be recycled and redesigned many times, simply to accommodate the changing needs of new corporate users . In many instances redesign may be necessitated solely by the effect of technological change on the methodology of transacting business . Moreover, the escalating costs of land acquisition and construction and the increasing scarcity of urban building sites make it essential that the redesign reflects an efficient, cost-effective utilization of space, as well as one that is responsive to the human factors involved . It is necessary, therefore, for the designer to be familiar not only with the general planning criteria associated with office design, but with the architectural detailing of some of the typical interior elements contained within these spaces . Accordingly, this section includes general planning criteria and examples of actual working drawings of typical interior conditions, prepared by various design professionals. The details alluded to include such items as trading desks, elevated computer floors, library furniture, built-in storage cabinets, work counters, wall paneling, vanities, reception desks, and conference room elements . Also included are illustrations and dimensional data pertaining to typical office furniture, equipment, and electronic media storage.
Office Spaces GENERAL OFFICES AND MULTIPLE WORKSTATIONS Planning Data : Basic Workstations The so-called general office takes on a variety of forms and configurations . In its simplest variation it may be nothing more complex than several standard desks with returns located within a room or space . In its more sophisticated and ergonomically designed form, the general office may be based on an open planning or office landscaping concept, involving a system of workstations . The workstations include desk surfaces, files, acoustic partitions, and a host of other optional components to suit the nature of the particular work tasks involved . The systems are extremely flexible, allowing the workstations to be configured in a variety of shapes . Provision for power and lighting is quite common . The design of the general office, like the design of the private office, requires a knowledge of the basic dimensional requirements and clearances of the workstation and, where applicable, of the visitor seating to be accommodated . In certain instances, where customized and/or built-in storage elements, work coun-
ters, credenzas, etc ., are required, a knowledge of architectural woodworking, as may be related to the design of such elements, can be quite helpful . Accordingly, this part includes basic planning criteria for general office design, in addition to examples of architectural woodwork details in connection with some of the more common customized components of general office spaces . The basic workstation, as illustrated in plan in Fig . 1, is the fundamental building block in understanding the anthropometric considerations for the planning and design of the general office . The worktask zone must be large enough to accommodate the paperwork, equipment, and other accessories that support the user's function . The work/activity zone dimension, shown in Fig . 1, is established by the space requirements needed for use of the typical return . In no case should this distance be less than the 30 in, or 76 .2 cm, needed to provide adequate space for the chair clearance zone . The visitor seating zone, ranging in depth from 30 to 42 in, or
76 .2 to 106 .7 cm, requires the designer to accommodate both the buttock-knee and buttock-toe length body dimensions of the larger user If an overhang is provided or the desk's modesty panel is recessed, the visitor seating zone can be reduced due to the additional knee and toe clearances provided . The specific type and size of the seating (i .e ., if it swivels or if it has casters) also influence these dimensions . Figure 2 shows the typical workstation expanded into the basic U-shaped configuration . The work/activity zone dimension range is shown as 46 to 58 in, or 116 .8 to 147 .3 cm ; additional space is needed to allow for drawer extension of the lateral file . Not only does it provide more storage, the lateral file unit is generally the same height as that of the worksurface and is often utilized as a supplementary worksurface . The distance between this unit and that of the primary worksurface must be sufficient to allow for movement and rotation of the chair.
Office Spaces GENERAL OFFICES AND MULTIPLE WORKSTATIONS Planning Data : Basic Workstations
Office Spaces GENERAL OFFICES AND MULTIPLE WORKSTATIONS Planning Data : Basic Workstations Minimum Square Footage Standards for the Open and Screened Workstation The Nonautomated Task . Square footage workstation standards for the nonautomated task are developed primarily according to task profile, equipment, conferencing, and privacy requirements . Task Profile : Processing paper on work surface with quick turnaround . o Continued flow of material is processed as it arrives at the workspace and is passed on to either another function or to group storage . o Storage for permanent files and reference materials minimal . o Reference material accessed infrequently . Telephone tasks may require concentration .
Task Profile : Typewriter the primary tool for processing paper . o Continued flow of material is processed as it arrives at the workspace and is passed on to either another function or to group storage . o Storage for permanent files and reference materials minimal . o Reference material access may be frequent . Tasks may require concentration .
Task Profile : Typewriter the primary tool for processing paper . o Continued flow of material is processed as it arrives at the workspace and is passed on to either another function or to group storage . Storage for permanent files and reference materials minimal . o Reference material access may be frequent . Tasks may require concentration . Limited conferencing required at the workspace . o Need to see and hear co-workers or subordinates of secondary priority .
Open No requirement of equipment or task for privacy, concentration
Screened Privacy required for reading, working, thinking, calculating, meetings, confidential phone calls, elimination of visual and acoustical distractions
Office Spaces GENERAL OFFICES AND MULTIPLE WORKSTATIONS Planning Data : Basic Workstations
The Nonautomated Task
Task Profile : Same as 1 with addition of extended conferencing requirements at individual workstation .
Task Profile : Same as 3 with addition of extended conferencing requirements at individual workstation .
Task Profile : Data Entry. o Paper, material, or information processed and/or maintained . o Multiple reference sources may be used on a task . c Reference materials used frequently . o Limited volume of supplies and permanent records kept at the workspace . u Electronic equipment used for keeping records current, information inputting, and maintaining data and records . u Ability to see and hear co-workers may be desirable . o Tasks may also require screening for concentration .
Open No requirement of equipment or task for privacy, concentration
Screened Privacy required for reading, working, thinking, calculating, meetings, confidential phone calls, elimination of visual and acoustical distractions
Office Spaces
GENERAL OFFICES AND MULTIPLE WORKSTATIONS Planning Data : Multiple Workstations
Fig . 3 Depending upon function, the sizes of individual and multiple workstations vary dramatically. Size of worksurface, length and depth of return, chair size, and circulation patterns all influence the gross square footage requirements .
Office Spaces
GENERAL OFFICES AND MULTIPLE WORKSTATIONS Planning Data : Multiple Workstations
Fig . 4 Floating or free-standing workstations tend to utilize more floor area than workstations placed against a wall or sharing the same wall panel . Clustering of workstations will ultimately result in the use of less floor area, but at the expense of majorergonomic considerations . Decisions relative to both acoustical privacy and personal space are often sacrificed in the name of economy.
Office Spaces GENERAL OFFICES AND MULTIPLE WORKSTATIONS Planning Data : Multiple Workstations
Multiple workstations can result in efficient utilization of space and sharing of expensive computer terminals and equipment . If use of computer terminals is intensive, individual CRTs should be provided . Figures 5, 6, and 7 each show eight workstations, yet the setups range in area from 448 to 1012 ft 2. Furniture size, function, and ergonomic considerations all affect setup.
Office Spaces GENERAL OFFICES AND MULTIPLE WORKSTATIONS Planning Data : Office Layout
It is not unusual to have two or more persons share an enclosed office space. In planning this type of office space, both circulation and clearance become critically important. Door swings, the extension of file drawers, and points of entry must all be carefully considered .
Office Spaces PRIVATE OFFICES Executive Workstation The design of the private office requires a Knowledge of the basic dimensional requirements and clearances of the executive workstation and, where applicable, of visitor seating accommodations . In certain instances where various aspects of the office interior are customized and/or built into the construction, a knowledge of architectural woodwork detailing is also desirable. This page and the following pages include the necessary planning criteria required, as well as details of certain customized components . Executive workstation and/or desk size and configuration can be customized depending on desired image, scale, and ambience . Desks are also available in generally accepted standard sizes. It is these standard desks that are most used in the design of the private office . Figure 1 illustrates the range of desk dimensions, chair dimensions, and clearances involved . Many private executive offices are being designed with desks that do not conform
A _B _C D
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_L M
_N _P Q S
in
Cm
30-39 66-84 21-28 24-28
76 .2-99 .1 167 .6-213 .4 53 .3-71 .1 61 .0-71 .1 58 .4-73 .7 106 .7 min . 266 .7-330 .2 76 .2-114 .3
23-29 42 min . 105-130 30-45 33-43 10-14 6-16 20-26 12-15 117--148 45-61 30-45 12-18 29-30 22- 32
83 .8-109 .2 25 .4-35 .6 15 .2-40 .6 50 .8-66 .0 30 .5-38 .1 297 .2-375 .9 114 .3-154 .9 76 .2-114 .3 30 .5-45 .7 73 .7-76 .2 55 .9-81 .3
with the basic rectangular shape. Such a situation is illustrated in Fig. 2, which shows a circular executive desk . Such a desk is often selected if the executive in question plans to hold conferences within the office and prefers the psychology of having either visitors or employees gather around the worksurface in an egalitarian fashion. While a minimum desk size of 48 in, or 121 .9 cm, is shown, this dimension is also influenced by the number of side chairs to be grouped around the desk . A circular executive desk must be supported by supplementary credenza or file storage within easy reach of the executive chair. Side arm reach relative to the work/ activity zone must always be studied carefully. Figure 3 illustrates a typical circular lounge grouping found within an executive office . Providing for the appropriate leg clearance of 12 to 18 in, or 30 .5 to 45 .7 cm, is also determined by the sitting zone requirements . Buttock-knee length must also be considered .
Office Spaces PRIVATE OFFICES Executive Workstation
A C p
J
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Cm
77-88 30 46-58 22-28 24-30 24-28 2-3 20-22 48-60 92-116 36-42 6-9 24 42-60 36-48 57-78 33-43 12-18 21-30 24-32
195.6-223 .5 76 .2 116.8-147 .3 55 .9-71 .1 61 .0-91 .4 61 .0-71 .1 5.1-7 .6 50 .8-55.9 121 .9-152 .4 233 .7-294 .6 91 .4-106 .7 15 .2-22.9 61 .0 106.7-152 .4 91 .4-121 .9 144.8-198 .1 83 .8-121 .9 30 .5-45 .7 53 .3-76 .2 6 1 .0-81 .3
Office Spaces PRIVATE OFFICES Planning Data : Typical Room Arrangements
office Spaces PRIVATE OFFICES Planning Data : Typical Room Arrangements
The private offices illustrated in Figs . 12 to 17 reflect middle to senior management functional, as well as status, requirements . Each office layout should be carefully reviewed with the client to ensure that all programmatic functions have been met . Offices of this size do not easily accommodate an independent conference function .
Office Spaces PRIVATE OFFICES Planning Data : Typical Room Arrangements
Office Spaces
PRIVATE OFFICES Wall Unit Details
Fig . 21 Custom architectural woodwork, or 'built-ins ;' is often required for executive offices . These architectural working drawings reflect the custom design of a storage wall for a partner in a law office . Careful analysis shows the incorporation of file, book, and coat storage within a floor-to-ceiling mahogany wood unit .
Office Spaces
PRIVATE OFFICES Wall Unit Details
Fig . 22 These details represent typical vertical sections taken through various storage components for the partner wall unit shown in Fig . 21 . Careful attention must be given to integration of electronic equipment, electrical wiring, and task lighting .
Office Spaces
PRIVATE OFFICES Wall Unit Details
Fig . 23 In many instances, the utilization of standard wood moldings can enhance the overall appearance of an otherwise relatively simple workwall unit . Other cost-saving devices illustrated here are the application of a wood panel to a standard metal file and the use of a fabricwrapped tack board . The incorporation of an undercabinet task light is almost always required .
Office Spaces
PRIVATE OFFICES Wall Unit Details
Fig . 24 These plan oblique drawings provide detailed design information to both client and architectural woodwork contractor. These drawings are particularly helpful when the office project for which these wall units are intended consists of many offices, and each office is to be customized within certain constraints .
Oftice Spaces PRIVATE OFFICES Credenzas Many private offices require the detailing of custom credenzas and storage units. The sophistication and complexity of such details can significantly influence the budget for the space as well as the time of installation . Figure 25 represents a 'high-end' approach, while Fig. 26 is more appropriate for offices with a moderate budget .
Office Spaces ELECTRONIC WORKSTATIONS Planning Data : Anthropometrics
New electronic technologies, together with the advent and proliferation of the microcomputer and the availability of inexpensive packaged software, have changed the complexion of the office workplace. The ergonomic considerations related to this new work environment have necessitated a reevaluation of the traditional interface between the seated office worker and his or her workplace . It is essential that the design of this electronic workstation be responsive to human factors in order to avoid physical discomfort for the user. The location of the Keyboard, angle of the visual display terminal, adjustability of the chair, field of vision, provisions for back support, and height of the seat above the floor are a few of the considerations in the design process . This page and the following pages provide a variety of anthropometric and ergonomic planning data and details for use as reference in the design of the electronic workstation . Figure 1 illustrates guidelines for use in establishing preliminary design assumptions for a workstation display console. Since the types of displays and the nature of the tasks associated with those displays can vary considerably, Fig. 1 cannot be taken too literally. The configuration shown, however, is fairly representational . Certain basic factors should be noted anthropometrically. The use of an adjustable chair will permit the eye height of the seated viewer to be raised or lowered to view the display, as may be required depending on body size . An adjustment range between 15 and 18 in, or 38 .1 and 45 .7 cm, should be adequate to accommodate the eye height sitting requirements of about 90 percent of all viewers. Adjustability, however, will be of little value if the vertical distance between the underside of the desk and the floor is insufficient to accommodate the knee height and thigh clearance when the seat is adjusted to the appropriate position . If such distance is not less than 26 .5 in, or 67 .3 cm, the majority of viewers will be accommodated . The location of the top of the display should align with the standard sight line for optimum viewing conditions . Since the eye and the head can rotate within certain limitations and, in so doing, increase the area that can be scanned, displays can be located above the standard sight line when absolutely necessary. It should also be noted that the more perpendicular the normal sight line is to the display plane, the greater the viewing comfort. Accordingly, consideration should be given to sloping the display plane since the normal sight line is about 15° below the horizontal . Stature is the vertical distance from the floor to the top of the head, measured while the subject stands erect, looking straight ahead. Elbow height is the distance measured vertically from the floor to the depression formed at the elbow where the forearm meets the upper arm. Eye height is the vertical distance from the floor to the inner corner of the eye, measured with the subject looking straight ahead and standing erect. Sitting height erect is the vertical distance from the sitting surface to the top of the head with the subject sitting erect. Sitting height normal is the vertical distance from the sitting surface to the top of
the head, measured with the subject sitting relaxed. Eye height is the vertical distance from the inner corner of the eye to the sitting surface . Shoulder height is the distance taken vertically from the sitting surface to a point on the shoulder midway between the neck and acromion . Shoulder breadth is the maximum horizontal distance across the deltoid muscles. Elbow to elbow is the distance across the lateral surfaces of the elbows measured with elbows flexed and resting lightly against the body with the forearms extended horizontally. Hp breadth is the breadth of the body as measured across the widest portion of the hips . Note that a hip breadth measurement can also be taken with the subject in a standing position, in which case the definition would be the maximum breadth of the lower torso. Elbowrestheight istheheightfromthe top of the sitting surface to the bottom of the tip of the elbow. Thigh clearance is the distance taken vertically from a sitting surface to the top of the thigh at the point where the thigh and the abdomen intersect . Knee height is the vertical distance from the floor to the midpoint of the kneecap. Popliteal height is the distance, taken vertically, from the floor to the underside of the portion of the thigh just behind the knee while the subject is seated with body erect. The knees and ankles are usually perpendicular, with the bottom of the thigh and the back of the knees barely touching the sitting surface . Buttock-popliteal length is the horizontal distance from the rearmost surface of the buttock to the back of the lower leg . Buttock-knee length is the horizontal distance from the rearmost surface of the buttocks to the front of the kneecaps . Buttock-toe length is the horizontal distance from the rearmost surface of the buttocks to the tip of the toe .
Buttock-heel length is the horizontal distance from the base of the heel to a wall against which the subject sits erect with his leg maximally extended forward along the sitting surface . This is sometimes referred to as buttock-leg length . Vertical reach is the height above the sitting surface of the tip of the middle finger when the arm, hand, and fingers are extended vertically. Vertical grip reach is usually measured from the floor to the top of a bar grasped in the right hand while the subject stands erect and the hand within which the bar is grasped is raised as high as it can be conveniently without experiencing discomfort or strain . Side arm reach is the distance from the center line of the body to the outside surface of a bar grasped in the right hand while the subject stands erect and the arm is conveniently outstretched horizontally without experiencing discomfort or strain . Thumb tip reach is the distance from the wall to the tip of the thumb measured with the subject's shoulders against the wall, his arm extended forward, and his index finger touching the tip of his thumb. Maximum body depth is the horizontal distance between the most anterior point on the body to the most posterior. Anterior points are usually located on the chest or abdomen while the posterior points are usually found in the buttock or shoulder region . Maximum body breadth is the maximum distance, including arms, across the body.
C
p
F
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16-18
40 .6-45 .7
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40 .6 min. 45 .7 min .
38 .1-45 .7
26 .5 min .
67 .3 min.
30
76 .2
Office Spaces ELECTRONIC WORKSTATIONS Planning Data : Anthropometrics Both the work surface and the display monitors must be lowered and raised as a unit with 31 .8 cm of travel . m The work surface must be tilted anywhere between a horizontal position to 35° below horizontal . The work surface, at its lowest setting and with a 10° tilted angle, as is common in use, must be 63 .5 cm in height at its front edge . m The work surface must raise to a horizontal height of 104 cm, accommodating a majority of people in a standing position . m The monitor screens must be tiltable to any position between 15° forward of vertical and 15° back . This lets the user adjust the screen to avoid reflective glare, and it accommodates various working positions of different lines of sight. Adjustment controls designed for hand operation must be located within the operator's extended reach envelope . m All surfaces must have matte or dull finishes . This reduces the likelihood of reflective glare . m The workstation must be compact and relatively easy to move through a standard 81-cm doorway. m No structural components shall exist which inhibit the workstation's operation by users in wheelchairs, ensuring a barrier-free workstation . w Service personnel must have easy access to electrical components . The digitizing surface must accommodate standard European and American D size drawings, m Screen depth of view must allow alphanumeric characters to be viewed at an angle between 20 and 28 arc minutes.
Office Spaces ELECTRONIC WORKSTATIONS
The Automated Task .
Square footage Open Screened workstation standards for the automated task No requirement of equipment or task for Privacy required for reading, working, thinking, are also developed primarily according to task privacy, concentration calculating, meetings, confidential phone calls, profile , equipment, conferencing, and privacy elimination of visual and acoustical distractions requirements .
Task Profile: Data Retrieval. - Paper, material, or information processed, analyzed, and/or maintained . - Multiple reference sources may be used on a task. - Reference materials used frequently . - Limited volume of supplies and permanent records kept at the workspace. = Electronic equipment may be used for easy reference, retrieval, keeping records current, and maintaining data and records. = Additional equipment such as microfilm viewer may be required . = Ability to see and hear co-workers may be desirable. = Tasks may also require screening for concentra tion . Task Profile : Shared Tasks. = Paper, material, or information processed, analzyed, and/or maintained . = More than one task may be performed concurrently . = More than one operator uses same equipment = Multiple reference sources may be used on a task . Reference materials used may be used frequently. = Electronic equipment may be used for easy reference, inputting/maintaining data and records, retrieval, keeping records current . Storage requirements vary according to task .
Task Profile : Administrative Specialist/Secretarial . Paper, material, or information processed, analyzed, and/or maintained . o More than one task may be performed concurrently . o Multiple reference sources may be used on a task . o Reference materials used frequently . o Electronic equipment may be used for easy reference, retrieval, keeping records current, inputting/maintaining data and records. o If supervising, ability to see subordinates may be desirable to direct activities . o If monitoring, visual access may be desirable . o Moderate amount of storage required at the workspace, that is, casework, client accounts, supplies .
Office Spaces ELECTRONIC WORKSTATIONS
The Automated Task
Open No requirement of equipment or task for privacy, concentration
Task Profile : Administrative Specialist/Secretarial (+Guest) . o Paper, material, or information processed, analyzed, and/or maintained . o More than one task performed concurrently . o Multiple reference sources used on a task . o Reference materials used frequently . o Limited volume of supplies and permanent records kept at the workspace . n Electronic equipment may be used for easy reference, retrieval, keeping records current o Tasks are complex enough to require concentration . o Extensive use of telephone and additional equipment such as desk-top printer and microfilm viewer may be required . a Need to see and hear co-workers is secondary priority . o Limited conferencing required at workspace . o If supervising, ability to see subordinates may be desirable to direct activities. o If monitoring, visual access may be desirable . Task Profile : Word Processing . o Time divided among administrative, processing paper, material, or information . o More than one task may be performed concurrently . o Multiple reference sources may be used on a task . o Reference materials moderate but used frequently . o Limited storage primarily for supplies . o Ability to see and hear co-workers or subordinates is desirable . o Typewriter and/or electronic equipment may be used to expedite processing and administrative tasks, for example, VDT, printer, transcriber, OCR, microfilm viewer, separate disk drives .
Task Profile : Word Processing (+ Guest) . o Time divided among administrative, processing paper, material, or information, and limited conferencing at workspace . o More than one task may be performed concurrently . o Multiple reference sources may be used on a task . o Reference materials moderate but used frequently . o Limited storage primarily for supplies . o Typewriter and/or electronic equipment (VDT, printer, and so on) may be used to expedite processing and administrative tasks . Li Tasks are complex enough to require concentration for analysis, or heavy equipment operations require acoustical screening . 11 Work surface needed for organization of work .
,
Screened Privacy required for reading, working, thinking, calculating, meetings, confidential phone calls, elimination of visual and acoustical distractions
Office Spaces ELECTRONIC WORKSTATIONS
The Automated Task
Open No requirement of equipment or task for privacy, concentration
Task Profile : Technical/Systems Analyst) Programmer . - Time divided among administrative, processing paper, material, or information, and limited conferencing at workspace. More than one task may be performed concurrently . Multiple reference sources may be used on a task . * Reference materials may be extensive and used frequently . * Ability to see and hear co-workers or subordinates desirable . Typewriter and electronic equipment (VDT, printer, and so on) may be used to expedite processing and administrative tasks . o Moderate to extensive amount of storage required at the workspace for manuals, binders, computer printouts, coding sheets, supplies, permanent files, reference materials . Task Profile : Administrative/Managerial . o Extensive conferencing at individual workspace . o Analysis of reports, computerized materials, and so on . o Varied tasks or projects performed simultaneously on an ongoing basis . o Large amounts of storage extensively used . o Storage for client/project files, reference manuals, documentation, correspondence . o Telephone used extensively . o Supervision of subordinates almost universal . o Electronic equipment accommodation is secondary priority, used primarily for communication/electronic mail, scheduling .
Task Profile : Administrative/Total Enclosure . o Extensive conferencing at individual workspace . a Analysis of reports, computerized materials, and so on . o Varied tasks on projects performed simultaneously on an ongoing basis . o Large amounts of storage extensively used . o Storage for client/project files, reference manuals, documentation, correspondence . u Telephone used extensively . o Supervision of subordinates almost universal . o Electronic equipment accommodation is secondary priority, used primarily for communication/electronic mail, scheduling . o Subject matter of job responsibilities requires confidentiality .
Screened Privacy required for reading, working, thinking, calculating, meetings, confidential phone calls, elimination of visual and acoustical distractions
Office Spaces
ELECTRONIC WORKSTATIONS Trading Desk Details
Fig . 2 Technologically and electronically complex trading desks must be ergonomically correct in every respect . With little, if any, margin for error when designing and detailing multiple workstations of this type, a full-size mockup is always required .
Office Spaces ELECTRONIC WORKSTATIONS Trading Desk Details
Office Spaces ELECTRONIC WORKSTATIONS
Trading Table Details
Office Spaces CONFERENCE ROOMS
Planning Data : Table Sizes and Seating Capacities Consideration must be given to clearances and circulation around the larger conference table, as indicated in Figs . 1 and 2. A minimum of 48 in, or 121 .9 cm, is suggested from the edge of the table to the wall or nearest obstruction . This dimension under ordinary circumstance allows for a circulation zone beyond the sitting zone of 30 to 36 in, or 76 .2 to 91 .4 cm, based upon a maximum body breadth measurement of the larger person . The greater dimension is recommended to allow for the chair in a pulled-out position . The actual dimensions of the conference table are a function of the number of people to be seated . The square table illustrated in Fig. 1 provides for eight people, with each side ranging from 54 to 60 in, or 137.2 to 152 .4 cm . The larger dimension is more appropriate to accommodate people of larger body size and to allow for a more generous work zone for each person . This translates into 30 in, or 76 .2 cm, per person, which constitutes a comfortable perimeter allocation . The circular table shown in Fig. 2 comfortably accommodates five people while allowing for a 30-in, or 76 .2-cm, access zone between chairs . To accommodate both sitting zone and circulation zone, a space with a radius ranging from 72 to 81 in, or 182 .9 to 205.7 cm, must be provided .
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in
CM
48-60 4-6 20-24 6-10 18-24 30-36 54-60 30 72-81 42-51 24-27 48-54
121 .9-152 .4 10 .2-15 .2 50 .8-61 .0 15 .2-25 .4 45 .7-61 .0 76 .2-91 .4 137 .2-152 .4 76 .2 182 .9-205 .7 106 .7-129 .5 61 .0-68 .6 1_21 .9_--137 .2
Office Spaces CONFERENCE ROOMS Planning Data : Table Sizes and Seating Capacities
Round conference tables offer the advantages of intimacy, 'equality,' and compact, ness . On the other hand, if status is an issue, or if one wall within the space is an audiovisual wall, this table shape can be less than satisfactory. The same problems can arise with a square conference table. In both instances, however, the total seating around each table shape must be viewed in the context of chair size, chair spacing, and tasks to be performed at the table .
Office Spaces CONFERENCE ROOMS Planning Data : Table Sizes and Seating Capacities
Rectangular and boat-shaped conference sables lend themselves toward formal set: ngs where status and hierarchy are impor'ant . Both table shapes are also more suitable in a room where an audiovisual wall is oiaced at one end of the space, or where speakers are making presentations. The coat-shaped table also offers greater visibility cf others seated at the table, as well as ease :)f circulation around its perimeter.
RECTANGULAR TABLES
Recommended Minimum Room Size
W
L
Approx . Seating
5'0
22'0
22 - 24
1 j'0' X 32'0
5 0
20'0
20- 22
15'0'x 30'0'
4'0
13 '0'
12
14
12'0 ' X 21 '0'
4'0
10'0 '
4'0
9'6'
10 - 12 8- 1 o
12'0 x 1 7' 0 12 1 o- x WW,
3 'o
6'6
6-8
10'0 ' X 13 '6
.2'6
5'6
4-6
9'0 ' x 12'6
.
BOAT
SHAPED
TABLES
~ll
4'7 '
120
12 - 14
1 4' 0 'x 21 ' 0 '
l .
.
X 29'0
Spaces Data TableROOMS Sizes andMEETING Seating Capacities ROOMS Dflice CONFERENCE Planning : CONFERENCE/
Office Spaces CONFERENCE ROOMS
Planning Data : Table Sizes and Seating Capacities
Office Spaces CONFERENCE ROOMS Planning Data : Table Sizes and Seating Capacities
Fig . 4 These drawings provide the designer with a variety of conference room sizes, table shapes, floor areas, and seating capacities . They are useful in client discussions and in making preliminary area allocations . Chair size and circulation areas behind the chairs will, of course, cause overall dimensions to vary .
Office Spaces CONFERENCE ROOMS Planning Data : Room Layouts
Office Spaces CONFERENCE ROOMS Table Base and Edge Treatments It is important for the designer to understand and appreciate some of the important details that make up a conference table. The base treatments shown in Fig. 5 are but a few of the myriad possibilities. Perhaps even more important to consider are the finished edges of glass and wood conference tables, representative details of which are shown in Figs . 6 and 7. Other edge details could be made of marble, granite, or even leather Fingers, hands, and arms make intimate contact with these edge details, something that should be carefully considered .
Office Spaces CONFERENCE ROOMS Conference Table Details
Office Spaces CONFERENCE ROOMS
Conference Table Details
Office Spaces CONFERENCE ROOMS
Credenzas and Heating Unit Enclosures Custom credenza units are often designed to complement the details of a conference table. They serve multiple functions, including storage, incorporation of electronic media equipment, display, and as a work surface. In addition, architectural woodwork is used to enclose existing convector covers and to frame window openings . It is important for the designer to consider providing ease of access to the heating and air-handling elements behind the woodwork, as well as allowing the appropriate flow of air.
Office Spaces RECEPTION AREAS
Planning Data : Receptionist's WorkstatIon Proper design of the reception area is critical in communicating an organization's desired corporate image . Reception spaces are both the first and last areas with which the visitor interacts and, accordingly, have considerable visual impact in communicating that image . Not only must the reception space look attractive, but it must function properly as well . The two most important planning elements in this regard are the visitor's seating area and the receptionist's workstation or desk . While most of the examples in this part are drawn from corporate interiors, the designer is urged to take into consideration the needs of special user groups who must interact with a receptionist . If small children are to communicate (or see or be seen), how high is the privacy wall? If a wheelchair-bound user is to approach the reception desk, is there room for the footrests to be accommodated? The designer must consider all user populations. This part deals primarily with basic planning data relative to the design of a receptionist's workstation and furniture arrangements of the seating areas. Also included are related details directly from the working drawings of design firms. For the purpose of privacy or security, the receptionist's workstation is often an area physically separated by built-in furniture and/ or partitions . Figure 1 shows a counter height receptionist's workstation . While the relationship of worksurface to seat height is key, other anthropometric considerations are eye height and sitting height normal . The minimum height of the opening above the floor has been established at 78 in, or 198.1 cm . Sitting height and eye height are significant in providing unobstructed vision . Figure 2 de-
C E F G J
L P
Q $
U
40-48 24 min . 18 22-30 78 min. 2A-27 36-39 8-9 2-4 4 44-48 34 min. 44-48 54 26-30 24 30 15-18 29-30 10-12 6-9 39-42
101 .6-121 .9 61 .0 min. 45 .7 55 .9-76 .2 198.1 min. 61 .0-68 .6 91 .4-99 .1 20 .3-22.9 5.1-10.2 10 .2 111 .8-121 .9 86 .4 min. 111 .8-121 .9 137.2 66 .0-76.2 61 .0 76 .2 38 .1-45.7 73 .7-76.2 25 .4-30 .5 15 .2-22 .9 99 .1-106 .7
Office Spaces
RECEPTION AREAS Planning Data : Seating Arrangements
Fig . 3 The seating arrangements illustrated here provide some typical conditions that the designer must address . Individual seats are preferred over sofas . Corner seating arrangements must always consider leg clearance . Circulation between low tables and the edges of chairs must be adequate to allow for the legs of persons seated in the chairs . Convenient locations for side tables, so that magazines, ashtrays, artwork, or portable lighting can be placed on them, are important .
Office Spaces
RECEPTION AREAS Reception Desk Details
Fig . 4 Depending upon the size of an oftice, a reception desk can be either relatively simple and small in scale, or relatively complex and large in scale, sometimes staffed by two or more persons . The reception desk illustrated here shows a typical L-shaped unit with 44-in-high privacy panel . Reception desks of this type can either be custom designed or purchased from a manufacturer.
Oftice Spaces
RECEPTION AREAS Reception Desk Details
Fig . 5 More privacy can be achieved in the design of a reception desk when there is enclosure on three sides, as is shown here . When designing custom reception desks, it is important tofu lly understand the tasks that the person working there will be asked to perform, in order to provide for adequate storage, work surfaces at the appropriate height, the incorpration of electronic equipment, and task lighting .
Office Spaces RECEPTION AREAS Reception Desk Details
Fig . 6 The reception desk shown here is designed in order to provide privacy on three sides with partial privacy on the fourth side . In this example, a righthand typing return has been provided . Careful consideration should always be given to the height and placement of task lighting in order to ensure that the surface or task below is being lit properly. Many designers do not give this adequate thought . Overall costs of custom-designed reception desks can be reduced by integrating standard metal file compoments into the architectural woodwork.
Office Spaces RECEPTION AREAS Reception Desk Details
Fig . 7 A larger reception desk can accommodate work surfaces on three sides, as shown here . With this type of configuration, however, the designer must he concerned with the orientation of the open side . As with all custom reception desks, the designer must anticipate the integration of wiring and electronic equipment within the architectural woodwork .
Office Spaces RECEPTION AREAS Reception Desk Details
Fig . 8 Total privacy of the receptionist's workstation can be achieved through enclosure on all four sides . In addition to enhancing visual privacy, such a design can also provide added security and control by the addition of a door. Such a design might be particularly appropriate for a reception area where the designer might wish to control access by children .
Office Spaces RECEPTION AREAS Reception Desk Details
Oftice Spaces RECEPTION AREAS Reception Desk Details
:ig . 9
A reception desk can often consist of two workstations .
Office Spaces RECEPTION AREAS Reception Desk Details
Office Spaces
RECEPTION AREAS Reception Desk Details
Fig . 10 A circular reception desk can make a bold and sophisticated corporate statement . The designer is cautioned, however, to carefully analyze the minimum radius required for chair movement . Custom built-in files and drawers, if also curved, can become costly and sometimes impractical .
Office Spaces RECEPTION AREAS Reception Desk Details
Fig . 11 A fully detailed reception desk will require many large-scale vertical sections to explain the various storage, drawer, work surface, lighting, and electrical requirements . Examples of such details are shown here .
Office Spaces RECEPTION AREAS Reception Desk Details
Office Spaces
RECEPTION AREAS Reception Window/Pass-Through
Fig . 12 A receptionist's workstation need not be freestanding within a reception area, where security and privacy are of critical importance . A receptionist may be located on the opposite side of a glass partition as shown here . Such a solution is often suggested when the receptionist performs multiple tasks such as typing and answering phones .
Office Spaces RECEPTION AREAS Reception Window/Pass-Through
Office Spaces
RECEPTION AREAS
Reception Window/Pass-Through
Office Spaces RECEPTION AREAS
Reception Window/Pass-Through
Office Spaces
RECEPTION AREAS Wall Shelf ; Coat Closet ; Telephone Shelf
Fig . 13 While the reception desk is typically the major elementto be designed and detailed for a reception area, other custom-designed components must also be carefully considered . A phone shelf, a wall shelf, a coat hanging area, and a work surface are often items that must be carefully designed and detailed .
Office Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT 'Desks and Seating Furniture, furnishings, and equipment are the basic building blocks in the design of office spaces . The illustrations and dimensional data contained in this part are based on the product lines available from particular manufacturers . Although the data, to a great extent, are fairly standard throughout the industry, there will be some variations according to manufacturer Accordingly, although the informa-
tion presented is adequate for preliminary planning purposes, the designer is cautioned to reconcile preliminary assumptions with the actual dimensional data of the manufacturer whose product is ultimately specified . Included in the data provided in this part are examples of filing cabinets, storage cabinets, conference tables, desks, and electronic media .
Office Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT Chairs
Chair types are often associated with certain generic job titles . The designer, however, is cautioned not to make assumptions as to chair selection without a thorough understanding of the tasks the individual is to perform . Ergonomic considerations are to be carefully reviewed in order to select a chair with appropriate attributes, i .e ., seat height, adjustability, back and arm support, firmness, etc . Overall chair size must be understood within the context of available clearances and workstation configuration .
Oftice Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT Chairs
Office Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT Chairs
Office Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT Reception and Lounge Seating
Fig . 3 Reception and lounge seating can assume various sizes, shapes, and configurations . Modular seating units can offer a custom built-in look, and can often incorporate table and storage components . Overall sizes will vary from manufacturer to manufacturer .
Oftice Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT Conference Tables Conference tables come in an infinite variety of shapes and sizes. Figures 4 to 6 attempt to provide a representative sampling of such tables, along with dimensional information and seating capacities . The designer is cautioned to use such information as a preliminary planning tool only, and to carefully lay out conference rooms with actual furniture pieces that have been selected . Chair width and spacing will ultimately dictate conference table seating capacity
Oftice Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT
Conference Tables
Office Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT Vertical File Cabinets
Standard vertical file cabinets are usually designed to accommodate standard height drawers and half-height file insert drawers (optional) . Cabinets are available in letter-size widths (14'/8') and legal-size widths (17'/8') . Vertical file drawers are usually 12' high and accommodate front-to-back filing . Standard cabinets are available in four heights: five-drawer (585/8'), four-drawer (523/8'), three drawer (411/4'), and two-drawer (293/8' or 273/8'). The depths of the three-, four-, and five-drawer cabinets are 28 9/,6', while the depth of the 2-drawer cabinets is 30'. Table 1 lists these dimensional data . It should be noted that although adequate for preliminary planning purposes, the data are based on Steelcase cabinets . Guidelines for Customizing Vertical Files Depending on the manufacturer, vertical file cabinets can be customized . Usually two half-height file insert drawers may be substituted for a 12-in-high drawer in any or all positions. Table 2 indicates the dimensions and linear capacities of such insert drawers, while Fig. 7 illustrates basic guidelines for customizing .
Office Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT
Vertical File Drawers ; Overfile Cabinets ; Roll-Away Carts
TABLE 2
Vertical File Insert Drawers Inside dimensions
Description
Depth
Width
Half-height (3x5 or 46 cards)
26'/8'
6'(2)
43/8'
53'/e'* (2 rows)
Half-height (checks) Half-height (cash) Half-height (box)
26'/8'* 81/4' 81/2' 43/8' 267/8'
103/4' 31/4' 1 1 1/2' 2'/4' 12'/4'
43/8' 17/e' 17/811 13/4' 43/4'
Half-height (microfilm) Full height (letter size) Full height (letter size) Full height (box) Full height (3x5 cards) Full height (4x6 cards) Full height (legal size) Full height (legal size)
261/4'* 267/8'* 267/8'* 267/8' 267/8'* 26'/8'* 26'/8'* 267/e'*
4'(3) 6'(2) 4'(3)
43/8' 10 1/8' 10 /1 8' 43/4' 41/2' 43/8' 10 1/8'
267/8' Bills Storage Coin tray 26'/8' front-to-back 121/4' side-to-side 80 3/4'* (3 compartments) 53 7/8'* (2 compartments) 80 3/4'* (3 compartments)
*Deduct 5/e' when compressor is used .
5'(3) 61/4'(2) 7 1/2'(2) 5'(3)
Height
10'/e'
Linear capacity
80 3/4'* (3 compartments) 53 7/8' (2 compartments) See style no . C See style no . D
Oftice Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT Lateral File Cabinets Standard lateral file cabinets are usually available in three widths-30', 36', and 42'and with 12'-high drawers or roll-out shelves. Some cabinets are designed on a 3' module to accommodate 3'-, 6'-, 9'-, 12'-, and 15'-high drawers and shelves. Ganging hardware is usually included with each file cabinet. Cabinets should be ganged with adjacent files or bolted to the floor. Counterbalance weights should be used for single-application files . Table 4 shows the outside and inside dimensions of four lateral file cabinets, and their loaded floor weights based on 12'-high drawers filled to capacity. It should be noted that the dimensional data and load factors are based on Steelcase cabinets . Although these data are adequate for preliminary planning purposes, it is essential that the data of the equipment being specified are verified with its manufacturer
Office Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT
Lateral File Cabinets
Filing Arrangements Most lateral file drawers are designed for filing both letter-size and legal-size documents, in addition to EDP printouts. Lateral file drawers can usually accommodate materials in a front-to-back (F to B) arrangement or in a side-to-side (S to S) arrangement . In some instances a combination of the two is possible . The actual capacity in linear inches for each arrangement and for each particular drawer or shelf has been calculated and is shown in the 'Linear capacity' column in Tables 2, 3, 6, 7 and 8. It should be noted that the dimensional data in Table 5 are based on Steelcase drawers.
Office Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT Lateral File Cabinets
Office Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT Storage Cabinets Standard cabinets often provide a fast, flexible, and economical solution to many storage problems . Table 7 provides dimensional data and capacities for four typical cabinet types. These cabinets are manufactured by Steelcase. The dimensions of cabinets of other manufacturers will differ somewhat . The data in Table 7, however, are adequate for preliminary planning purposes .
Office Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT
Interior Card Trays
Office Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT Storage Components Glossary
Lower storage/Lateral file Free-standing wall- or panelmounted files with width dimension greater than depth dimension .
Rails Mount in lateral file for drawer suspended filing, front-to-back or side-to-side .
Media compartment kit Can be retrofit or factory assembled to 800/900 Series 6' roll-out shelf, Provides dividers and partitions adjustable for storing a variety of mediacassettes, mini-cassettes, cartridges, floppy disks, and more .
Storage cabinet Storage for general supplies . Available in 2, 3, or 4 adjustable shelves .
-_ Mobile pedestal Supports drawers in several combinations and has casters for mobility.
Overflls cabinet Far use above lateral or vertical files . Sliding door, lock, and shelf-modifier options .
Partition A double metal wall that mounts into a lateral file drawer to divide drawer.
Personal drawer For personal items . An adjustable divider is included . 3' high .
Pull-out keyboard shelf Attaches beneath worksurface for computer keyboard support and storage.
T barflling for bound printouts Accepts EDP printouts in T-bar type binders .
Vertical file Letter- or legal-size filing cabinet with depth dimension greater than width dimension . For front-to-back filing only.
Vertical file drawer 6' high and 12' high drawers for letter or legal-size filing cabinets .
Wardrobe Provides full-width coat rod for hanging clothes mounted beneath full-width shelf .
Wire tape racks Racks can be freestanding or built-in to lateral files for storage of magnetic tapes and disk cartridges on edge. Dividers can be positioned to accommodate media of different thicknesses .
Office Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT Storage Components Glossary
Bookcase Units have adjustable shelves which can accommodate rows of standard ring binders and other bound materials .
Center hook filing hanging bar Accepts printouts and magnetic tape reels with center hooks .
Combination wardrobe and storage cabinet Units are divided - space for hanging clothes and two or three vertically adjustable shelves .
Compressor A spring-loaded plate that supports file material . Can be moved and locked in position . Used in vertical and lateral file drawers, pedestal file drawers and card trays .
Divider Metal plate used to separate and support file material . For lateral file and pedestal file drawers, fixed and roll-out shelves .
Double-door storage cabinet for miscellaneous storage below works uriace, Includes one adjustable shelf and two swingarm doors .
File drawer For letter- or legal-size documents 12' and 15' high . 15' high drawers can also be used for computer printouts . For front-toback or side-to-side or combination filing .
File Insert drawers For use in vertical files instead of card trays .
Hanging folder frame A metal rod mounted in lateral and vertical files for suspended file material . Can be mounted on partitions for front-to-back filing .
Interior card trays Portable trays in various sizes for common card sizes : 3 x 5, 4 x 6, etc . Compressor included .
Later file drawer 3' tray drawer, 6' card drawer, and 9', 12' and 15' high file drawers . Letter or legal-size filing . Dividers, three sway blocks, compressor, hanging folder frames, rails, or partitions available .
Lateral file fixed shelf 12' or 15' high shelves with or without doors and with three dividers .
Lateral file posting shelf Metal pull-out shelf option on 48' and 60' interior height lateral tiles When not specified, the space will be filled by a posting shelf filler.
Lateral file roll-out sheaf 3', 6', 12', and 15' high shelves extend for accessibility.
Lateral file workshelf 3' high roll-out workshelf with laminate surface .
Office Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT Electronic Media Storage
Description Microfiche is a 4' x 6' film transparency containing multiple rows of greatly reduced page images of any written, printed or graphic material . Image reductions range from 13 up to several hundred times smaller than the originals . A microfiche viewer enlarges the images so that they are readable . Labeling information is written or printed on a narrow strip along the long edge at the top of the microfiche . Microfiche may be stored in interior card trays, in lateral file 6'-high roll-out shelves, and in a lateral file media compartment.
Description Microfilm is roll photographic film on a reel or in a square cartridge that contains images of pages of written, graphic or printed material reduced hundreds of times. A microfilm viewer enlarges the images so that they are readable . Microfilm on a reel is kept in a square plastic or cardboard box for protection and ease of handling . Microfilm is most conveniently stored on edge . Labeling is placed on one of the edges of the reel or box. Microfilm may be stored in the lateral file media compartment kit, in an interior card tray, and in lateral file 6'-high drawers or shelves .
Description Print-out paper, also known as continuous form data processing paper, is used in almost all computer printers and some word processing equipment. The most common types are recognizable by : Small 'pin-feed' holes along both edges which are used by the printer to grip and advance the paper m Green or grey-shaded stripes across the paper which serve to organize the printed information . After printing, the print-out may exist in a 'fan-folded' stack or it may be 'burst;' i .e ., separated into individual sheets along the perforations that exist at the fold lines. If the print-out consists of a significant number of sheets, it may be 'bound' for easier handling . Fan-folded printouts mustbe bound along the top or long edge . Print-outs
Description Cartridges have '/4' wide magnetic tape loaded into a reel-to-reel cartridge generally made of clear plastic with metal back plate . They look similar to an oversize recording cassette . Cartridges come in and are sometimes stored in a 'flip-open' plastic or cardboard box. Labels or identification information are located on the long edge or on the side along the long edge of the cartridge or the box. Cartridges may be stored in interior card trays or in a media compartment kit in lateral file 6'-high drawers or shelves.
that have been burst may be bound along either the long edge or the short edge . The binding may consist of only a narrow metal or plastic clamp or it may be include a stiff plastic or fiberboard cover. Frequently the binding may include hooks at both ends so the print-out maybe hung from two rails like a hanging file folder Other hooks may be used to suspend it from special bars or rails. Identification information may be marked on one of the edges (depending on how the print-out is stored) or on the front sheet of the binding cover Print-out paper may be stored in Steelcase lateral and vertical files depending on the paper size . Check the file which will accommodate your paper. Boxed paper can be stored in storage cabinets .
Office Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT Electronic Media Storage
Description Cassettes are available in 'standard' and 'mini' sizes and consist of magnetic tape loaded into a reel-to-reel configuration in a plastic case . Standard cassettes for electronic equipment are identical in size and appearance to those used for home recording . Cassettes may be used in microcomputers and in word processing or dictation equipment. They come in and are frequently stored in a flip-open plastic case . Labels or identification information may be located on the long edge or side of the cassette or its case . Cassettes may be stored in a lateral file media compartment kit .
Description Disk cartridges are round plastic cases which contain a series of rotating platters (or disks) on which data is magnetically recorded . The number of platters in a case varies with the height of the case . In use, the entire case is inserted in a computer disk drive unit where recording arms, which read/record information, enter the case through a slot with a spring door. Disk cartridges are flat in appearance with an elongated Y-shaped protrusion on the top. They can be stored flat or on edge. Labels for identification are usually located on the edge of the disk cartridge. Frequently disk cartridges have to be stored in a temperature/humidity controlled environment . Disk cartridges may be stored in lateral file 6'-high roll-out shelves, storage cabinets, and bookcases.
Description Disk packs are round plastic cases which contain a series of rotating platters (or disks) on which data is magnetically recorded . The number of platters in a unit varies with the height of the plastic case . In use, the entire case is inserted in a computer disk drive unit where recording arms, to read/record information, enter the case through a slot with a spring door. Disk packs are flat on the bottom and upright with the handle on top. Identification is generally located on the edge of the disk pack . These units should be stored in a temperature/ humidity controlled environment. Disk packs must not be stored one on another Disk packs may be stored in storage cabinets, bookcases, and on 3'- and 6'-high lateral file shelves.
Description Floppy disks, also called diskettes or flexible disks, are small record-like disks each permanently enclosed in a square, stiff paper envelope . They are used to magnetically record information in all types of small computer and word processing equipment . Labels are placed on the paper envelope . Floppy disks may be stored in 12'-high lateral file drawers and shelves.
Oftice Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT Electronic Media Storage
Description Laser disks look like long-play record albums complete with a paper protective sleeve . Data are stored and retrieved by laser beam . Laser disks may be stored in 15'-high lateral file drawers and shelves.
Description Magnetic cards, also known as mag cards, are a tab-size black plastic card with magnetic material coated on one or both sides . The cards are used to record or reproduce information in word processing equipment. In some cases one or more of the cards will be kept in a paper envelope . Identifying information will be marked on the face of the envelope . Tab cards, also known as keypunch cards, are 80 column cards or punch cards with small holes in them to represent bits of data . Although they may be stored in aworkstation or central storage area, they are usually used and produced in a mainframe computer room or keypunch department, and are stored in
Description Magnetic tape is typically %z' wide and loaded on reels of varying diameters . A flexible plastic strip locks around the outside of the reel to protect the tape and prevent unraveling when it is not in use. This media is used in large tape drive units that are generally found only in computer rooms. The long-term storage of magnetic tapes is subject to strict temperature and humidity requirements to prevent damage . Tapes are labeled both on the side and on the flexible strip that is placed around the edge of the reel . They can be stored flat or on edge . For flat storage, handle like disk cartridges . Magnetic tape reels may be stored in the lateral file add-on cabinets, storage cabinets, or in free-standing wire racks on lateral file shelves .
specially separated decks. The decks are most frequently identified by markings across the edges of the cards. Aperture cards are tab cards with a piece of microfilm mounted over a hole in their center. They are most frequently used for microfilm images of engineering or architectural drawings . Aperture card reader/printers enlarge the image on a screen for reference and, if required, reproduce a full-sized copyof the drawing . Identifying information is printed in a narrow band along the top (long edge) of the card . These cards may be stored in interior card trays and in lateral file 6'-high drawers and roll-out shelves.
Office Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT File Countertop
office Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT File Countertop with Shelf Light
Office Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT File Storage Walls with Overhead Cabinets
Office Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT Office Pantry
Office Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT Office Pantry
Office Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT Office Pantry
Office Spaces
FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT Countertop with Base Cabinets
Office Spaces FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT Island File Counter; Compact Kitchen ISLAND FILE COUNTER
Hospitality Spaces Restaurants Bars Hotels
307 346 374
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Types and Sizes of Table Arrangements The basic components of any restaurant rterior are the chair and the table. Dependrg upon restaurant type, menu, service, 'We setting, furniture selection, and degree Y intimacy required, table size and overall aair space requirements can, and should, nary greatly. A restaurant that encourages apid turnover of customers will normally :fovide smaller table top and chair sizes. On Te other hand, those restaurants that enxxwrage limited turnover and emphasize the inning and dining experience will typically
provide larger table top sizes and larger, more comfortable chairs, with greater distance between table groupings . There is no agreement among even the most experienced restauranteurs and restaurant designers as to what the optimal table and chair dimensions should be . In addition, many other design factors will influence the final decision, including circulation and egress, accessibility standards, methods of service, and the overall dimensions of any given space.
Figures 1 to 19 provide the designer with restaurant planning standards that have been developed by many experienced architects and interior designers. These drawings not only show the various individual table and chairarrangements, but provide the designer with groupings of these arrangements, as well as an indication of overall size, floor area, and number of persons accommodated . These arrangements, however, should only be utilized for preliminary planning information.
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Types and Sizes of Table Arrangements
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Types and Sizesof Table Arrangements
Hospitality Spaces
RESTAURANTS types and Sizes of Table Arrangements
Hospitality Spaces
RESTAURANTS
Types and Sizes of Table Arrangements
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Tables: Design Criteria
Fig . 10 These drawings highlight several critical dimensions that the designer must consider. Aisle circulation must be adequate in width ; other clearances to consider include chair depth from edge of table and clearance between chairs . While laying out chair and table arrangements, a designer must anticipate the potential conflict between a patron leaving a seat and a tray-carrying waiter.
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS
Types and Sizes of Banquette Arrangements
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Types and Sizes of Banquette Arrangements
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Types and Sizes of Banquette Arrangements
Hospitality Spaces
RESTAURANTS Dining Room Seating
Restaurant and Dining Room Seating Dispersed seating suitable for guests with restricted mobility should be available in restaurants, coffee shops, and dining facilities . As a guide, the Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards (UFAS) require a minimum of 5 percent of restaurant seating to be accessible . Accessible aisles should connect the entrance to these seating locations, public restrooms, and self-service areas such as salad bars, condiment stands, or buffet tables . Comfortable seating for waiting should be available to customers near the entrance . A variety of accessible seating should be available, suitable for large and small dining groups . Small tables may not be accessible to guests in wheelchairs because of the restricted kneespace. Therefore, a party of one or two may require a table usually setup for four. Restaurants or coffee shops with built-in seating, such as booths or banquettes, should also provide some chairs for guests who have difficulty getting into and out of bench seating. These chairs can be removed to seat guests in wheelchairs . Where seating areas are raised on platforms, accessible seating and similar services should be available on the main-floor level or a ramp to the upper level should be provided . Aisles serving accessible seating should be at least 3'0' wide, which typically requires a 6'0' clearance between parallel tables, or 4'6' between rotated tables . (See Fig. 21 .) Aisle widths should also provide room for customers to be seated at tables . At least a 2'6' clear space should be available behind each seating location . This space allows chairs to be withdrawn from the table and staff to assist guests reposition chairs close to the table. For wheelchair seating, a 3'0' to 3'6' aisle is necessary, depending on the width of the kneespace . (See Fig . 25 .) Wheelchairs positioned at tables project approximately 5' further into aisles than most chairs . To allow guests with restricted mobility to turn around, seating arrangements should also include a 5'0' diameter circle or Tshaped clear area at dead-end aisles . Dining Tables and Chairs Accessible seating locations should allow guests with restricted mobility to dine with ambulatory customers. Tables should provide kneespace for customers in wheelchairs, and dining chairs should be coordinated to provide comfortable seating at the same table height . Dining room chairs should be stable to maintain balance as guests seat themselves, and comfortable to sit in during dinner. Chairs should be light and easy to reposition . The seat should have a slight slant to the rear to transfer body weight to the back of the chair. However, an exaggerated incline makes it difficult to rise . The seat should be approximately 16' deep and at least 16' wide to allow space for customers to reposition themselves during the meal . Padding or cushions on the chair seat should be firm, and the chair back should also be slightly inclined to the rear. To help guests sitand rise, dining chairs should have armrests 7' to 8' above the front edge of the seat . (See Fig. 22 .) Supports or cross-bracing should not
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS
Dining Tables and Chairs -terfere with kickspace below the seat, so one feet can be positioned to rise . The front edge of the chair seat should be low enough ro allow the feet to rest on the floor, but not so ow that it is difficult to rise . This is deter-nined by the lower leg length (popliteal eight) which varies between 15' and 20' for most adults. The height of the chair seat should be 101/2' to 11112' below the top of the table . Common seat heights vary between 14' and 18' . Because the height of wheelchair seats is typically 19', a relatively high chair seat is necessary to coordinate with the table height . A chair with an 18' high seat is comfortable for most ambulatory guests and closely approximates the height of a wheelchair seat . Dining room tables should have a stable surface at a convenient height and kneespace and legroom below the tabletop for customers in wheelchairs . Narrow table configurations allow face-to-face seating, which
reduces the distance between diners, making conversation easier and table lighting more effective . For safety, the corners and edges of the top should be rounded . Full-height wheelchair kneespace is 2'6', which requires tabletops to be at least 2'7' above the floor, too high for most seating . Many wheelchairs now provide adjustable or two-tier armrests, which allow customers to sit close to tables in a kneespace only 2'3' high . To provide this kneespace, the tabletop (without an apron) should be 2'4%2' to 2'5' above the floor. This is 11' to 11112' above the chair seat, 101/2' to 11' above the seat of wheelchairs, and convenient for both . This kneespace also permits the armrests of chairs to pass below the tabletop so seated customers can draw close . This combination of tables and chairs is suitable for the majority of wheelchair users and most ambulatory guests . Footroom is important for customers with wheelchairs or leg braces . The footrests of
wheelchairs are 21/2' to 3' above the ground and angled slightly forward, which requires 1'7' of footroom, measured from the edge of the tabletop . The outside width of footrests is only 1'6', but 2'6' of side-to-side clearance is necessary to maneuver into position beneath the table . To provide kneespace, table legs should be at least 2'6' apart, and the tabletop, for face-to-face seating, should be 3'6' wide . Pedestalbase tables should have low, tapered bases and a minimum diameter of 3'6', although 4'0' is preferred . A portable raised leaf should be available to modify tables for customers in wheelchairs with high armrests . The leaf should be approximately the size of a place setting, 1'4' by 2'0', and secured to the underside of an accessible table with clamps . The raised leaf should project 6' beyond the edge of the table and provide 2'6' clearance above the floor. (See Fig . 24 .)
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Banquettes : Design Criteria Figure 27 shows the basic dimensions for the design of banquette seating . The lack of armrests makes it difficult to define seat boundaries . The user, therefore, tends to establish a territory by assuming a desired sitting posture and placing personal articles next to him or her, such as a briefcase, purse, or package . Since the nature of this type of seating can permit some form of body contact, hidden dimensions and personal space also play an important part in how close the users sharing the banquette will sit . Because of the many hidden psychological factors involved, the actual efficiency of this seating type in terms of capacity is questionable . Figure 27 indicates two possible seating situations, each dictated by the anthropometrics involved . One arrangement is based on the premise that the user's elbows will be extended, possibly in conjunction with some activity, such as reading, or simply as an attempt to stake out additional territory, as would be the case in the strategic positioning of some personal article on the seat . In this situation it would be reasonable to assume that each user would take up about 30 in, or 76 .2 cm, of space . The other diagram shows a more compact seating arrangement . Figure 26 shows a section through a typical banquette .
A C D E
in
cm
18-24 15 .5-16 16-17 30 24
45 .7-61 .0 39 .4-40.6 40 .6-43.2 76 .2 61 .0
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Banquette/Bench Seating Details Banquette seating provides the designer with one of the few opportunities to custom design restaurant seating. While there can be a great variety of aesthetic solutions achieved through use of various materials, ergonomic considerations must be analyzed carefully. Specific attention should be given to depth of seat, slope of seat and back, height of back, and relationship of seat height to table height .
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Banquette/Bench Sealing Details
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS BanquetterBench Seating Details Banquette seating can be detailed relatively simply, as Figs . 28 to 30 suggest. The simplest form of banquette seating may take the form of a plywood seating platform with a removable seat cushion, or a box cushion seat and back support. Such seating is appropriate in fast food or quick turnover restaurant operations .
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Lunch Counters : Design Criteria Figure 31 shows some of the basic clearances required for a typical counter: 36 in, or 91 .4 cm, for workspace behind the counter; 18 to 24 in, or 45 .7 to 61 cm, for the counter top ; and 60 to 66 in, or 152 .4 to 167.6 cm, between the front face of the counterand the nearest obstruction. Figure 32 shows a section through the counter and back counter. Most counters are about 42 in, or 106.7 cm, in height . The clearance from the top of the seat to the underside of the counter top and the depth of the counter top overhang are extremely important. Buttock-knee length and thigh clearance are the key anthropometric measurements to consider for proper body fit. Footrest heights should take into consideration popliteal height . In most cases this is ignored, and 42-in counters are provided with 7-in, or 17 .8-cm, footrests that are 23 in, or 58.4 cm, below the seat surface, which cannot work . The popliteal height of the larger user, based on 99th percentile data, is only about 20 in, or 50 .8 cm . Therefore, the feet dangle unsupported several inches above the footrest and the body is deprived of any stability. The footrest shown in Fig. 32, although higher, only serves a portion of the seated users and is intended primarily for standing patrons. The most logical solution is a separate footrest, integral with the stool .
C
Ca
H
J
K
in
cm
60-66 18-24 36 24 12-18 35-36 42 30-31 11-12 10 12-13
152 .4-167 .6 45 .7-61 .0 91 .4 61 .0 30 .5-45.7 88 .9-91 .4 106.7 76 .2-78.7 27 .9-30.5 25 .4 30 .5-33 .0
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Miscellaneous Counter Details
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Miscellaneous Counter Details
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS
Miscellaneous counter Details
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Miscellaneous Counter Details
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS
Miscellaneous Counter Details
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Waiter Slation/Host Counter Details
Fig . 33 Waiter stations and host/hostess counters can be designed as freestanding elements or integrated into the interior architecture, as shown by these details . Special attention must be given to specific drawer and storage requirements .
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Wheelchair Accessibility to Self-Service Areas
Self-Service Areas Salad bars, buffet lines, condiment stands, and other self-service areas should be accessible . Cafeteria or food-service lines should have a minimum width of 3'0', but a width of 3'6' is recommended to permit ambulatory customers to pass customers in wheelchairs . The tray slide should be 2'10' above the floor, the maximum height for customers in wheelchairs and convenient for ambulatory guests . The tray slide should be continuous, if possible, from the entrance to the cashier. Tray slides restrict access to the counters and therefore should not be wider than necessary (1'0' recommended) . In this instance, the reach of a customer in a wheelchair is extended if the wheelchair can be angled or positioned perpendicular to the tray slide . This is possible if the lower face of the counter is recessed to provide low kneespace . (See Fig . 34 .) For guests with a limited range-of-motion, food, beverages, utensils, or other items should be displayed near the edge of the counter where they are easier to see and reach . When duplicate items are displayed, a vertical rather than horizontal arrangement allows customers to select items at the most convenient height . Self-service systems, such as beverage or ice-dispensers, should be easy to operate without fine hand function . Instructions and price information should be prominently displayed in large clear lettering . Salad bars and buffets should provide a 3'0' -wide clear space for access on all sides and plate slides, or areas to temporarily set plates, at a maximum height of 2'10' . This permits customers to serve themselves with one hand, without simultaneously balancing the plate or bowl . Kneespace 2'3' high below the counter or table allows front wheelchair approach, to increase customers' forward reach . Condiments should be located as low and close to the edge of the counter or table as practical . A tilted mirror above the food display at salad bars also aids customers in wheelchairs and children . (See Fig . 35 .) For some customers with restricted mobility, poor balance, or limited hand function, it is more difficult to carry a plate . Therefore trays should be available at both salad bars and buffets .
Hospitality Spaces
RESTAURANTS Cafeteria Counter Plans, Elevations, and Details
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Lunch Counters : Cashier Station
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Cafeteria/Servery Counter Details
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Cafeteria/Servery Counter Details
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Cafeteria/Servery Counter Details
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS cafeteria/Servery counter Details
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Cafeteria/Servery Counter Details
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS
Service Counter; Host Cabinet; Waiter's Station; Trash Counter
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Condiment Cabinet; Dining Room Server
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Salad Bar/Serving Counter
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Tray Pick-Up Details; Condlment Counter Details
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS
Condiment Counter Details
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Granite Servery Counter
Hospitality Spaces RESTAURANTS Salad Bar Details
Hospitality Spaces
RESTAURANTS Servery Details
upitality Spaces %RS
r Section Details The distance between bar and backbar should allow adequate workspace . A minimum of 36 in, or 90 cm, should provide space for one bartender to serve and another to circulate behind . Maximum body depth and maximum body breadth are the primary anthropometric considerations in establishing clearance. A one-bartender operation would require a 30-in, or 75-cm, clearance . In regard to bar stools, clearance between the stool seats is more critical than center line spacing, and it should allow patrons of larger body size a comfortable side approach and departure from the stool without body contact with the next person . A 12-in, or 30cm wide stool on 24-in, or 61-cm, centers, which is quite common, will allow only less than 5 percent of male users access to the stool without disturbing the next patron, while a 30-in, or 75-cm, spacing will accommodate 95 percent of the users . The tradeoff however, would be the loss of two seats for every 120 in, or 300 cm, of bar length . A spacing of 12-in stools on 28-in, or 70-cm, centers is suggested as a compromise . The ultimate decision is an individual one and must reconcile human factors with economic viability.
C p
F G J
K L M P
in
cm
18-24 24 30 16-18 24-30 30-36 28-38 100-128 42-45 11-12
45 .7-61 .0
6-7 7-9 6-9 22-26 60-69 36-42
61 .0 76 .2 40 .6-45 .7 61 .0-76 .2 76 .2-91 .4 71 .1-96 .5 254 .0-325 .1 106 .7-114 .3 27 .9-30 .5 15 .2-17 .8 17 .8-22 .9 15 .2-22 .9
55 .9-66 .0 152 .4-175 .3 91 .4-106 .7
Hospitality Spaces BARS Counter Types and Sizes To ensure proper circulation and interface, adequate clearances in front of the bar are illustrated in Fig . 2. A customer activity zone of 18 to 24 in, or 45.7 to 61 .0 cm, should be provided to allow for seating, standing, and access, in addition to a general circulation zone of at least 30 in, or 76 .2 cm . If a supplementary drinking surface or shelf is provided, a smaller activity zone of 18 in is suggested in front of the shelf. The shelf can be 10 to 12 in, or 25 .4 to 30 .5 cm, deep . Figure 3 shows suggested clearances for 18 or 24 in cocktail tables .
C
J
K L M
in
cm
76-84 66-72 10-12 18 30 18-24 76 54-56 6-9 7-9 42-45 24 29-33 32-36
193.0-213.4 167.6-182 .9 25 .4-30 .5 45 .7 76 .2 45 .7-61 .0 193.0 137.2-142 .2 15 .2-22 .9 17 .8-22.9 106.7-114 .3 61 .0 73 .7-83 .8 81 .3-91 .4
Hospitality Spaces BARS
Dar Shapes : Planning Criteria
Bar shapes, seating capacities, overall omensions, and 'footprints' of bar areas van greatly. Figures 4 to 22 show examples of bar designs drawn at a scale of 1/4' = 1'0' . Carefj study of these designs would suggest thaseating width, spacing, and circulation areas must be given special attention .
Hospitality Spaces BARS Bar Shapes: Planning Criteria
Hospitality Spaces BARS
Bar Shapes: Planning Criteria
Hospitality Spaces BARS Bar Shapes: Planning Criteria
Hospitality Spaces BARS Bar Shapes : Planning Criteria
Hospitality Spaces
BARS
Bar Shapes : Planning Criteria
Hospitality Spaces BARS Bar Shapes : Planning Criteria
Hospitality Spaces BARS Bar Shapes : Planning Criteria
Hospitality Spaces BARS
Sar Shapes : Planning Criteria
Hospitality Spaces BARS Bar Plans, Elevations, and Sections
The detailing of bars and backbars can vary from the very simple and basic to the complicated and intricate. Figures 23 to 40 provide the designer with selected examples of working drawings from some of the most experienced restaurant and hospitality design firms in the world. Careful review of these drawings would suggest that overall dimensions and clearances vary from detail to detail . In that regard, individual requirements based upon bar type and the hospitality area serviced must be given careful consideration . In addition, local building codes and health codes must be consulted.
Hospitality Spaces
BARS Bar Plans, Elevations, and Sections
Hospitality Spaces
BARS Bar Plans, Elevations, and Sections
Hospitality Spaces BARS
Bar Plans, Elevations, and Sections
Hospitality Spaces BARS Bar Plans, Elevations, and Sections
Hospitality Spaces BARS BarPlans, Elevations, and Sections
Hospitality Spaces BARS Bar Plans, Elevations, and Sections
Hospitality Spaces BARS
Bar Plans, Elevations, and Sections
Hospitality Spaces BARS Bar/Serving Counter Details
Hospitality Spaces
BARS Bar Plans, Elevations, and Sections
Hospitality Spaces BARS Bar Plans, Elevations, and Sections
Hospitality Spaces
BARS Bar Section Details
Hospitality Spaces BARS Bar Section Malls
Hospitality Spaces BARS Bar Section Details
Hospitality Spaces
BARS Bar Section Details
Hospitality Spaces BARS
Bar Section Details
Hospitality Spaces BARS Bar Section Details
Hospitality Spaces HOTELS
Guestroom Plans It is interesting to note how trends in hotel design have headed off in two directions, especially in regard to the design of rooms. On one hand, an effort is being made to provide more luxurious multipurpose roomg and suites . The hotel room as office away from work or as fantasy sleeping/relaxation environment often results in rooms with
work areas, living rooms, and hot tubs, just to name a few of the more popular amenities. On the other hand, there is a trend toward economy accommodations . Hotel rooms are being designed as a place to rest and sleep, a place to feel comfortable and safe at a reasonable cost . Accordingly these rooms use less floor area and provide less second-
ary or frill items. With both of these approaches, however, designers must ensure that the room or suite layouts are accessible to the physically challenged . In that regard, various room layouts and bathroom plans are provided in this section that address this issue .
Fig. 1 (a) Uris Brothers Hotel, New York . (b) Americana Hotel, New York, typical tower room . (c) Loews NA Motel, typical room . (d) Causeway Inn, Tampa, Florida.
Hospitality Spaces
HOTELS Guestroom Plans
Fig . 2 Guestroom plans . (a) Typical double-double finishes plan : vinyl wallcovering (WC), paint (P), carpet (C), ceramic tile (CT) identified and keyed to legend . (b) King-studio (Holiday Inn) : standard layout with armoire unit and large lounge area including a convertible sofa . (c) Reversed layout (Sheraton, Washington, D .C .) : unusual room with bed placed in front of window and lounge area near bathroom . (d) Luxury king room (Sheraton Grande, Los Angeles) : oversized room with shelf/ledge in place of headboard, large desk surface, and lounge area ; four-fixture bathroom .
Hospitality Spaces HOTELS
Guestroom Plans
Hospitality Spaces HOTELS Accessible Guestroom Plans Guestroom Plans Accessible guestrooms have design features and floor plans that provide the maneuvering clearances for guests with limited mobility. =igures 5 to 9 show sample plans of guestrooms and bathrooms with the -equ i red Widths and clearances at the entry, connecting, closet, and bathroom doors Maneuvering space in front of the closet, in the sleeping area, and within the oathroom 0 Clearances to use and transfer to fix,ures in the bathroom N Clearances to open dresser drawers, to maneuver into kneespace at the desk, and to access the bed, bedside table, windows, blinds, and thermostat Clearances may depend on the design of specific furnishings . The width of the access aisle at the bed is determined by the design of the bedside table . Access to dressers is determined by the width of the drawer. The maneuvering space to turn into the desk is determined by the width of the kneespace .
Hospitality Spaces HOTELS Accessible Guestruurn Plans
Fig . 15 This alternative 12'0' bay-spacing design requires the dresser to be offset from the foot of the bed . The bathroom wall is stepped back to provide clearances for the bathroom door and connecting door. The heating/cooling unit projects into the room to allow access to the thermostat . If balconies are provided, a minimum depth of 5'0' is recommended to allow guests with wheelchairs to turn around .
Fig. 7 A 13'0' bay-spacing provides room for wheelchair clearances, including a turning space in front of the closet and at the foot of the beds, an access aisle between the beds, a Tturnaround at the window aisle for access to temperature controls and blinds and drapes, door clearances, and a bathroom that meets ANSI standards .
Hospitality Spaces HOTELS Accessible Guestroom Plans
Suite with 14' Bay-spacing Fig . 8 Accessible suites should meet the same requirements for accessible guestrooms and guest baths . Because suites are usually more generous in terms of space, providing accessibility is less difficult . If a small kitchenette is included, a kneespace 2'3' high should be provided below the sink . A countertop height of 2'10'(2'lower than standard) is suitable for both ambulatory guests and guests in wheelchairs . A pull-out lapboard at a height of 2'6' provides a workspace for guests in wheelchairs . The kitchenette should include a 5'0' turning space .
Hospitality Spaces HOTELS Accessible Bathrooms
Fig . 9 These two diagrams illustrate the same bathroom plan with the required clearances for door operation and turning space and access to each fixture, including the tub/shower, vanity, and water closet. Clearances for maneuvering space, door operation, and individual fixtures can 'overlap .' Because of the vertical characteristics of wheelchairs, clearances can include toespace (9' high) below water closet and kneespace (2'3' high) below vanities .
Hospitality Spaces HOTELS Registration Desk The hotel registration desk serves as both a symbol of hospitality for the arriving guest and the operational nerve center for the hotel . With the advent of electronic check-in procedures, credit cards, and computeraided management, the registration desk has become a sophisticated electronic workstation not unlike a trading table or an airline reservations desk . At the same time, this electronic data processing capability is meant to be maintained at low visibility for reasons of hotel image and confidentiality Accordingly, the designer must be able to
project the appropriate hospitality image while at the same time integrating all of the required technologies . Figures 10 to 13 show examples of architectural working drawings and details that meet many of these requirements . The design of a front desk or registration desk can take many forms and be constructed with a variety of materials . Regardless of the design vocabulary used or architectural style, certain important design considerations must be observed . 1 . The number of persons actively staffing
the counterlike facility will dictate both the width and overall depth of the front desk . It is suggested that between 5-7 ft be allocated per staff workstation and that one workstation be allocated for every 125-150 rooms . For every additional 125-150 rooms, an additional workstation should be provided . Peak check-in/check-out loads could require even more staff workstations . 2 . The front desk should be easily accessible from and to the main hotel entrance . 'Easily accessible' strongly implies clear visibility.
Hospitality Spaces HOTELS Registration Desk 3 . Elevators servicing the hotel guest rooms should be readily visible from the front desk . This is not always feasible in extremely large hotels . 4 . The front desk should be designed in such a way as to take into consideration the various users it will accommodate . Special attention should be given to the fact that hotel guests may be physically challenged or chairbound . The overall height, writing sur-
faces, and overhangs should be designed to accommodate a hotel guest seated in a wheelchair. 5 . The basic front desk design should avoid, wherever possible, visual obstructions that block sightlines or create blind spots . Accordingly, columns and high walls should be avoided . 6 . Equipment and custom elements that are typically incorporated within the front
desk include computer monitors/CRTs with keyboards and printer, room racks, reservation racks, information racks, room status displays, mail drawers, key drawers, alpha guest listings, message-waiting display, credit card imprinters, fax and telex, guest employee paging system, automatic wakeup system, electric receptacles, cable chases, alarm systems, and file and cash drawers .
Hospitality Spaces HOTELS Registration Desk
Hospitality Spaces HOTELS Registration Desk
Retail Spaces Shops Banks Department stores
387 396 401
Retail Spaces SHOPS Planning Data The essential function of retail spaces is to display and sell merchandise . The design of these spaces involves the manipulation and coordination of architectural, interior design, and merchandising elements as necessary to meet the programmatic needs of the client . It is critical that the space in which the customer and store personnel function is of the highest quality. Ensuring this quality requires a knowledge of the planning and design of the various interior components that constitute the building blocks of retail spaces . Figure 1 shows the clearances involved for a 42-in, or 106 .7-cm, high counter to service a seated user. By filling the recess with an additional display, however, the counter can also be used exclusively as a typical sales counter. It should be noted, however, that although sometimes used for special display situations, such a counter height is not recommended . Both the customerand the sales clerk of smaller body size would find coping with such a height uncomfortable anthropometrically, particularly when one considers that the counter would be higher than the elbow height of slightly over 5 percent of the population . From a merchandising viewpoint, where customer convenience is of paramount importance, it would be unwise to exceed 39 to 40 in, or 99 to 101 .6 cm, as a counter height . In addition, the smaller sales clerk forced to tend such a counter for extended periods of time could be subjected to severe backaches and pains . Getting on and off a high stool for elderly and disabled people or those of smaller body size can be not only difficult, but hazardous . Figure 2 illustrates the clearances for a typical sales counter.
C
H
in
cm
26-30 18-24 42
66.0-76 .2 45 .7-61 .0 106 .7 71 .1 213 .4-284 .5
28 84-112 18 18-24 30-48 18-22 35-38 72
45 .7 45 .7-61 .0 76 .2-121 .9 45 .7-55 .9 88 .9-96 .5 182 .9
Retail Spaces SHOPS ,Planning Data Figure 3 shows the clearances required for a medium height display counter. The suggested seat height of 21 to 22 in, or 53 .3 to 55 .8 cm, requires a footrest for the seated customer. The counter height shown will allow the display to be viewed by both the seated customer and the standing sales clerk . The customer activity zone allows adequate space for the chair. Knee height, buttock-knee length, popliteal height, and eye height sitting are all significant human dimensions to consider in the design of counters to be used by a seated customer. Figure 4 shows a low 30-in, or 76 .2-cm, display counter also for use by a seated customer. The anthropometric considerations are the same . Although the counter height is responsive to the anthropometric requirements of the seated customer, it is less than ideal for the standing clerk . For the standing user's optimum comfort, the counter height should be about 2 or 3 in, or 5 to 7 .6 cm, below elbow height . This will allow a person to handle objects comfortably on the counter surface or use the counter as support for his or her arms . The 30-in height is too low to permit such use .
C G J
K L
in
cm
36 26-30 18-24 30 min . 10 21-22 5 23-25 4-6 34-36 30 16-17
91 .4 66.0-76 .2 45.7-61 .0 76.2 min . 25.4 53 .3-55 .9 12.7 58.4-63 .5 10.2-15 .2 86.4-91 .4 76.2 40.6-43 .2
Retail Spaces SHOPS Planning Data
Shelving is probably used more than any other single interior component for the storage and/or display of merchandise . Not only must the merchandise be within reach anthropometrically, but it must be fairly visible as well . The heights established must therefore be responsive to vertical grip reach dimensions as well as to eye height . In establishing height limits, the body size data of the smaller person should be used . Since in retail spaces, departments may cater exclusively to members of one sex or the other, two sets of data are presented . One is based on the body size of the smaller female and the other on the body size of the smaller male . The suggested heights reflect a compromise between reach requirements and visibility requirements . Figure 6 illustrates the clearances involved in hanging-type merchandise cases . Rod heights should be related not only to human reach limitations, but in certain cases to the sizes of the merchandise displayed . There is usually no conflict in respect to garments .
C D G
L M N
in
cm
48 max . 30-36 51 min . 66 72 84-96 20-26 28-30 18-24 18 min . 72 max . 4 42 26 min .
121 .9 max . 76.2-91 .4 129 .5 min . 167 .6 182 .9 213 .4-243 .8 50 .8-66 .0 71 .1-76 .2 45 .7-61 .0 45 .7 min . 182 .9 max . 10 .2 106 .7 66.0 min .
Ret
II
Sraces
SHOPS Storefront
Retail Spaces
SHOPS
Display Cases
Retail Spaces SHOPS 01splay Cases
Retail Spaces SHOPS Display Cases
Retail Spaces SHOPS Sales Counter
Retail Spaces SHOPS Counter Details
Retail Spaces BANKS Teller's Counter
Retail Spaces BANKS Teller's Counter
Retail Spaces BANKS Teller's Counter
Retail Spaces BANKS Check S9ands
Retail Spaces BANKS Counter
Retail Spaces DEPARTMENT STORES
Fashion and Fine Jewelry Back Island Details
Recall Spaces DEPARTMENT STORES Showcase for Men's Cosmetics and Fragrances
Retail Spaces DEPARTMENT STORES Showcase for Men's Cosmetics and Fragrances
Retail Spaces DEPARTMENT STORES Showcase for Men's Cosmetics and Fragrances
Retail Spaces DEPARTMENT STORES
Television Cabinet Details
Retail Spaces
DEPARTMENT STORES Television Cabinet Details
Retail Spaces DEPARTMENT STORES Shelving Details
Retail Spaces DEPARTMENT STORES Shelving Details
Retail Spaces
DEPARTMENT STORES Shelving Details
Retail Spaces DEPARTMENT STORES Triple Mirror Details
Retail Spaces DEPARTMENT STORES Back-Lighted Transparency Display
Retail Spaces DEPARTMENT STORES Feature Wall Lighting
Retail Spaces
DEPARTMENT STORES Feature Wall Lighting
Retail Spaces DEPARTMENT STORES Feature Wall Lighting
Retail Spaces DEPARTMENT STORES Valence and Cove Lighting Details
Retail Spaces DEPARTMENT STORES Valence and Cove Lighting Details
Retail Spaces DEPARTMENT STORES
Valence and Cove Lighting Details
Retail Spaces DEPARTMENT STORES Wall Display Systems
Retail Spaces DEPARTMENT STORES Wall Display Systems
-Design continuity from wall to floor carries theme throughout the department or the store -Designed for high volume merchandising -Flexible merchandising -Designed to be compatible with other Pam International Systems
' All Multiples/Systems 2TM upright posts are engineered with easily changeable post covers (Pat . Pend.) ' All metal components are coated with a durable, long lasting, baked on epoxy powder finish .
Retail Spaces DEPARTMENT STORES Rack Display Systems
Retail Spaces DEPARTMENT STORES Rack Display Systems
Retail Spaces DEPARTMENT STORES Display Systems Standards
u
. ~c
es rooms
o~ e s an Restrooms and toilets Coatrooms
-
oa rooms 425 460
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms
RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Plumbing Data
IYLE 1
Minimum Number of Plumbing Fixtures Required by B uilding O ccupancy Type' Type of building occupancy
type or
Bathtubs or showers
Urinals
Lavatories
1 far ea . sex for ea. 150 persons
Urinals may be provided in toilet rooms in lieu of water closets but for not more than 1/2 of the required number of water closets
1
only-other than places worship (including but not ünted to auditoriums, 1sixers, convention hallsl a¢ ale spaces classified a 'd
No. of No of fixtures persons for each sex 1-100 1 101-200 2 3 201-300 301-400 4 Over 400, add 1 fixture for ea . sex for ea. additional 200 persons
Urinals may be provided in toilet rooms in lieu of water closets but for not more than 1/2 of the required number of water closets
No. of No . of persons fixtures 1-200 1 201-400 2 401-750 3 Over 750, add 1 fixture for ea . 500 persons
)&~nories - school or labor, yin institutional
1 for ea sex for ea 8 persons
1 for ea. 12 persons
Single room occupancies for seeping accommodations
Urinals may he provided in toilet rooms in lieu of water closets but for not more than 1/2 of the required number of water closets
1 for ea 8 persons, far women's dormitories, 1 bathtub shall be substituted for 1 shower at the ratio of 1 for ea . 30 women
1 for ea . 6 persons
1 for ea . 6 persons
1 for ea . 6 persons
]wellings - one- and vim-family
1 for each dwelling unit
1 for each dwelling unit
1 for each dwelling unit
°.folic buildings, offices, aainess mercantile, storage, rarehouses,factories and nstdutional employeest
No . of persons No of each sex fixtures 1-15 1 16-35 2 3 36-55 4 56-80 81-110 5 111-150 6 1 fixture for ea . additional 40 persons
Urinals may he provided in toilet rooms in lieu of water closets but for not more than 1/2 of the required number of water closets when more than 35 persons
Public bathing
1 fixture for ea. sex for ea . 30 persons
Urinals may be provided in toilet rooms in lieu of water closets but for not more than 1/2 of the required number of water closets
1/60
Schools : Elementary Secondary
1 fixture for ear- sex for ea . 35 students
Urinals may he provided in toilet rooms in lieu of water closets but for not more than 1/2 of the required number of water closets
1/50 pupils 1/50 pupils Over 300 pupils . 1 /100 pupils
Workers' portable facilities
1/30 workers
1/30 workers
Industrial -foundries only
No. of No . of persons fixtures 1-10 1 11-25 2 26-50 3 51-80 4 81-125 5 1 additional fixture for each additional 45 persons
Where more than 10 men are employed. No . of No . of men urinals 11-29 1 30-79 2 1 additional fixture far each additional 80 males Urinals may be provided in toilet rooms in lieu of water closets but for not more than 1/2 of the required number of water closets
-places ~Q~pt
of
Use 31'
Water closets
fixture Drinking fountains
Other fixtures
1 for ea . 1,000 persons except that there shall be at least 1 fixture at each assembly floor level or tier
Where motion picture projection booths contain more than 2 projectors, at least 1 water closet and 1 lavatory shall be provided on the same level and within 20 ft . of the booth
Laundry trays- 1 for ea 50 persons
7'Y
No . of No, of persons fixtures 1-20 1 21-40 2 41-60 3 61-90 4 91-125 5 1 fixture for ea . additional 45 persons
Kitchen sink-1 for each dwelling unit 1 for ea . 75 persons
1/40
In gym or pool shower roams, 1/3 pupils of a largest class using pool at any one time
1/50 persons but at least 1 per floor
At least 1 per floor equivalent for ea. 100 workmen No. of No. of persons fixtures 1-8 1 9-16 2 17-30 3 31-45 4 46-65 5 1 additional fixture for each additional 25 persons
1 shower for each 15 persons exposed to excessive heat or occupational hazard from poisonous, infectious, or irritating material
1 for ea . 75 persons
Other fixtures Kitchens for public or employees dining Dwellings -multiple or apartment
One machine or a 3-compartment sink for the effective washing and sanitizing of all cutlery, dishes and glasses before re-use
1 lavatory for the personal use of kitchen employees 1 for each dwelling unit or apartment
1 for each dwelling unit or apartment
1 for each dwelling unit or apartment
Kitchen sink- 1 for each dwelling unit or apartment. Within each dwelling unit, not designed for use by transients, one laundry tray or automatic laundry washing machine : or in a readily accessible location within a general laundry room . 1 two-compartment tray for each 10 dwelling units or 1 automatic laundry washing machine for each 20 dwelling units
'The population used in determining the number of fixtures required shall be based on the number of people to occupy the space but in no case shall the population be less than that determined by allowing 125 sq. ft. of net floor area per person . (Such facilities may be in adjacent buildings under the same ownership or control, and shall be accessible during periods when the assembly space is occupied. (Facilities for employees in a storage building or warehouse may be located in an adjacent building, under the same ownership, where the maximum distance of travel from the working space to the toilet facilities does not exceed 500 ft. horizontally.
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Plumbing Fixture and Accessory Heights While Fig . 1 provides specific vertical dimensions of both plumbing fixtures and accessories, the designer is cautioned that every plumbing fixture and accessory must be carefully analyzed in light of the users to be served . Plumbing contractors will follow the manufacturer's recommendations or their own standards unless the designer provides this information on the working drawings . In large-scale projects, it is suggested that the designer carefully provide all fixture mounting heights on all interior elevations or on a separate diagramatic drawing, such as is shown in Fig. 1 .
TOILET
UQINAL
HANDICAP TOILET STALL Fig. 1
LAVATOQY
TOWEL vl5PF_u5e¢/
M10202/TOWEL D15PEH5EIZ
WASTE PECEPTACLE
MiRRORITOWEL4 SOAP DI5PCU5ER
SANITAQY NAPKIu VENDOIL
Fixture heights .
Partition Mounted Units
Handicapped Washrooms
Fig . 2
Suggested mounting heights for various bathroom accessories.
Fig. 3 Typical back to back male/female washroom stalls using partition mounted units to accommodate a handicapped stall and one standard stall . If room permits, grab bars should be placed on all three sides, resulting in a 'U'-shaped configuration . Most codes require toilet stall doors to open outward.
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms
RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Plumbing Fixture and Accessory Heights
PART
M E N'S
EL EVATI ON
PART
PLAN
TOI LET
R0 o M
Fig . 4 This drawing of a part plan and part elevation of a men's toilet room demonstrates how mounting heights of plumbing fixtures and accessories are indicated . In addition, spacing of plumbing fixtures is indicated by use of a horizontal dimension from centerline to centerline of the lavatories . Many designers prefer to show horizontal dimensions on the plan . a=recessed waste receptacle, b=recessed towel dispenser and soap dispenser with shelf.
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms
RESTROOMS AND TOILETS
Plumbing Fixture and Accessory Heights
,PA R T
PART ELEVATIION
E L E VAT ION
PA RT
PL A N W O M E N
S
PA RT T O I L E
T R
P L A N O O M,
Fig. 5 Mounting heights or vertical dimensions are always taken from the finished floor. When installing accessories on tile walls, the tile module and dimensions should be taken into consideration. a=full length mirror, b =recessed feminine napkin dispenser, c= recessed towel cabinet and waste receptacle, d= recessed soap dispenser with shelf.
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Plumbing Fixture and Accessory Heights
PART ELEVATION
PA KT PLAN PRI VAT E TOI LET
ROOM
Fig. 6 The mounting heights of plumbing fixtures and accessories for a private toilet are, in many instances, determined by the physical characteristics of the primary user. A person 6'6' tall might require the mounting height of a lavatory, mirror, or shower head to be higher than usual. Note that any electrical outlets near a lavatory or shower must be specified with a ground fault interrupter. c= first aid cabinet and medicine cabinet .
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms
RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Plans
SIDE ENTRANCE WHEEL CHAIR TOILET ENCLOSURE This Is not preferred)
MEN
WOMEN Fig . 7 These drawings show minimum dimensions both for toilet enclosures and between partitions and walls . These layouts are recommendations provided by the General Services Administration, but they may not be in conformity with other codes or desired bathroom layouts, especially in regard to accessibility. Remember, too, that codes provide minimum, not optimal, standards .
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms
RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Plans and Elevations
L AVATO RY
LAVATORY
JAN
GLOS)RT
Fig . 8 These working drawings provide both vertical and horizontal dimensions for placement of plumbing fixtures and accessories . Note that accessories are identified or 'called out' through the use of letters, which would be coordinated with either a legend or a schedule .
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Plans In multiple-fixtured public toilets, at least one watercloset and lavatory must be designed to conform to barrier-free or accessibility standards .
Y
L AVATO RY
JAN .
~ivs
T
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Plans and Elevations
M A E
a NS TO
i LET
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Plans and Elevations
The women's room shown in Fig. 9 requires approximately 250 ft2 for the toilet area and about the same for the vanity area . Wall elevations for the two areas are shown in Fig. 10 . The designer should carefully analyze the number of lavatories and waterclosets specified fora given facility. Research suggests that most 'fixture counts' pro-
P Fig. 9
T > E R
vided by city or state codes are too low and do not adequately reflect the amount of time that women require. As a result, it is not unusual to see long lines in front of women's rooms, particularly those that service places of public assembly. Note that the plan in Fig. 9 provides supplemental vanity or counter surfaces .
r- O
y M
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Plans and Elevations
Fig .10
Wall elevations for the women's room plan in Fig . 9 .
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms
RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Plans and Elevations
M NS
WOME NS TOILET . TO
I LET
r:.
Fig.11 This men's room and women'sroom complex, including a janitor's closet, requires slightly more than 400It' of floor area . Corresponding wall elevations are shown in Fig. 12 .
436
Fig . 12
Wall elevations for the men's room and women's room complex shown in Fig . 11 .
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Plans and Elevations
Fig . 12
(Continued)
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms
RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Miscellaneous Elevations
Fig . 13
These drawings show how some designers indicate the heights of certain fixtures and bathroom accessories .
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms
RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Miscellaneous Elevations
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Plans and Elevations
men's toilet
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms
RESTROOMS AND TOILETS
Plans and Elevations
TOi LET ROOM ELEVAT IONS Fig. 14 Detailed large-scale wall elevations such as this are required to show materials, accessory mounting heights, the coordination and Placement of plumbing fixtures, and even manufacturer's model numbers. 11 ,
II
COUN R lilt,
9= I
L
o+
~Ir
Fig. 15 The large-scale counter detail shown here provides all the information needed to construct this essential bathroom element. Not only are the construction details carefully defined and described, but all the other design relationships are clearly shown . Note the relationships of the mirror, soap dispenser, and lavatory to the plastic laminate counter. Other lavatory counter details are shown in Figs . 16 to 19 .
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Lavatory Counter Details
TOILET LAVATORYIYP SECTION
SEGTION - LAV. COUNTER :JCGT./DCfIJL
SILO LAATORIES
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Lavatory Counter Details
~tya
COUNTER DETAILS o' °
s
l' -
LAVATORY
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Lavatory Counter Details
Ln 5
LAVATORY COUNTER
DETAIL @LAVATORY
TAI
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Lavatory Counter Details
ô
Cabinet
VATION @ VANITY_RMS_110 112 0
va. N I
TY
-
DETAIL
L,
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Lavatory Cabinet Details
,i
CIt. WET DETNL ei RDWGEIZ K
'~J 4c~ : ,k' ' ,~p'
1
P.,v,f4ü-1 C^B04ET
C~C~r~T DETAIL at WOMEN
ie PLAN ELEV + SECT oF 5meà-Fif 7tLaek> IE NY-K
~1 F~, él(a/ S S G~1 oi sriF.i.f i wn1Er~ ^21 3CSy,E i4' ~ is d Fig . 20 Elegantly detailed lavatory cabinets are shown here . Note the use of an exposed oil-finished red mahogany frame or edge surrounding a verdi antique marble top. Complementary telephone shelf details in plan, elevation, and large-scale detail are also shown .
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Toilet Stall Details
PLAN
FRONT ELEVATION
SIDE ELEVATION
INSWING DOOR
OUTSWING DOOR
SECTION
SECTION A-A
FRONT ELEVATION
D-D
E-E
SIDE VIEW C-C
SECTION
CEILING FASTENING SECTION B'B
E-E
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms RESTROOMS AND TOILETS
Toilet Stall Details
PLAN
PLAN
FRONT ELEVATION
FRONT ELEVATION
SIDE ELEVATION
OUTSWING DOOR
INSWING DOOR
E-E
SECTION D-D
SECTION A-A
SIDE VIEW (SECTION)
Fig. 22
FLOOR FASTENING SECTION B-0
E-E
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms
RESTROOMS AND TOILETS
Wheelchair Accessible Desian
TOILET AND RESTROOM DESIGN
front transfer a - ale: 3/8'= 1'- 0001e
side_transfer scale. 3/8'= T-0'
3
The design data contained on the following pages are intended to illustrate functional accessibility concepts . Some examples illustrate minimum federal requirements, while others are culled from among the various state standards . Designers are cautioned to consult local standards in their respective jurisdictions . The current minimum federal standard is ANSI A117 .1-1986, published by the American National Standards Institute, Inc . It specifies a stall typified by detail a/3 . This 'front transfer' type stall requires a watercloset mounted at 1'8' a .f.f., preferably wall hung . Stall doors must be outswinging . Because a significant portion of people using wheelchairs cannot transfer in this manner, the side transfer stall (b/3) has been developed . Clear stall dimensions and seat heights vary somewhat with jurisdiction . Most standards that address side transfer stalls require lower seat heights with 15'-17' mounting heights being typical . We recommend locking devices for doors that do not require twisting and grasping motions, avoidance of foot operated flush valves, installation of ceiling or wall-hung partitions as practical, and avoidance of curtains in lieu of doors . Federal standards mandate grab bars of 1 /2 o.d . The bars must be securely mounted
1'
1%z' clear from the wall or partition . This mounting distance is critical, as it provides a 'cradle' for a forearm during transfer or if a user loses her or his grip.
0-f
ront transfer
scale: 3/8'=1'-0'
grab bars scale : half
~)
side elevation
scale: 3/8'= 1'-
, section scale 3/8'=1'-0
4
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms
RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Wheelchair Accessible Design
Lavatories need not be specialized designs to be accessible . Utilization of clearances shown will do much to make lavatories accessible . Because persons with loss of sensation in their legs cannot feel pain (and because they heal at a slower rate), hot water lines and drains must be insulated . Also, under several state codes, faucets are required to be lever, blade, or multi-arm handle operated . Single lever controls are preferable . Spring-operated faucets must have time delay devices . At least one mirror must be located with the reflecting surface mounted at 3'4' a .f.f. (3'2' or lower preferable) . Where possible, full-length mirrors are preferable . At least one of each type of toilet accessory must also be located at 3'4' a .f .f. or less . Note that this dimension is measured to the highest control required for operation . Controls that require twisting and grasping motions should be avoided . Because people that use wheelchairs require increased fluid intake, drinking fountains become more than convenience items . While there is not space here to address all configurations, the following concerns are typical to all : controls should be operable without the need for precise grasping ; the faucet should not direct spray away from the user and must be located as near the front edge as practical ; the units must be free of sharp edges and corners and overhead obstructions .
lavator y mirrors
lava tory
, scale : 3/8'=1'-0'
scale 3/8'=1'-0'
I
,3
G3
accessory_ scale : 3/8'= 1'-0'
d.f. scale.1/4'=1-0'
d.f.
alcove u
_
scale 1/4=1-0'
scale 1/4'=t'-0'
3~
alcove
scale : 1/4'=1'-0'
3
1)
e.w c.
3
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Wheelchair Accessible Design
urinal
9 3
urinal----
clearances _ale : 1/8'=1'-0'
clearances scale: 1/4'=1'-0'
scale : 1/4'=1'-0'
scale 3/8'=1'-0'
3
- -_-.
clearances
urinal
3
scale: 3/8'=1'-0'
-
Urinals, if provided, should have elongated bowls with the opening of the basin located at 19' a.f.f. or less, or mounted level with the main floor. Many state standards specify maximum mounting heights of 15'-16' a.f.f. These lower dimensions are preferable . The toilet room itself should provide a clear floor area with minimum dimensions of 60' x 60' to facilitate maneuvering wheelchairs. Additionally, provide a minimum of 3'6' clearance in front of accessible toilet stalls to facilitate entry. Similarly, adequate clearances must be provided at entrances . The spaces shown in details 113 to o/3 represent typical dimensions specified in state codes. Note, however, that federal and many state standards require 12' clear jamb areas adjoining both sides of all doors. A clearance of 18' or more on the strike side of a door is more effective. In vestibules having doors in series, there must be space for a wheelchair to clear one door prior to opening another.
clear.
k~
scale: 1/8'=1'-0'
3
cl earances
3
clearances Y
m
scale 1/4'=1'-0'
scale 1/4'=1'-0
-3)
`.
03,~
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms
RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Wheelchair Accessible Design
42 min latch approach only,
other approaches
48 min
(a)
Standard Stall
(a-1) Standard Stall (end of row)
(c) Rear Wall of Standard Stall
42 min latch
approach onig other approaches
48 min
(b) Alternate Stalls Fig. 23
Toilet stalls .
(d) Side Walls
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms
RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Toilet Accessories
r Figs . 24 to 30, various generic toilet acxssories and grab bar configurations are ilustrated . While most manufacturers have srnQr accessories and grab bars within their :ra+ogs, overall dimensions and methods of
Fwial tissue dispenser
Dal feminine napkin/ tapon vendor
installation vary greatly. Placement of accessories in relationship to plumbing fixtures, door swings, and interior circulation is to be carefully studied by the designer.
Dual feminine napkin/ tampon vendor
Sanitary napkin disposal
Sanitary napkin disposal
Recessed dual napkin/tampon dispenser and disposal
Toilet seat cover dispenser
'all urn ash tray
-.quid soap i spenser
Recessed powdered soap dispenser
All-purpose unit with concealed towel cabinet
Multipurpose unit with mirror, shelf, towel, and liquid soap dispensers
Recessed horizontal soap dispenser and shelf
Disposal valve soap gun
Recessed seat cover and toilet tissue dispenser
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Toilet Accessories
Paper towel dispenser
Paper towel disposal
Paper towel dispenser
Paper towel dispenser
Paper towel dispenser and disposal
Towel dispenser and Disposa-Valve soap gun Paper towel disposal
Paper towel dispenser and disposal
Paper towel dispenser
Paper towel dispenser and covered disposal
Roll paper towel dispenser and disposal
Paper towel dispenser and disposal
Roll paper towel dispenser and disposal
Paper towel dispenser and disposal
Paper towel disposal
Paper towel dispenser and disposal
Semirecessed waste receptacle
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Toilet Accessories
so
tlrrys
irsste receptacles
yaelves
Medicine cabinets
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms
RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Toilet Accessories
Sanitary napkin disposals
Sanitary napkin dispensers
Combined sanitary napkin dispenser and disposal
Paper cup dispenser
Hand and hair dryers
Paper cup disposal
Multipurpose cabinet Fig . 2 7
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms
RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Toilet Accessories
tiiet tissue dispensers
Prper towel dispensers
Soap dispensers Hill . 28
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms RESTROOMS AND TOILETS Grab Bar Configuralions
Idf hand shown right hand opp .
Projects 3' below finished floor, has slip flange at floor.
'This dimension 11' when 11/z' O.D. tubing specified . left hand shown right hand opp.
'This dimension 11' when 111/2' O.D. tubing specified . bft hwtd shown tight hand opp.
bar swings full leo°
left hand shown right hand opp . Fig . 29
right hand shown left hand opp .
right hand shown left hand opp,
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms RESTROOMS AND TOILETS
Grab Bar Configurations
right hand shown left hand opp.
right hand shown left hand opp.
-gnt hand shown eft hand opp. right hand shown left hand opp.
right hand shown tell hand opp.
right hand shown left hand opp.
36' from side wall to side wall Fig . 3 0
right hand shown left hand opp.
right hand shown left hand opp .
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms COATROOMS Floor Area Requirements
Coatrooms typically fall into two categories : those that are self-service and those that are controlled by one or more attendants . The latter category of coatroom can be more compact because only one, or perhaps two, attendants have access to the coats. A self-service coatroom must have more space between rows of coats so that several persons can enter and get their coats. Self-service coatrooms are susceptible to theft of property, particularly expensive outerwear Therefore, it is desirable that these coatrooms be visible to someone at all times, such as a maitre d' in a restaurant or a receptionist in an office. In those situations where a supervised self-service coatroom is inappropriate or cannot be provided, selfservice keyed locks offer a viable alternative . In addition to being able to provide secure coat storage, lockers can also store briefcases, packages, or other encumbrances .
TABLE 1
Floor Area Requirements for Public Coatrooms Floor area (with attendant)
Number of coats (capacity)
Min
Max
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 750 1000 1500 2000 3000
35 65 90 125 150 180 200 225 260 300 450 600 800 1000 1600
50 85 120 150 190 225 260 275 320 365 500 650 900 1250 1850
Floor area (without attendant) 40 80 110 150 180 215 240 270 310 425 540 720 950 1200 1900
60 100 145 180 230 270 300 330 370 430 600 780 1080 1500 2200
Floor area (elect ric conveyor) N/A 80 110 140 100 125 135 150 160 175 250 325 450 600 1000
N/A 100 125 150 110 140 150 160 175 190 275
350 480 675 1150
Note : The above floor areas are approximate and should only be used for preliminary space planning requirements . Since the number of coats per linear foot of hanging can vary from 4 to 8, the floor area can vary dramatically. A lightweight overcoat, for example, can measure 1-1 .5 inches in width . A medium weight to heavyweight coat might measure from 2 to 4 inches . A fur coat might require a minimum of 4-6 in . The designer must consider the overall size of coatroom based upon the following critical factors : (1) geographic location/climate ; (2) attendants required or not required ; (3) aisle clearance; (4) peak entry/exit loads for coat retrieval ; (5) assumed garment thickness or garments per linear foot ; (6) linear feet of counter surface and overhead shelving ; and (7) other storagecomponents, i .e ., hats, umbrellas, briefcases, packages, etc.
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms COATROOMS typesof Checkroom Systems 'r- basic types of manufactured or serc , zated coat storage units are shown in Fmw ' 'o 3. Exact coat storage capacities are mwoed by the manufacturer. All units can s :.stomized to suit various room configuaa^s Note the adjoining counter space to operations . Coat capacities relative to ~ - are listed in Table 2 .
=q 1
Electric carousel coat storage .
^q . 2
Rotating reels coat storage .
Fig . 3
Stationary coal storage .
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms COATROOMS
Electric Checkroom Systems
TABLE 2 Overall length with garments*
Length of hanging capacity
7' 5'
13' 0' 14' 1 ' 15' 2' 16' 3' 17' 4' 18' 5' 19' 6' 20' 7' 21' 8' 22' 9' 23'l 0' 24'11' 26' 0' 27' 1' 28' 2' 29' 3' 30' 4' 31' 5' 32' 6' 33' 7' 34' 8' 35' 9' 36'10' 37'11 '
7'11 112' 8' 6' 9' ill 9' 7' 10' 1 1/2' 10' 8' 11' 21/2' 11' 9' 12' 31/2'
12'10' 13' 41/2' 13'11' 14' 5112' 15' 0' 15' 61/2' 16' 1' 16' 71/2' 17' 2' 17' 81/2' 18' 3' 18' 9'12' 19' 4' 19'110 1/2'
20' 5' 20'l 1 /1 2' 21' 6' 22' 01/2' 22' 7' 23' 1 1/2' 23' 8' 24' 21/2' 24' 9' 25' 31/2' 25' 10' 26' 41/2' 26'11' 27' 51/2' 28' 0'
39' 0' 40' 1 ' 41' 2' 42' 3' 43' 4' 44' 5' 45' 6' 46' 7' 47' 8' 48' 9' 49'l 0' 50 , 11' 52' 0' 53' 1' 54' 2'
Coat capacity : no. of sl otst 144 156 168 180 192 204 216 228 240 252 264 276 288 300 312 324 336 348 360 372 384 396 408 420 432 444 456 468 480 492 504 516 528 540 552 564 576 588 600
*Add 4' minimum clearance to each end and each side when adjacent to walls, columns, obstructions, or other machines . tThis provides 1 .1' per coat . In areas or facilities where bulky coats are customary, the actual capacity may be reduced one-third .
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms COATROOMS Stationary Checkroom Systems
Length
Wall Mounted Single Face Double Face
3'-0'
4'-0' .
I
Number of Coat s
36
Number of Shelves 0 2
48
5'-0'
60
0 1 2
3'-4'
36
4'-4'
0 1 2
48
0 1
5'-4rr
60
. 3 -4'
72
4'-4'
96
5'-4'
120
2 2 01 2 1 2
2
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms COATROOMS Coatroom Plans, Elevations, and Sections
tiYAQ - fNMr 6~ I w&* aqÇ% HKAI
i1wo rof &
M40
FLAW n C.CaATFGGWi cct)4TaR yN . o
5 AG
n Pro
~~9EL~loN=
c~ttr~M . ax.Nr ~
fï~5 -?üfrollG~1
COGIlC7d _ + CnCrFk :tA OClhdfâ=S üK1. W 'I
_ , .
_!!F cn Of4 , COA77W . CON S POSTE-:156 If<'1-0
'CIA
-
~ s1-~Ya x~l: oaa,>~ slAG
Fig . 6 A typical coatroom configuration will often consist of a counter with an access door plus the required shelves and hang rods . The overall size of the coatroom will vary with the number and types of coats to be stored . In high-volume coatroom situations, the design should provide appropriate counter space far those persons working behind the counter.
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms
COATROOMS
Coatroom Shelves Details
N0TYf~ - St=11rL 6N1Htt:T__tG-'.2. ' ~FOFL SoGHtt_MUl-'R_ -
TYPICAL -
OPEII COAï'
At~ A QP CAL~-AS Nt7TmO
Construction Details and Finishes Partitions and wall finishes Floors and floor finishes Doors Ceilings Stairs Fireplaces Lighting
469 516 566 641 660 724 743
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES
I
Selecting the appropriate partition or wall type is both a science and an art . r = act, there are so many options available to the designer that it is not jrisual to refer to the partition or wall as a system, a combination of framing, sreathing, and finish elements, all working together to meet aesthetic, -_- ctional, code, and economic requirements . n that regard, this section explores the great variety of wall and partition . .Des, examining all of their characteristics with the exception of load bearing opacity and cost of labor and materials. With respect to load bearing or s*ructural capacities, while many of the wall and partition types are able to mrry superimposed loads, it is not the intent of this book to discuss structural slues . With respect to cost, too many factors and variables make this a topic mat is difficult to analyze with any precision . Information on both traditional and contemporary partitions and wall types s provided . Many traditional materials and methods of construction, such as solid gypsum plaster and plaster on clay tile, are cited, thus providing information to the designer who is redesigning or altering older structures . A large portion of this section is devoted to the detailing of contemporary aartition systems. In addition to providing examples of partition types, these Sages place great emphasis on the detailing of unusual interface conditions ;hat many designers often leave to the contractor to work out in the field . It should be noted that most, if not all, of these details have been selected from -.he working drawings of outstanding architectural and interior design firms . While general information has also been provided about acoustics, sound -ransmission, and fire ratings of various walls and partitions, the designer is cautioned to verify all such information with manufacturers' certified test results, as well as with those building and fire codes having jurisdiction . It also should be noted that while test results may demonstrate a certain fire rating or sound transmission classification, it is important to determine if the results -iave been accepted by the local building or fire department . It is often necessary to apply a finish to a wall or partition . Again, both traditional and contemporary methods to apply wood paneling, ceramic tile, and stone are clearly illustrated through the use of architectural details . Finally, walls and partitions must ultimately meet floors and ceilings, and, of course, have doors and openings penetrate them . While some examples are provided in this section, the designer will also find important information in the sections Floors and Floor Finishes ; Doors ; and Ceilings, which follow.
Construction Details and Finishes
PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHÉS
Characteristics of interior Partitions
DRAWING AND DESCRIPTION
4 Inch face brick, tooled joints ; Actual thickness, Sib inches ; Weight, 40 IDs. per square foot of wall surface
FIRE-RATING
SOIL AND DAMAGE RESISTANCE
ACOUSTICS
REMARKS
Very good ; transmission loss, 45 decibels
Low maintenance, but limited flexibility ; a good-looking wall, but poor light reflection
COST COHPAPISON
installation cost Incombustible, with one hour fire-rating
Good
Good
Good ; transmission loss, 40 decibels
Inexpensive ; attractive if constructed neatly; frequently used for corridors, gyms, assembly rooms, etc. ; no flexibility
Poor
Good ; transmission loss, 43 decibels
A smooth, dense finish ; a good light reflector if painted a light color ; no flexibility
Poor
Good ; transmission loss, 39 decibels
A smooth, dense finish; a good light reflector if painted a light color; no flexibility
Very good
Good ; transmission loss, 35 decibels
Used well in classrooms, corridors, also in toilets and showers; care must be taken with the design to avoid bright reflectivity ; no flexibility
Incombustible, with one hour fire-rating
Good
Good ; transmission loss, 40 decibels
Sleek finish, but no flexibility
Combustible
Poor
Good ; transmission loss, 39 decibels
Good light reflector, not much flexibility
4 inch concrete block, tooled joints, two coats of paint on each side ; Actual thickness, 3s/e inches ; Weight, 30 lbs. per square foot
Incombustible, with one hour fire-rating
4 inch cinder block, 3/4 inch layer of piaster on each side, 2 coats of paint on each side ; Actual thickness, 5r/4 inches ; Weight, 30 lbs. per square foot
Incombustible, with two hour fire-rating
3 inch cinder block, 3/4 inch layer of plaster on each side, 2 coats of paint on each side ; Thickness, 4r/2 inches ; Weight, 21 lbs. per square foot
Incombustible, with two hour fire-rating
4 inch structural facing tile, glazed on each side ; Actual thickness, 3Y4 inches ; Weight, 40 His. per square foot
Incombustible, with a fire-rating of less than one hour
4 inch concrete block, 2 coats of vinyl plastic spray over entire surface of each side ; Actual thickness, 33/4 Inches ; Weight, 38 Its. per square foot
2 by 4 inch wood studs, spaced 16 Inches apart ; metal lath and piaster, 2 coats of paint on each side ; Thickness, 434 Inches ; Weight, 20 lbs. per square foot
maintenance anc insurance cost for 20 years
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Partition and Wall Types
WOOD STUDS-I(c'O.C 3Y8 , 3-PLY PLYWOOD NAILED BOTH SIDES WOOD STUDS -I!o'OC, METAL LATH, GYPSUM SCRATCH It BROWS WHITE FINISH BOTH SIDES WOOD STUDS-Ibn O.C V2' F I B E R BOA12 D, JOINTS FILLED, BOTH SIDES
SAME AS W-3, WITH V2' SCRATCH, BROWN Q. WHITE, GYPSUM BOTH SIDES 2' . 4' WOOD STUDS, STAGGERED, 8'O.C . 2',16' STUD AT EDGES V2' F18ERBOAR0 NAILED BOTH SIDES
SAME AS W-5, WITH V2' SCRATCH BROWN, t; WHITE' GYPSUM, BOTH SIDES
WOOD STUDS - 10' O.C, GYPSUM LATH, ATTACHED WITH STIFF CLIPS WSCRATCU, BROWN, WHITE DYPSUM PLASTER BOTH SIDES
SAME AS W-7, EXCEPT ATTACHED WITH SPRING CLI PS . 'fz' PLASTER BOTH SIDES 'SOLID GYPSUM PLASTER ON PER ORATED GYP LATH-, V4'CHANNEL TUDS, SMOOTH WHITE BOTH SIDES 2' SOLID GYPSUM PLASTER SAME AS W-9 EXCEPT EXPANDED METAL LATH
4' BRICIC PARTITION, V2' BROWN; WHITE FINISH GYPSUM PLASTER BOTH SIDES
SAME AS W-17, EXCEPT 8' BRICK PANEL
SAME AS W-17, EXCEPT ONE LAYER ~bF BRICK LAID ON EDGE BRICK LAID ON EDGE 1' .2' FURRING, WIRED,i GYPSUM LATH PLUS Y2'BROWN t WHITE GYPSUM PLASTER BOTH SIDES . 3', 12'. 12'- 3 CELL CLAY TILE, '/2' BROWN d WHITE GYPSUM PLASTER BOTH SIDES .
ANOTHER PANEL BUILT AS NEARLY LIKE W-21 AS POSSIBLE
SAME AS W-21 EXCEPT 4'n 12'. 1,2' 3-CELL TI LE
SAME AS W-21 6XCGPT 6' .12',12' 3-CELL TILE
SAME AS W-21 EXCEPi 8' . 17'. 12' 3 -CrLL TI LE
212' SOLID GYPSUM PLASTER SAME AS W-10 3' METAL STUDS-I(o'O.C .,METAL .ATH, Y2' SCRATCH, BROWN, WHITE GYPSUM PLASTER BOTH SIDES
TWO PANELS, NOT JOINED; 3/4' CHANNEL STUDS, EXPANDED METAL LATH SCRATCH, BROWN t WHITE GYPSUM PLASTER BOTH SIDES FACE TO FACE ' .10'
SAME AS W-13, EXCEPT FACE TO 1=ACE=AX2'
3' .12'.30' GYPSUM TILE 1/2' BROWN, WHITE ,YPSUM PLASTER BOTH SIDES ï[ 12'.30' GYPSUM TILE, RESILIC14T CLIP, METAL LATH, 3 COATS GYPSUM PLASTGR,2 COATS GYPSUM PLASTER ON TILE, ETHER SIDE (WHITE FIN. BOTH SIDES)
DOUBLE CLAY TILE ; 3V4'rl2'.12 8', 12', 12', Y2'BROWN AND WHITE GYPSUM PLASTER 30TH SIDES
DOUSLE PARTITION WITH AIR SPACE . TWO WALLS OF 3' .12',12' 3-CELL _CLAYTILE I'FLAXLINUM BUTTED Vë TIGHT BETWEEN TILE . NO PLASTER. I'a4' FLAXLINUM STRIP AT BOTTOM, SIDES t. TOP OF ONE PARTITION PUMICE (. PORTLAND CEMENT 2-CELL TILE 4 - .8'. lû' NO PLASTER (VERY POROUS
AS W - 28. BUT i/2SAME .' GYPSUM PLASTER ON ONE SIDE ONLY
SAME AS W-28, BUT :'2'GYPSUM PLASTER ON BOTH SIDES
GLASS BRICK 3V4' .438 .8'
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Partition and Wall TYoes
SOUND CONTROL EY STAOOEIZED STUDS
SOUND CONTROL- SIDEWISE STUDS AND BLANKET CENTER
SOUND CONTROL-STAOOEI4E.D STUDS AND WALL BOARD
SOUND CONTROL - STAGGERED STUDS AND BLANI4ET CENTER
SOUND CONTROL-ISLANI4ET OVER GYPSUM 13LOC14
SOUND CONTROL - ELAN 146T BETWEEN OYPSIJM BLOCI4
METHOD FOI4 WALL AND FLT FOR EXTENSION OVER PORCH TEI4I~A COTTA BLOC14 PARTITION TO I4EIONT OF GLAZED TILE
GYPSUM S01-11)01Z UOLLOW PARTITION TILE-1
OYPSU M SOLID OR 14OLLOW PARTITION TILE-2
1=RAMINO FOI4 WIDE OPENING ABOVE SUB-STI4i1CTUI4E
TEh,I4A COTTA UOLLOW PARTITION TILE
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES types of Masonry Walls and Piers
HOLLOW MASONRY UNITS COLUMN OF MASONRY INTEGRAL WITH WALL
ISOLATED COLUMN OF MASONRY PIERS
HOLLOW WALLS
MASONRY TIES; MASONRY BACKING
METAL TIES; MASONRY BACKING
METAL TIES; MASONRY BACKING
METAL TIES ; FRAME BACKING
CAVITY WALLS
FACED WALLS
VENEERED WALLS
Construction Details and Finishes
PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES
Fig . 1
Fig . 2
Structural clay tile .
Typical clay brick .
Fig . 3
Structural facing tile .
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Types of Masonry
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig . 6
Solid brick: bearing or nonbearing (sections). A= brick, B =nominal wall thickness, C =finish .
Hollow brick units: bearing or nonbearing (sections). A= brick, B=nominal wall thickness, C =finish .
Structural clay tile : bearing (sections). A=structural clay tile, B=nominal wall thickness, C=finish .
Construction Details and Finishes
PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES I Types of Masonry
Fig . 7 Faced or veneered construction : bearing (sections) . A=brick ; B=sheathing ; C=corrosion-resistant metal ties spaced 24 in on centers, vertically and horizontally ; D=wood or steel studs ; E=plaster or gypsum wallboard ; F=masonry bond ; G=masonry backing unit .
Fig . 8 Cavity type : bearing (sections) . A=clay brick, B=corrosion-resistant metal ties spaced to provide one tie to each 3 ftz of wall surface, C=gypsum plaster, D=structural clay load-bearing tile, E=concrete masonry units of load-bearing grade, F=exterior face of wall .
Fig . 9 Hollow concrete masonry units (sections). (a) Bearing, (b) Nonbearing . A=concrete masonry units conforming to ASTM, Standard Specifications for Hollow Load-Bearing Concrete Masonry Units; B=nominal wall thickness, C=nominal shell thickess, D=gypsum plaster.
Construction Details and Finishes
PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES
Fig . 10
Structural clay tile : nonbearing (sections) . A=structural clay tile, B=nominal wall thickness, C=finish, 0=fill .
Fig. 11
Gypsum tile or block: nonbearing (sections). A=gypsum block, B=nominal wall thickness, C=finish .
Fig. 12 Structural clay facing tile : nonbearing (sections). A= clay tile, B= nominal wall thickness, C=plaster, D=glazed or smoothsurfaced side of tile .
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Brick Types and Bonds
Construction Details and Finishes
PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Masonry Walls
Fig . 13
Fig . 14
Designs of standard-size hollow concrete-masonry units .
Stone ashlar and rubble masonry.
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Masonry Partitions
Construction Details and Finishes
PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES
Metal Stud and Gypsum Board
Construction Details and Finishes
PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Metal Stud and Gypsum Board
Metal stud and gypsum board : braced to slab
Metal channels and gypsum board : wall furring
Metal stud and gypsum board partition : floor to slab
Metal stud and gypsum board partition : floor to slab
Construction Details and Finishes
PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Metal Stud and Gypsum Board
Metal stud and gypsum board : underside of ceiling
Metal channels and gypsum board : wall furring
Construction Details and Finishes
PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Metal Stud and Gypsum Board
Metal stud and gypsum board : shaftwall
Metal stud and gypsum board : movable
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES
Metal Stud and Gypsum Board
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Metal Stud and Gypsum Board
PARTITION TYPES AND DIMENSIONING SYSTEM
Construction Details and Finishes 'ARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Metal Stud and Gypsum Board Detalls
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Metal Stud and Gypsum Board Details
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Metal Stud and Gypsum Board Corner and End Conditions
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Metal Stud and Gypsum Board : Partition Conditions
Metal stud and gypsum board : partition to mullion detail
Metal stud and gypsum board : partition to column detail
Metal stud and gypsum board : partition to mullion detail
Stud and Gypsum Board Column Enclosures ANDDetails WALL andandFireproofing FINISHES Finishes Construction Metal
PARTITIONS :
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Miscellaneous Metal Stud and Gypsum Board Details
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PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Sound Insulation and Transmission i ne resistance of a ounaing element, sucn as a wall, to the passage of airborne sound is rated by its sound transmission class (STC). Thus, the higher the number, the better the sound barrier The approximate effectiveness of walls with varying STC numbers is shown in the following tabulation : STC No . Effectiveness 25 Normal speech can be understood quite easily 35 Loud speech audible but not intelligible 45 Must strain to hear loud speech 48 Some loud speech barely audible 50 Loud speech not audible Sound travels readily through the air and also through some materials. When airborne sound strikes a conventional wall, the studs act as sound conductors unless they are separated in some way from the covering material .
494
Wall Construction As the preceding STC tabulation shows, a wall providing sufficient resistance to airborne sound transfer likely has an STC rating of 45 or greater. Thus, in construction of such a wall between the rooms of a house, its cost as related to the STC rating should be considered . As shown in Fig. 5, details A, with gypsum wallboard, and B, with plastered wall, are those commonly used for partition walls . However, the hypothetical rating of 45 cannot be obtained in this construction . Good STC ratings can be obtained in a wood-frame wall by using the combination of materials shown in Fig. 5D and E. One-halfinch sound-deadening board nailed to the studs, followed by a lamination of 1/2-in gypsum wallboard, will provide an STC value of 46 at a relatively low cost . A slightly better rating can be obtained by using V8-in gypsum wallboard rather than Y2-in. A very satisfactory STC rating of 52 can be obtained by using resilient clips to fasten gypsum backer boards to the studs, followed by adhesivelaminated '/2-in fiberboard (Fig . 5E). This method further isolates the wall covering from the framing . A similar isolation system consists of resilient channels nailed horizontally to 2- by 4-in studs spaced 16 in on center. Channels are spaced 24 in apart vertically and 5/8-in gypsum wallboard is screwed to the channels . An STC rating of 47 is thus obtained at a moderately low cost . Thus use of a double wall, which may consist of a 2 by 6 or wider plate and staggered 2- by 4-in studs, is sometimes desirable. One-half-inch gypsum wallboard on each side of this wall (Fig . 6A) results in an STC value of 45 . However, two layers of 5/fl-in gypsum wallboard add little, if any, additional sound-transfer resistance (Fig . 6B). When 11/2-in blanket insulation is added to this construction (Fig . 6C), the STC rating increases to 49 . This insulation may be installed as shown or placed between studs on one wall . A single wall with 3'/2 in of insulation will show a marked improvement over an open stud space and is low in cost . The use of '/2-in sound-deadening board and a lamination of gypsum wallboard in the double wall will result in an STC rating of 50 (Fig . 6D). The addition of blanket insulation to this combination will likely provide an even higher value, perhaps 53 or 54 .
Fig . 6 Sound insulation of double walls.
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES
Acoustical and Fire-Rated Metal Stud and Gypsum Board
Construction Details and Finishes
PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Acoustical and Fire-Rated Metal Stud and Gypsum Board
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Wood Veneer ANDPlywood Details WALLand Wall FINISHES Finishes Paneling Construction PARTITIONS Acoustical
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES
wood frame partition systems for sound control
Design No . 5-1 Hr . combustible (bearing wall) Underwriters' Lab, Inc . (10) rFace laminated vertically with three 6-inch wide strips of construction adhesive and nailed with about half the usual number of nails .
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Wood Veneer Plywood Wall Paneling
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Wood Veneer Plywood Wall Paneling
Construction Details and Finishes . PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Wood Wall Paneling Details and Conditions
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Wood Wall Paneling and Wainscoting Details and Conditions
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Wall Paneling Elevation
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Ceramic Tile Wall Finishes
Wood Studs or Furring
Wood or Metal Studs Gvosum Board
Metal Studs
Glass Mesh Mortar Unit
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Ceramic Tile Wall Finishes
Masonry or Concrete
Masonry
Cement Mortar
Cement Mortar
Recommended uses over masonry, plaster, or other solid backing that provides firm anchorage for metal lath 0 ideal for remodeling or on surfaces that present bonding problems
One Coat Method
Recommended uses over masonry, plaster, or other solid backing that provides firm anchorage for metallath 0 ideal for remodeling or on surfaces that present bonding problems 0 ideal for remodeling where space limitations exist 0 preferred method of applying tile over gypsum plaster or gypsum board in showers and tub enclosures
Solid Backing Organic Adhesive
Recommended use interiors over gypsum board, plaster, dimensionally stable masonry, or other smooth surfaces
Construction Details and Finishes
PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES
Ceramic Tile Wall Finishes
Fig. 15
Standard trim shapes and designations (6 by 41/4 in wall tile set in conventional mortar bed).
Fig. 16
Standard trim shapes and sizes.
Construction Details and Finishes
PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Marble Veneer Wall Finishes
Fig .17
Marble treatment for walls and wainscots .
Construction Details and Finishes
PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Marble Veneer Wall and Ceiling Finishes
Fig . 18
Anchorage details .
Construction Details and Finishes
PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES
Marble and Travertine Veneer Wall Finishes
Construction Details and Finishes
PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Slate Panel Veneer
Fig . 19
Slate panel veneer.
Fig . 20
Slate panels applied to concrete wall .
Construction Details and Finishes
PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Reception and Pass-Through Windows
JAMS
Pe7,41 L er 1 Nï~2S~GI~ol~
V~1ZT1~L S-~~TDI~(. i~izU LoBBy cON'r2ot~ w~Mow
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Bi-Fold Door Details
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES Column Fireproofing Details
GYPSUM LATH a PLASTER FIREP~OOFINy
METAL LATH
MA50NRY
4
PLASTER FIILEP200FING
FIREPROOFING
Construction Details and Finishes PARTITIONS AND WALL FINISHES
Column Fireproofing Details
VEiZMICULITM
OSZ. GYPSUM
PEIZLITk
FIV.EPrc0OFjWG
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES
The designer must be familiar with the great variety of floor types, finishes, and patterns in order to specify and detail architectural flooring properly. While some examples of 'soft finishes' such as carpeting and resilient flooring are shown, this section explores in depth the installation and detailing of 'hard' or architectural finishes . It is important for the designer to research the various characteristics of the floor finish being specified. While aesthetics and color are obviously important considerations, the designer must also analyze other factors . Among these factors are wear resistance and durability, soil resistance, maintenance, resiliency, flammability, costs of installation, and life cycle cost . Once these factors have been analyzed, the final specification and detailing of the
architectural finish must be developed. Examples of standard patterns are provided, but the designer must become familiar with the infinite number of pattern possibilities . The inherent limitations of materials control their sizes and thicknesses. The patterns of certain materials are dictated by both the thickness of the material and the weight or 'dead load' of the material superimposed upon the structure . For example, a large pattern of marble or granite will necessitate a slab of material that will weigh much more per square foot than that of a smaller pattern. This greater weight might have structural consequences, as well as make floor
transitions more significant . Transitions between flooring materials, particularly under doors or at entrances, and transitions between flooring and walls are some of the key material interfaces that have to be detailed . Again, this section provides such information using both traditional and contemporary approaches . Finally, a portion of this section is devoted to the detailing of raised computer room floors . While not traditionally a floor finish, raised computer room floors seem appropriate for this section . While generic architectural details are provided, the designer should always develop final details in conjunction with the manufacturer(s) being specified .
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES typical Characteristics of Floor Finishes DRAWING AND DESCRIPTION
WEAR RESISTANCE
1,é inch hardened cement finish on concrete slab
bâ inch terrazzo finish, with aié inch cement underbed on a concrete slab
Good
Very good
SOIL RESISTANCE, CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE
Poor ; frequent cleaning needed ;
must be refinished every ten years
RESILIENCY
REMARKS
Very hard
Cement base costs little, is too hard a floor to be comfortable; Infrequently used in classroom '., some-
times used in corridors, ;Cops dnd inexpensive toilet rooms
Very good ; needs cleaning once a week with detergent and water
Very hard
Terrazzo base is easy to clean and sanitary, but not resilient and some .
times noisy; seldom used in classrooms, often used in corridors, vestibules, toilets and shower rooms
Ceramic mosaic tile . 14 inch setting bed on concrete slab
'Is inch asphalt tile finish installed in mastic on concrete slab
1/e inch linoleum finish installed in mastic on
very good
Very good
classrooms
Poor, usually needs replacing every ten years
Fair ; must be cleaned and waxed once a week.
concrete slab
Fair ; must be cleaned and waxed once a week
1/e inch cork tile floor installed in mastic on
Fair ; needs frequent cleaning and waxing
concrete slab
Very hard
Used in toilet rooms, showers, food service areas, but seldom used in
Good
Good
Fair
Low first cost ; finish requires careful maintenance
Serviceable; a sanitary Fair
floor for classrooms, corridors, assembly and administration rooms
Very good
Used primarily in libraries and kindergartens ; floor is subject to indentations by chair legs; acoustically good
1/e inch rubber tile finish installed in mastic on concrete slab
inch vinyl tile finish installed in mastic on 1/s
Good
Good
Very good
ers, 12 inches apart, set in two 1/e inch layers of hot asphalt mastic
Subject to slight indentation by chair legs
Fair ; needs a weekly cleaning and waxing
Very good
Subject to indentation
Good ; requires monthly cleaning with steelwool and
Fair
Steel angles necessary to cover expansion joint ; used in gymnasiums and playrooms; not suitable for damp areas or climates
Excellent
A deluxe gymnasium floor
a wax finish
25/32 inch maple finish ; 1 by 4 inch cypress subfloor laid diagonally; 2 by 6 inch cypress sleep-
Very good
a week
concrete slab
25/32 inch maple strip flooring set in 1/e inch hot asphalt mastic on concrete slab
Fair ; needs cleaning and waxing once
Good : requires a monthly cleaning Very good
with steelwool and a wax finish ; sand and re-finish every 2 years
COST COMPARISON
installation cost
maintenance and insurance cost f)r 20 years
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Floor Construction Details
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Floor Tile Patterns
Construction Details and Finishes
FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Marble Floor Patterns and Details
TYPICAL MARBLE FLOORING DESIGNS
METHODS OF INSTALLATION Fig . 1
Marble flooring details .
',e'='`o'
HALF SIZE
Construction Details and Finishes
FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Marble Floor Patterns and Details
Fig . 3
Flagging patterns.
Flagging 1 to 1 1/2 in . Sand bed 4 in .
Flagging 2/, to 1 in . Setting bed 1 to 1 1/2 in . Reinforced concrete slab 4 in . Gravel or cinders 4 in .
Flagging
2/
to 1 in .
Setting bed 1 to 1 1/2 in . Reinforced concrete slab 4 in . Wood subnoor 2/ in .
Fig . 4
Flagstone setting methods .
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Saddles/Floor Transitions
Construction Details and Finishes
FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Saddles/Floor Transitions
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Saddles/Floor Transitions
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Door Saddles
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Door Saddles
i;onstrucl, on Celai+s and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Saddles/Floor Transitions
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Saddles/Floor Transitions
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Floor Finish Transition Details
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Floor Finish Transition Details
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Edgings ; Tile/Carpet Joiners ; Reducer Strips
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Base Details
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Baseboards
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Stone Floor Patterns and Details
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Terrazzo Floor Construction Details
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Terrazzo Floor Construction Oetalls
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Terrazzo Floor Construction Details
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Terrazzo Base Details
Construction Details and Finishes
FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES
Terrazzo Stair Tread Details
PRE-CAS T TERRAZZO STAIRS NOTE :
Abrasive
inserts should
POU RED T E RRA ZZO S TA IRS
VERTICAL RUSTIC TERRAZZO
TEXTURED MOSAIC Epoxy, _Polyester or Polyacrylate
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Ceramic Tile, Terrazzo, and Brick
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Marble, Resilient Tile, Slate, Wood, and Quarry Tile
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Wood Floor Construction Details
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES
Wood Strip Floor Construction Details
Fig. 6 Types of strip flooring : A, side- and end-matched - 25/32-in ; !bi flooring strips - square-edged .
Fig . 7
B,
thin flooring strips - matched; C,
Application of strip flooring : A, general application ; B, starting strip .
Perhaps the most widely used pattern is a 25/3z- by 21/4-in strip flooring . These strips are laid lengthwise in a room and normally at right angles to the floorjoists . Some type of a subfloor of diagonal boards or plywood is normally used under the finish floor. Strip flooring of this type is tongued-and-grooved and end-matched (Fig . 6). Strips are random length and may vary from 2 to 16 ft or more . End-matched strip flooring in z5/32-in thickness is generally hollow backed (Fig . 6A). The face is slightly wider than the bottom so that tight joints result when flooring is laid . The tongue fits tightly into the groove to prevent movement and floor 'squeaks .' All of these details are designed to provide beautiful finished floors that require a minimum of maintenance . Another matched pattern may be obtained in 3/s- by 2-in size (Fig . 68). This is commonly used for remodeling work orwhen subflooris edge-blocked or thickenough to provide very little deflection under loads . Square-edged strip flooring (Fig . 6C) might also be used occasionally. It is usually 3/s by 2 inches in size and is laid up over a substantial subfloor Facenailing is required for this type .
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES
Wood Parquet Floor Patterns
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION AND PATTERN STANDARD Pattern Unfinished-paper-laced
'PANEL SIZE 5/16' x 19' x 19' 16 equal alternating squares
GRADE Select 6 Better
5/16' x 12' x 12' 4 equal alternating squares
Rustic
STANDARD Pattern Unfinished-Web Back or Mesh-Back
5/16'x19 x19' 16 equal alternating squares 5/16'x 11'x 11' 4 equal alternating squares
Select 8 Better Rustic Select 8 Better (Par 6 Better) Rustic
STANDARD Pattern Unfinished -WebBack For Industrial Usel
5/16 - x 19 - x 19' 16 equal alternating squares
Select d Better (Par a Better)
9/16' x 19' 16 equal '19alternating squares
Select Rustic d Better Rustic
STANDARD Pattern Unfinished WebBack )For Industrial Use)
I1/16' x l I x 11' 4 equal alternating squares
Select & Better (Par 6 Better)
Y' x 12-11/16' x 12-11/16' 4 equal alternating squares
Select 8 Better (Rustic d Better)
STANDARD Pattern Factory-Finished and Unfinished (Available in various colors)
5/16'x 6-11/32 x 6-11/32' 5/16' x 2' x 12' (slats) 5/16'x6' x6' 5/16' x6% ' x6%' 5116x6Yé x6Yi individual unit
Select 6 Better Natural 8 Better Fireside Rustic Cabin 8 Better Cabin
STANDARD Pattern Factory-Finished Foam-Back Tile
5/16 x 6Yv x 6Yi' Individual units, . %' loam, 2 lb . density
Natural & Better Cabin 8 Better Cabin
ANTIQUE TEXTURED (Factory-Finished and Unfinished)- Kerfsawn Various colors available
5/16 x6 x6 individual squares 5/16 x e% x 63i' individual squares 5/16' x 6Yd' x 6Yr' individual squares 5/16' x 11 x 11' 4 equal alternating squares
Select Natural 6 Better Select E Better (Par d Belle,) Rustic Fireside
ANTIQUE TEXTURED (Factory- Finished and Unfinished) -Wire brushed Various colors available
5/16 x 635' x 63(1' 5/I6'x6Yi x6Yv individual squares
MONTICELLO Pattern Unfinished-Paper-Faced-
5/16x6 - x6 individual squares used with 5/16 - x Y x 8' pickets 5/16 x 13Y x 13 i/, 4 equal alternating squares 5/16 - x 13 ;5 - x 13% (Factory Finished)
Pre-Finished . Mesh-Back
HADDON HALL Pattern Unfinished-Paper-FacedPre-Finished . Mesh-Back HERRINGBONE Pattern Unfinished-Paper-Faced
5/16x14Y, x 14Y, 5/16 x 13Y' x 13Y 4 equal squares 5/16' x 13% x 135s(Factory Finished) 5/16x2'x12 individual slats . 5/16 x 145j x 18%' (Approximate overall) 2-' .V., shape courses wide and 11 slats long
'SPECIES Cherry, Maple . Red Oak, White Oak, Cedar, Pecan, Walnut, Rhodesian Teak, Angelioue (Guiana Teak) Red Oak, While Oak . Pecan Pecan Red and While Oak
Maple, Red Oak White Oak Pecan
Red Oak. Maple While Oak
Oak . Walnut Pecan, Maple White Oak . Ash Oak .Pecan Maple
Red Oak 6 White Oak Red Oak d While Oak
Natural E Better Cabin
Oak
Select 8 Better
Angelique (Guiana Teak)
(Par 8 Belief I
Red Oak . While Oak
Rustic Natural d Better
Black Walnut Ash Maple
Select b Better (Par d Better) Rustic Natural 8 Better
Angellque (Guiana Teak) Red Oak, White Oak Black Walnut
Select d Better (Par b Seller)
Angelique (Guiana Teak) Red Oak, White Oak Black Walnut
SAXONY Pattern Unfinished-Paper-Faced
5/16 x 19 x 19' 4 equal squares on diagonal and 8 equal hall squares
Select 8 Better (Par d Belle,)
Angellque (Guiana Teak) Red Oak. While Oak
CANTERBURY Pattern Unfinished-Paper-Faced Pre-Finished. Mesh-Back
5/16 ' x 13Y - x 13Y 4 equal alternating squares with diagonal center slats 5/16 x 1355 x 1354
Select d Seller (Par 8 Better) Natural 8 Better
Angelique (Guiana Teak) Red Oak . While Oak Black Walnut
RHOMBS Pattern Unfinished-Paper-Faced
Hexagonal Shape 5/16' x 1555' x 15~j
Select a Better (Par d Better)
12 equal Rhomboids
Rustic
Red Oak 8 While Oak Angelique (Guiana Teak) Black Walnut
BASKET WEAVE Pattern Unfinished-Paper-Faced
5/16 x 15-1/5 x 19 4 runs of 3 slats and 5 slats alternating
Select d Better (Par d Better)
Angelique (Guiana Teak) Red Oak . While Oak Black Walnut
ITALIAN S DOMINO Pattern Unfinished-Paper-Faced
5/H3 ' x 19' x 19 400 equal size pieces butt-jointed
Select b Beller (Par 8 Better)
Black Walnut Angelique (Guiana Teak) Maple . Red Oak While Oak
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Wood Floor Patterns
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Wood Parquet and Plank Floor Patterns +
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Wood on Concrete Slab Floor Construction Details
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Floor Construction Sound Insulation
Sound insulation between an upper floor and the ceiling of a lower floor not only involves resistance of airborne sounds but also that of impact noises . Thus, impact noise control must be considered as well as the STC value . Impact noise is caused by an object striking or sliding along a wall or floor surface, such as by dropped objects, footsteps, or moving furniture . It may also be caused by the vibration of a dishwasher, bathtub, food-disposal apparatus, or other equipment. In all instances, the floor is set into vibration by the impact or contact and sound is radiated from both sides of the floor. A method of measuring impact noise has been developed and is commonly expressed as the impact noise ratings (INR). The greater the positive value of the INR, the more
resistant is the floor to impact noise transfer. For example, an INR of -2 is better than one of -17, and one of +5 INR is a further improvement in resistance to impact noise transfer. Figure 8 shows STC and approximate INR(db) values for several types of floor constructions. Figure 8A, perhaps a minimum floor assembly with tongued-andgrooved floor and 3/8-in gypsum board ceiling, has an STC value of 30 and an approximate INR value of -18. This is improved somewhat by the construction shown in Fig . 8B, and still further by the combination of materials in Fig . 8C . The value of isolating the ceiling joists from a gypsum lath and plaster ceiling by means of spring clips is illustrated in Fig. 9A . An STC
value of 52 and an approximate INR value of -2 result . Foam-rubber padding and carpeting ir^prove both the STC and the INR values . The STC value increases from 31 to 45 and the approximate INR from -17 to +5 (Fig . 9E and C) . This can likely be further improved b, using an isolated ceiling finish with sprir= clips. The use of sound-deadening board arz a lamination of gypsum board for the ceilirc would also improve resistance to sounc transfer An economical construction similar to (but an improvement over) Fig. 9C, with a STC value of 48 and an approximate INR of +18. consists of the following : (a) a pad and carpet over 5/8-in tongued-and-grooved plywood underlayment, (b) 3-in fiberglass insulating
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Floor Construction Sound Insulation wars between joists, (c) resilient channels =aced 24 in apart, across the bottom of the toss, and (d) 5/s-in gypsum board screwed to re oottom of the channels and finished with ,aoed joints . '~,e use of separate floor joists with stagpered ceiling joists below provides reasonaDe values but adds a good deal to construcicr costs . Separate joists with insulation aetween and a soundboard between subNoc . and finish provide an STC rating of 53 fi,ü an approximate INR value of -3 . fund absorption Design of the 'quiet' ~i-se can incorporate another system of =_,_-d insulation, namely, sound absorption . 'N_Lnd-absorbing materials can minimize the
amount of noise by stopping the reelection of sound back into a room . Sound-absorbing materials do not necessarily have resistance to airborne sounds . Perhaps the most commonly used sound-absorbing materials is acoustic tile . Wood fiber or similar materials are used in the manufacture of the tile, which is usually processed to provide some fire resistance and designed with numerous tiny sound traps on the tile surfaces . These may consist of tiny drilled or punched holes, fissured surfaces, or a combination of both . Acoustic tile is most often used in the ceiling and areas where it is not subjected to excessive mechanical damage, such as above a wall wainscoating . It is normally manufactured in sizes from 12 by 12 to 12 by
48 in . Thicknesses vary from 1/2 to 3/4 in, and the tile is usually factory finished ready for application . Paint or other finishes which fill or cover the tiny holes or fissures for trapping sound will greatly reduce its efficiency. Acoustic tile may be applied by a number of methods - to existing ceilings or any smooth surface with a mastic adhesive designed specifically for this purpose, or to furring strips nailed to the underside of the ceiling joists . Nailing or stapling tile is the normal application method in this system . It is also used with a mechanical suspension system involving small 'H ;' 'Z ;' or 'T' members . Manufacturers' recommendations should be followed in application and finishing .
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Floor construction Sound Insulation
conventional wood floor joist systems for sound control
The improved resistance to airborne sound transmission gained by isolating the ceiling with resilient channels and adding absorptive mater a is evident by comparing floors 2 to 5 with No . 1 . A 10-point increase in STC reduces the loudness of transmitted noise by one-half . Improves resistance to impact noise transmission is gained by adding carpet and pad as is evident by comparing floor No . 3 with No . 2 or floor No . with 4 . An IIC of 51 is often recommended as an acceptable level of impact insulation .
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Resilient Base Details
Standard toe base No-toe base : Adds a decorative
mk .-ch to carpeted interiors .
Butt toe base : Engineered to butt arecisely to Yé' floor coverings. Long toe base : For special applicatbons. Features a longertoe extending 1'to =rer wide irregularities between floor a'+d wall . ALE 1
Cove Base Specifications Type
Sizes available
-lard toe base - -- :)e base :oe base toe base
2112' 2'h'
4' 4' 4' 4'
6' 6' 6'
_= - 7th : 48'
TABLE 2
Corner Specifications Type
Inside/outside Underlap outside No-toe outside Long toe outside
Length of return
Sizes available
2'/4'
2 112'
2'/4' 2'/4'
2112'
3' (with underlap)
4' 4' 4' 4'
6'
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Ceramic Tile Patterns
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Ceramic Tile Patterns
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Ceramic Tile Patterns
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Ceramic Tile Patterns
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Ceramic Tile Patterns
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Ceramic Tile Patterns
:o :e to the complexity of mounting 1 ' Hexagon border ;attern corners which require a number of special srseets on smaller jobs, a premium charge is made . To avoid this, it is suggested that on smaller jobs the aorder be formed using 1 ' squares with a hexagon field.
If a Hexagon border is required, you must provide a plan of the area with dimensions because the Hexagon configuration precludes interchanging sheets . We will provide specific sheets for those areas and setting plans .
Note that on three of these border patterns a full sheet is used for the corner . Some designs, however, will require a half sheet for the corner as shown in SB-1404. In this case a right and left corner will be on one sheet and the sheet is cut in half before placement . Fig . 16
1' hex border patterns . All patterns master-set 12' x 24' sheets .
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Ceramic Tile Patterns
Construction Oetalls and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES
Basic Quarry Tile Patterns
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Basic Quarry Tile Patterns
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES
Floor construction Details: Ceramic Tlle on Wood and Concrete Subfloors
Wood Subfloor
Epoxy Mortar and Grout
commended uses se over wood floors where resistance to i- traffic in better residential, normal com- _-~ al, and light institutional use is desired thin-set construction a vhere water, chemical, and stain re-ce is desired 0 'or tilework exposed to prolonged high =,- peratures, use high temperature, chemresistant epoxy mortar, and grout
Glass Mesh Mortar Units Dry-Set Mortar or
Latex-Portland Cement
Recommended uses over structurally sound plywood where lightweight construction is a factor o where water resistance is desired sis eliminates necessity of recessing subfloor to accommodate portland cement mortar bed
Recommended uses is over a mortar bed over glass mesh mortar units over clean, sound, dimensionally stable concrete ss over metal lath attached directly to the bottom of wood joists or trusses ; spacing not to exceed 16' on center
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Ceramic Tile on Concrete Slab Floor Construction Details CONCRETE SUBFLOOR Cement Mortar Cleavage Membrane
Cement Mortar, Bonded
Dry-Set Mortar or Latex-Portland Cement Mortar
( Recommended use I over structural floors subject to bending and deflection Requirements reinforcing mesh mandatory motor bed thickness to be uniform, nominal 1 /1 4' thick
Recommended uses ss on slab-on-grade construction where no bending stresses occur ss on properly cured structural slabs where deflection does not exceed 1/360 of span m on properly cured structural slabs of limited area
Recommended uses ' on plane, clean concrete ' on slab-on-grade construction where no bending stresses occur
Cement Mortar Epoxy or Furan Grout
Dry-Set Mortar, Epoxy or Furan Grout
Organic Adhesive or Epoxy Adhesive
Recommended uses in with tile set by Method F111 requiring good stain resistance and resistance to erosion caused by occasional contact with mild chemicals such as found in commercial dining areas, photographic dark rooms, public toilets, public foyers, etc. ss for use with quarry tile and paver tile
Recommended uses in with tile set by Method F112 or Method F113 requiring good stain resistance and resistance to erosion caused by occasional contact with mild chemicals such as found in commercial dining areas, photographic dark rooms, public toilets, public foyers, etc. ss for use with quarry tile and paver tile
Recommended use ss for use over concrete floors in residential construction only ; for heavier service select Method F113
WATERPROOF MEMBRANE Cement Mortar Bed
Thin-Set
Recommended use is wherever a waterproof interior floor is required in conjunction with ceramic tile installed on a portland cement mortar bed
Recommended use in wherever a waterproof interior floor is required in conjunction with ceramic tile installed in a thin-set method
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES
Ceramic Tile on Concrete Slab Floor Construction Details
i +bmmended uses r setting and grouting ceramic mosa~r= P~arry tile, and paver tile 6 %here moderate chemical exposure and jowFre cleaning methods are used, such as in =-r^ercial kitchens, dairies, breweries, min: processing plants, etc. a = :r tilework exposed to prolonged high Ef- ceratures, use high-temperature, chem~caiii-resistant epoxy mortar and grout
Recommended uses in where leveling of subfloor is required for setting and grouting ceramic mosaics, quarry tile, and paver tile where moderate chemical exposure and severe cleaning methods are used, such as in commerical kitchens, dairies, breweries, food processing plants, etc. is for tilework exposed to prolonged high temperatures, use high-temperature chemical resistant epoxy mortar and grout
Recommended use M for setting 11/4' thick packing house tile in areas of continuous or severe chemical exposure where special protection against leakage or damage to concrete subfloor is required =-r2.t4Mir- TI LE Ur`1AJJ Git~Ut ORTAR r ccar r~ F
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Raised Computer Room Floors
Construction Details and Finishes FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Raised Computer Room Floors
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Hallow Metal Door Construction The design, specification, and detailing of a door can have serious consequences for functional considerations such as accessibility and sound transmission . The door is also one of the most important architectural elements with respect to design image and aesthetics . A door can be a major part of design expression : a monumental door to a church or synagogue, the main entrance to a residence, the doors to a corporate board room - all of these doors have symbolic importance . Doors come in a variety of standard heights, widths, and thicknesses, yet they may also be custom designed, assume a
variety of shapes and forms, and be constructed with a variety of materials . The design, specification, and detailing of a door is, in fact, a rather complex task . A door is typically set within a frame or jamb, but may also be installed within a wall without a frame or jamb . The frame/jamb interface between door and wall partition is another area requiring special attention by the designer. The design of a door is never complete without the specification of hardware . Hinges, locksets, closers, stops, and thresholds are but a few of the hardware elements that a designer must consider.
This section on doors provides the or signer with extensive information on Boar types, materials, door frames, and materat: and methods of door construction and r' stallation . Details show doors and frar-,ft installed in all types of walls and partitiors including wood and metal stud, mason% concrete, and glass . Of special interest to the designer apt examples of less standard door types suc- w elevator doors, sliding pocket doors, a-c fabric-covered doors . The majority of --details in this section are taken from :~actual working drawings of successfully =~ ecuted projects .
PANEL CONSTRUCTION There are two basic types of panel construction : Steel stiffened : Face sheets supported by steel stiffeners, which are channels, Z-shaped sections, hat-shaped sections, or similar members, positioned vertically Sheets are attached to these members by spot welding . Laminated core : Sandwich construction employing a core of impregnated kraft paper honeycomb, plastic foam, or structural mineral blocking, to which the steel face sheets are laminated, using a structural adhesive .
REPRESENTATIVE STIFFENER SECTIONS Other sections used by some manufacturers
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS
Hallow Metal Door Construction
YM= of Construction
-'r 'our basic types of construction for fialc~ metal swing doors are illustrated and eoer'!ified in Fig. 1. The type usually specified r :ommercial work is the continuously +ceded edge seam construction, Type A, and c s this type which is the basis of NÀAMM Standard HMMA 861 . Most custom hollow metal doors areof the flush type with continuously welded edges (Type A) . When glazed openings, rezessed panels, or louvers are to be provided, T'ey are built into the door during fabrication, -3rtter than being cut out of a flush panel door :N field modification . Fire-rated doors may differ in certain de~Is of construction ; see NAAMM Standard --MMA 850, Fire-Rated Hollow Metal Doors and Frames .
to
FULL FLUSH WITH CONTINUOUSLY WELDED EDGE SEAMS (NAAMM STANDARD HMMA 861)
FULL FLUSH WITH UNFILLED EDGE SEAMS (NAAMM STANDARD HMMA 860)
FLUSH STILE AND RAIL
RECESSED PANEL(S) (MANY VARIATIONS)
Fig. 1 The top edge of Types A and 8 doors may have only an inverted channel (standard construction) or may have an additional closing channel . Types C and D have tubular rails and stiles, with no edge seams. S = stile (hinge stile is stile at edge where hinges or pivots are located; lock stile is stile in which a lock or latch is installed ; and meeting stile is stile adjacent to another door, in a pair of doors). TR = top rail . CR = center rail . BR = bottom rail . P = panel. PIG = panel or glass.
Construction Details and Finishes
DOORS
Hollow Metal Door Types
MOST COMMON SIBS FOR 1%-INCH THICK DOORS'
OTHER DOOR SIZES : The sizes listed are those most commonly used, but custom hollow metal doors are available in any width, height and thickness desired . It is not uncommon to supply them in widths of 5' or more and/or heights of 10' or more . Standard doors, on the other hand, are generally available from inventory only in the most commonly used sizes .
DIMENSIONS AND HINGE LOCATIONS
Hinge locations shown represent the industry standard, but may be altered to suit requirements .
REPRESENTATIVE DOOR DESIGNS
LISTING DESIGNATION : Always preface the door listing with 'SG L' or 'PR,' followed by the designation of the opening size . For example, a single flush door for a 4'0' x 8'0' frame opening is listed SGL 4080F, and a pair of flush doors for an 8'0' x 8'0'frame opening is listed as PR 8080F .
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Hollow Metal Door Hardware TYPICAL HARDWARE PREPARATION
NOTE : CUTOUTS ANDIOR REINFORCEMENTS OF SIMILAR NATURE ARE PROVIDED FOR ALL OTHER HARDWARE ITEMS SUCH AS FLUSH BOLTS, SURFACE-MOUNTED CLOSERS, FIRE EXIT HARDWARE, PULLS, ETC .
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Hollow Metal Door Schedules
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Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Hollow Metal Door Schedules
REPRESENTATIVE DETAILS ACCOMPANYING DOOR SCHEDULE
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS
Hollow Metal Door Schedules
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Hollow Metal Door Frames
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Hollow Metal Door Frames
BASIC DOOR FRAME PROFILES AND THEIR PARTS VERTICAL FRAME DIMENSIONS
TYPICAL BACKBEND or PLASTER STOP PROFILES
REPRESENTATIVE FRAME PROFILES
HORIZONTAL FRAME DIMENSIONS
Construction Details and Finishes
DOORS
Hollow Metal Door Frames
CDaFoOeni Hollow Metal Door Frames
Light gage stainless steel wraparound covering
FLOOR STILT
Stainless steel same thickness as frame and flush with all jamb surfaces
FIXED MULLION ANCHOR
HEAD ADAPTER
For frames extending from slab to slab
HEAD REINFORCEMENT
jamb & head section
CEILING STRUTS
SOUND BARRIER FRAME
DETAILS OF DOUBLE EGRESS FRAME
Lead lining in frame provides barrier to x-rays, which travel in straight line, in gap between lead-lined wall and door
LEAD-LINED FRAME
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Hollow Metal Door Frames
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS
Hollow Metal Door Frames
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Hollow Metal Door Frames
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Hollow Metal Door Frames
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS
Hollow Melal Door Frames
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Hollow Metal Door Frames
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS
Hollow Metal and Wood Door Frames
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Hallow Metal and Wood Door Frames
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Hollow Metal and Wood Door Frames
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Hollow Metal and Wood Door Types
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Door Types
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Door Types
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Hollow Metal Door Hardware : Hinges
FULL MORTISE BUTT HINGE Two equal square-edged leaves, one mortised into door edge, the other into frame rabbet . Two bearings, as shown, on regular weight hinges, four on heavy weight . Typical Uses : By far the most common type of hinge for both interior and exterior hollow metal and wood swing doors, in all types of buildings . Usual Sizes (see NOTE below) : heights-41/2 '; 5' for doors over36'w . widths - 4 1/2 ' for 1 1/4 ' door and 1 Yx ' trim clearance (dimension A); 5' (or more) for thicker doors or larger clearances .
HALF SURFACE BUTT HINGE One leaf, bevel-edged, mounted on face of door; the other leaf, squareedged, mortised into frame rabbet . Typical Uses : Used with hollow metal or kalamein doors in hollow metal frames, usually in industrial buildings . Heavy weight type also used on lead-lined doors . Usual Sizes : 4Ys ', 5' and 6' heights .
HALF MORTISE BUTT HINGE One square-edged leaf mortised into door edge ; the other leaf, beveledged, mounted on face of frame . doc Typical Uses : edç lea Used with hollow metal or kalamein doors in structural channel frames, usually in industrial type buildings . Usual Sizes : 4'/~ ', 5' and 6' heights.
FULL SURFACE BUTT HINGE Two bevel-edged leaves of differing widths, one surface-mounted on door face, the other on frame face . Typical Uses: Used with hollow metal or kalamein doors in structural channel frames, in industrial buildings . Heavyweight type may be used on lead-lined doors . Usual Sizes : 4 1/2 ', 5' and 6' heights .
NOTE : Anchor hinges and pivot hinges should be specified for heavy doors and doors with high frequency use, such as entrances to large department stores, office buildings, theaters, banks and schools, or to toilet rooms in schools and airport buildings . Regular weight hinges may be specified for doors with average and low frequency uses such as corridor doors in public buildings and doors in residential buildings .
ANCHOR HINGE Heavy weight hinge with each leaf extended at its top edge and bent to form a flange that fastens to top edge of door and to frame head rabbet . May be used as top hinge on heavy doors and doors having high frequency usage .
THRUST PIVOT UNIT AND HINGE SET Pivot unit for top of door, with both jamb and top plates for both door and frame . Used, with conventional butt hinges, on wide doors that may be subjected to abnormal abuse . The hinge is almost invisible when door is closed .
PIVOT REINFORCED HINGE Heavy weight hinge with added pivot on the same pin . Leaves of pivot are interlocked with hinge leaves . Used with conventional butt hinges on doors subject to abnormal abuse, particularly with overhead closers .
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Hollow Metal Door Hardware : Hinges
HOSPITAL 'SWING CLEAR' TYPES These hinges have their pins located approximately 2' beyond the door edge, providing an unobstructed clear frame opening width when the door is open 90 '. They are used on hospital corridor doors to patients' rooms, operating rooms, emergency rooms, or wherever a completely clear opening is required in hospitals, institutional or public buildings.
FULL SURFACE
Offset bevel-edged leaf surfacemounted on door face, other beveiedged leaf surface-mounted on frame face .
Full mortised, centered on door thickness . Hinge is completely concealed when door is closed .
INVISIBLE HINGE
Full mortised ; door leaf usually centered on door thickness. When door is closed, only the knuckle is visible .
OLIVE KNUCKLE HINGE (PALIMELLE HINGE SIMILAR)
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Hollow Metal Door Hardware : Pivots
OFFSET TYPE
Used on single-acting doors only. Need for intermediate pivot depends upon the size, weight and usage of door ; recommendation of hardware manufacturer should be followed . Pivot knuckles visible when door is closed .
CENTER TYPE
Used at top and bottom of double-acting doors only. Pivots are completely invisible when door is closed .
Pivots are stronger and more durable than hinges and are better able to withstand the racking stresses to which doors are subjected. Their use is generally recommended on oversize doors, on heavy doors such as leadlined doors, and on entrance doors to public buildings such as schools, theaters, banks, store and office buildings. NOTE : Because of adjustments that must be made during the installation of doors with bottom pivots, it is recommended that reinforcements be furnished in blank and that drilling and tapping be done in the field by the contractor .
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Hallow Metal Door Hardware LOCKS, LATCHES, AND DEADLOCKS The selection of the proper lock type is very important . The types shown here are those most commonly used, but are by no means the only types available . Thei r names serve to identify either the type of lock construction or the type of installation . Mortise locks provide the greatest variety of lock functions, the best security, and excellent durability. Another popular type, with rugged construction and easily operated, is the preassembled lock, which is completely assembled at the factory. It does not have as many lock functions as the mortise lock, but can have a separate deadbolt . The bored lock is the least secured type and is not available with a separate deadbolt in the lock .
BORED (CYLINDRICAL) LOCK This type of lock uses the key-in-the-knob principle . It is installed in a door having one hole bored through the thickness of the door and another bored in from the edge. The assembly must be tight on the door, without excessive play, to avoid binding .
MORTISE LOCK The mortise lock is so named because it is installed in a prepared recess (mortise) in the door . Working parts are contained in a rectangular case with holes for cylinder and knob spindle . Anti-friction split bolts are available for smooth retraction of the lock bolt . Lock front may be armored to protect against burglars getting at cylinder screws and lock fasteners . Lever handles may be used if desired, and trim may be either sectional or full plate.
UNIT LOCK This lock is preassembled in the factory and consists of a onepiece extruded or cast brass frame within which all parts are contained . It is installed in a rectangular reinforced notch cut in the door edge . Lever handles may be used in place of knobs .
MORTISE DEADLOCK This is a mortise lock with a deadlock only . (A deadlock is a lock bolt which has no bevel or spring action, and is operated by a key or thumb turn .) It is often used for locking a door having push or pull plates or for providing added security on doors with cylindrical locks .
BORED (CYLINDRICAL) DEADLOCK This is a cylindrical type of lock having a deadbolt only . It fits into the same type of cylindrical cutout as that required for the bored lock .
Construction Details and Finishes
DOORS
Hollow Metal Door Hardware : Overhead Closers
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Hollow Metal Door Hardware : Floor Closers
OVERHEAD AND FLOOR CLOSERS Overhead closers (Figs. 3 to 8) are hydraulic devices, containing a piston, fluid chambers, and a spring . When the door is opened the piston is pulled back, the spring is compressed, and the fluid is moved from one side of the piston to the other. With release of the door a reverse action takes place, closing the door Closing speed is controlled by an adjustable valve or valves . Overhead closers may be installed on either single-or double-acting doors . Floor closers, generally more durable than overhead closers, provide concealed closing mechanisms often appropriate for doors having a high frequency of use. As shown, the type of closer used depends on whether the door is hung on hinges, offset pivots, or center pivots . Both overhead and floor closers are available in a range of sizes for various door sizes, locations, and job conditions . The manufacturer's recommendations should always be followed in determining which size and type should be used . Where surface-mounted closers are specified, internal reinforcement plates shall be provided in the door and frame by the manufacturer. Drilling and tapping for the closer shall be done in the field by the installer. Only after the door is installed and adjusted can the closer be mounted for proper operation If drilling and tapping have been done at the factory, the necessary field adjustments become difficult if not impossible .
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Hallow Metal Door Hardware
3%NIC AND FIRE EXIT HARDWARE Npes of Installation manic hardware is tested and labeled for asualty only, fire exit hardware for both asualty and fire resistance . Only the latter -ay be used where fire rated doors are -pquired . Both types are always releasable -om the inside by depressing the crash bar ne mortise type (Fig . 9) and the concealed .ertical rod type (Fig . 10) are the least conscicuous, and either of these types is readily applicable to custom hollow metal doors. Rim and mortise types are used on Single door Active door of pair Both doors of pairwith mullion 2rtical rod types are used on Single door Active door of pair Both doors of pair Where rim type (Fig .11) or exposed vertical -ad (Fig . 12) exit devices are specified, internal reinforcement plates shall be provided in -+e door and frame by the manufacturer. Dnlling and tapping for trim and mounting -gates shall be done in the field by the rstaller The hardware can then be more -eadily adjusted for best operation. In preparing the door for a lock, the drilling _~ three bolt holes (Yz' dia. or less) and/or the ,i-iling and tapping for sectional or full trim =,ates shall be done in the field by the rstaller and not at the factory. After the lock s installed and adjusted, the trim plate can be applied to suit the final position of the latching device . If thru bolt holes or tapped holes are provided at the factory, this adjustment Becomes difficult if not impossible . The manufacturer shall drill for all function Holes, i .e ., cylinder, turn piece, and knob . Door Coordinators Zoordinators (Figs . 13 and 14) are used on zairs of doors having overlapping astragals and closers. When both leaves are open, the :oordinator holds the active leaf open until Te inactive leaf is closed, preventing inter'aences of the astragal .
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Follow Metal Door Hardware
FLUSH BOLTS These bolts are installed on the inactive leaf of a pair of doors to secure it in the closed position to serve as a latching point for the active leaf . They may also be used as auxiliary locking devices for added security Bolts may be either surface-mounted or flush (concealed rod) ; only the latter type is illustrated in Fig. 15 . There are many variations of these flush bolts; only the more common types being shown in Fig . 15 . Due to the variety of frame
MANUAL TYPE
construction encountered, the selection of the most appropriate type of strike is particularly important, and clearance at the floor must be very carefully controlled to insure proper engagement . The manual type (Fig . 15A) requires hand operation of the operating lever for both latching and unlatching . The variable length of the extension rod, however, permits convenient location of the operating mechanism in the door edge . The self-latching types
SELF-LATCHING TYPES U.L .-APPROVED BOUS ARE REQUIRED AT BOTH TOP AND BOTTOM OF INACTIVE LEAF OR FIRE-RATED PAIRS OF DOORS
Fig.15
Except for Type C, only top bolts are shown; bottom bolts are similar in all cases.
(Fig . 15B and C) latch automatically wnar the inactive leave is closed, but must me unlatched manually. The automatic (Fig . 15D) both latches and unlatches a,.=matically when the inactive leaf is closes or opened . None of these types of flush bolt shoulc used on doors that are intended to serve emergency exists . N FPA pamphlet 80 shc~c be consulted for the selection of bolts for f,re rated pairs of doors.
AUTOMATIC TYPE
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Door Hardware
OVERHEAD DOOR HOLDERS
These are devices used to limit and control the swing of the door or hold it in the open position . By controlling the door action they serve to protect against damage to the door and/or hinges caused by abusive usage, and damage to the holder caused by violent opening of the door .
HOSPITAL DOOR LATCH
EMERGENCY DOOR STOP
Designed primarily for use in hospitals, on corridor doors leading to patient rooms . May also be used on any door requiring push-pull operation, particularly by forearm or elbow, when hands are engaged in carrying objects .
Intended primarily for use in hospitals, on doors between patient rooms and toilets . This stop permits door to be opened from the stop side in the event that an incapacitated patient should block the normal swing by falling . Door must be hung on center (double-acting) pivots .
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS
Hardware Locations
Construction Details and Finishes
DOORS
Hollow Metal Door Edge Treatments
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS
Fire-Protecled Wood Doors
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Sliding Glass and Aluminum Doors
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Thresholds Thresholds are essential for nearly every type of door . Usually a standard section is satisfactory . Where conditions require, special sections may be designed .
Construction Details and Finishes
DOORS Thresholds and Joint Strips
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Thresholds and Edging Strips
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Bank Vault Doors
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Light- and Soundprooling of Wood and Hollow Metal Door Frames
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS
Hallow Metal Door Frames
The prime functions of the door frame are lo hold the door and its controls in the mening, and to trim the opening. But frames -ten serve other esthetic or functional purnoses also, such as trimming a wall opening wing no door, or enclosing glazed areas that provide through-wall visibility or admitting gnt and/or air. Hollow metal frames, which are strong, sturdy, and durable, serve all such ~,nctions economically. The variety of configurations available in nistom hollow metal frames is virtually unimited . Illustrated in Fig. 16 are some of the -pore common and representative types .
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Hollow Metal Door Frames
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Hollow Metal Door Frames
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Door types and Construction
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Construction Details and Finishes DOORS
Door Types
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Door Types
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Wood Door Frames
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Wood Door Frames
Construction Details and Finishes
DOORS
Secret Door
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS
Exterior Wood Entrance Doors
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Exterior Wood Entrance Doors
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Exterior Wood Entrance Doors
Construction Details and Finishes
DOORS
Exterior Wood Entrance Doors
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS
Exterior Wood Entrance Doors
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Exterior Wood Entrance Doors
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Exterior Wood Entrance Doors
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS
Exterior Wood Entrance Doors
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Exterior Wood Entrance Doors
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Exterior Wood Entrance Doors
Construction Details and Finishes
DOORS
Exterior Wood Entrance Boors
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS
Exterior Wood Entrance Doors
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS
Construction Details and Finishes
DOORS Metal Door Frames
Construclion Details and Finishes
DOORS Metal Door Frames
Construction Details and Finishes
DOORS BI-Fold Doors
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS
Sliding French Door
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Hardware Hardware for doors may be obtained in a number of finishes, with brass, bronze, and nickel perhaps the most common . Door set's are usually classed as (a) entry lock for exterior doors, (b) bathroom set (inside lock control with safety slot for opening from the outside), (c) bedroom lock (keyed lock), and (d) passage set (without lock) . Hinges Using three hinges for hanging 13/4-in exterior doors and two hinges for the lighter interior doors is common practice . There is some tendency for exterior doors to warp during the winter because of the difference in exposure on the opposite sides . The three hinges reduce this tendency Three hinges are also useful on doors that lead to unheated attics and for wider and heavier doors that may be used within the house . Loose-pin butt hinges should be used and must be of the proper size for the door they support . For 1 3/4-in-thick doors, use 4- by 4-in butts ; for 1 1/8-in doors, 3'/z- by 31/2-in butts . After the door is fitted to the framed opening, with the proper clearances, hinge halves are fitted to the door. They are routed into the door edge with about a 3-16'-in back distance (Fig . 26A) . One hinge half should be set flush with the surface and must be fastened square with the edge of the door. Screws are included with each pair of hinges .
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS
Hand of Locks; Lock Functions Locks not designated as reversible are made right-hand, left-hand, right-hand reverse bevel, or left-hand reverse bevel . The hand of a lock is invariably determined from the outside of an entrance door or from the corridor or hall side of a room door. An easy method of determining the hand of a lock is to imagine oneself on that side of the opening from which the lock is controlled or operated by the key Viewing the opening in this position, note which one of the following is true : (1) If the door swings in and is hinged at your right hand, the lock is right-hand ; (2) if hinged at your left hand, the lock is left-hand ; (3) if the door swings toward you and is hinged at your right, the lock is right-hand reverse bevel; (4) if hinged at your left hand, the lock is left-hand reverse bevel. You may find that many locks are marked 'reversible;' meaning that they are interchangeably right- or left-hand, and in these instances no reference to hand or bevel of lock is necessary. These are locks which operate alike from both sides or locks which can be inverted in order to reverse the locking functions .
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Lock Functions OFFICE For Inner Office and Area Entry Doors. ' Latchbolt retracted by lever or knob from either side unless outside is locked by stop button . ' When outside is locked, Latchbolt is retracted by key outside and lever or knob inside . ' Auxiliary latch deadlocks Latchbolt when door is closed . ' Latch holdback available APARTMENT ENTRANCE For Apartment House or Office Building Entrance Doors ' Latchbolt retracted by lever or knob either side unless outside is locked by key from inside . ' When locked, Latchbolt retracted by tenant key outside, lever or knob inside . ' Auxiliary latch deadlocks Latchbolt when door is closed . INSTITUTION For Permanently Locked Passage Doors. ' Latchbolt retracted by key from either side . ' Both levers or knobs always inoperative . ' Auxiliary latch deadlocks Latchbolt when door is closed . ' Latch holdback available.
STORE DOOR For Store Entrance Doors. ' Latchbolt retracted by lever or knob from either side unless outside is locked by stop button . ' When locked Latchbolt retracted by key outside and lever or knob inside ' Deadbolt operated by key from either side . ' Auxiliary latch deadlocks Latchbolt when door is closed . STORE DOOR For Storedoor, Storeroom or Utility Room Doors . ' Latchbolt retracted by lever or knob from either side . ' Deadbolt operated by key from either side . CYLINDER X TURN PIECE Deadlock ' Deadbolt operated by key outside and turn inside
DOUBLE CYLINDER Double Cylinder Deadlock ' Deadbolt operated by key from either side . ' Bolt automatically deadlocks when fully thrown . CLASSROOM Classroom Deadlock ' Deadbolt operated by key outside . ' Cylinder turn inside will retract deadbolt but will not project it . ' Bolt automatically deadlocks when fully thrown . CYLINDER X BLANK Deadlock ' Deadbolt operated by key from one side . ' No trim on opposite side . ' Bolt automatically deadlocks when fully thrown .
CLASSROOM ' Latchbolt retracted by lever or knob from either side unless outside is locked by key. ' Inside lever or knob always free for immediate exit . ' Auxiliary latch deadlocks Latchbolt when door is closed . STOREROOM ' Latchbolt retracted by lever or knob inside, by key outside. ' Outside lever or knob always inoperative. Knob is free spinning . ' Auxiliary latch deadlocks Latchbolt when door is closed . ' Latch holdback available.
ENTRANCE For Commercial and Residential Entry Doors ' Deadbolt and Latchbolt retracted by lever or knob trim either side unless outside is locked by stop button . ' When locked, key outside and lever or knob inside retracts deadbolt and Latchbolt simultaneously . Outside remains locked until stop button is reset to unlocked position . ' Deadbolt operated by key and turn piece. Throwing deadbolt automatically locks stop button . ' Auxiliary latch deadlocks Latchbolt when door is closed and locked .
CONVALESCENT For Convalescent or Bedroom Doors ' Latchbolt retracted by lever or knob from either side when unlocked . ' Deadbolt operated by key outside and turn piece inside . ' Throwing deadbolt disengages outside lever or knob . ' Turning inside lever or knob retracts deadbolt and Latchbolt simultaneously for immediate exit and unlocks outside . CLOSET For Closet, Storeroom, or Utility Room Doors ' Latchbolt retracted by lever or knob from either side at all times. ' Deadbolt operated by key outside.
DORMITORY For Dormitory or Bedroom Doors . ' Latchbolt retracted by lever or knob from either side at all times. ' Deadbolt is operated by key outside and by turn piece inside . HOTEL For Corridor Doors to Guest Rooms. ' Outside lever or knob always inoperative. Knob is free spinning . ' Latchbolt retracted by guest key outside except when deadbolt is thrown by turn piece inside . ' When thrown occupancy indicator is engaged, all keys inoperative except emergency or display keys . ' Turning inside lever or knob retracts deadbolt and Latchbolt simultaneeously. Aux. latch deadlocks latchbolt when door is closed . HOTEL For Corridor Doors to Guest Rooms ' Same as 85P function except that visual 'DO NOT DISTURB' plate replaces occupancy indicator button . Available for 1 3/4' doors and escutcheon trim only.
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Lock Functions ANSI A 156.2 Series 4000 Passage Latch : Both knobs always unlocked
Non-KeyedLocks
Exit Lock: Unlocked by knob inside only. Outside knob always fixed . Closet Latch: Outside knob and inside thumbturn are always unlocked . Exit Lock: Blank plate outside . Inside knob always unlocked . (Specify door thickness, 1 3/e' or 1 3/a' .) Patio Lock. Push-button locking . Turning inside knob releases button . Closing door on A & D series also releases button .
Bath/Bedroom Privacy Lock: Pushbutton locking . Can be opened from outside with small screwdriver or flat narrow tool . Turning inside knob releases pushbutton . Closing door on A, C and D series also releases button, preventing lock-out . Communicating Lock: Turn button in outer knob locks and unlocks knob and inside thumbturn . Hospital Privacy Lock: Push-button locking . Unlocked from outside by turning emergency turn-button . Rotating inside knob or closing door releases inside button .
Dummy Trim
Single Dummy Trim: Single dummy trim for one side of door. Used for door pull or as matching inactive trim .
ANSI A 156.2 Series 4000 Entrance Lock. Unlocked by key from outside when outer knob is locked by turn-button in inside knob . Inside knob always unlocked . Entrance/Office Lock: Push button locking . Pushing button locks outside lever until unlocked with key or by turning inside lever.
Keyed Locks
Entrance Lock. Turn/Push button locking : Pushing and turning button locks outside knob requiring use of key until button is manually unlocked . Push button locking : Pushing button locks outside knob until unlocked by key or by turning inside knob. Service Station Lock: Unlocked by key from outside when outer knob is locked by universal button in inside knob . Closing door releases button . Outside knob may be fixed by rotating universal button . Vestibule Lock: Unlocked by key from outside when outside knob is locked by key in inside knob . Inside knob is always unlocked . Store Lock: Key in either knob locks or unlocks both knobs . Classroom Lock: Outside knob locked and unlocked by key. Inside knob always unlocked .
Communicating Lock: Key in either knob locks or unlocks each knob independently. Dormitory Lock: Locked or unlocked by key from outside . Push-button locking from inside. Turning inside knob or closing door releases button . Classroom Hold-Back Lock: Outside knob locked or unlocked by key. Inside knob always unlocked . Latch may be locked in retracted position by key.
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Lock Functions
ANSI A 156.2 Series 4000 Communicating Lock: Locked or unlocked by key from outside . Blank plate inside.
Keyed Locks
Storeroom Lock: Outside knob fixed . Entrance by key only. Inside Knob always unlocked .
Institution Lock: Both knobs fixed . Entrance by key in either knob . Hotel-Motel Lock: Outside knob fixed . Entrance by key only. Push-button in inside knob activates visual occupancy indicator, allowing only emergency masterkey to operate . Rotation of inside spanner-button provides lockout feature by keeping indicator thrown .
Deadbolt Locks
ANSI A 156.5 Single Cylinder Deadbolt Lock: Deadbolt thrown or retracted by key from outside or by inside turn unit . Bolt automatically deadlocks when fully thrown . Double Cylinder Deadbolt Lock: Deadbolt thrown or retracted by key from either side .
One-Way Deadbolt Lock: Deadbolt thrown or retracted by key only. Blank plate inside . Classroom Deadbolt Lock: Deadbolt thrown or retracted by key outside . Inside turn unit will retract bolt only . Cylinder Lock: Deadbolt thrown or retracted by key from one side . No inside trim . Door Bolt: Deadbolt thrown or retracted by turn unit only. No outside trim .
Deadlatch Locks
ANSI A1563
Night Latch: Deadlocking latchbolt retracted by key from outside or by inside turn unit . Rotating turn unit and activating hold-back feature keeps latch retracted . Double Cylinder Deadlatch: Deadlockir~ : latchbolt retracted by key from either side . No hold-back feature . ExitLatch: Deadlocking latchbolt retracted by inside turn unit only. No outside trim . Rotating turn unit and activating hold-back feature keeps latch retracted .
Lever Functions
Lever Passage Latch : For use on passaç= closet and doors that do not require lock ing . Rotating either lever retracts latchbolt . (Specify door hand .) Single Dummy Trim-Double Dummy Trim : For use on single or pairs of doors when fixed turn is required . (Specify door hand .)
Grip Handle Sets
Entrance Lock: Unlocked by key from outside when thumb-piece is locked by inside turn-button .
Entrance Lock: Deadbolt thrown or retracted by key from outside or by inside turn unit . Latch retracted by thumbpiece from outside or by inside knob . Double Cylinder Entrance Lock: Deadbolt thrown or retracted by key from either side . Latch retracted by thumbpiece from outside or by inside knob . tCAUTION : Double cylinder locks on residences and any door in any structure which is used for egress are a safety hazard in times of emergency and their use is not recommended . Installation should be in accordance with existing codes only.
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Lock Functions
Dummy Trim
Outside and Inside Dummy Trim: For use as door pull or as dummy trim on an inactive of pair of doors . Fixed thumbpiece and inside knob . Thru bolted dummy cylinder. Outside and Inside Dymmy Trim : For use as door pull or as dummy trim on inactive leaf of pair of doors . Fixed thumbpiece and inside knob . Dummy cylinder with inside plate .
Interconnected Locks
ANSI A156.12 Entrance-Single Locking: Deadbolt thrown or retracted by key in upper lock from outside or by inside turn unit . Latchbolt retracted by knob from either side . Turning inside knob retracts deadbolt and latchbolt simultaneously for immediate exit . Entrance-Double Locking: Deadbolt thrown or retracted by key in upper lock from outside or by inside turn unit . Deadlatch retracted by key in outer knob when locked by pushing turn-button in inner knob . Outer knob may be fixed in locked position by rotating turn-button . Inside knob retracts deadbolt and deadlatch simultaneously for immediate exit . Storeroom Lock: Bolt may be operated by key from outside or by turn unit from inside . Bolt automatically deadlocks when fully thrown . Lock may be opened by key from outside . Inside knob will retract both latch and deadbolt . Latch automatically deadlocks when door is closed, inside knob always free for immediate exit . Outer knob always fixed . Hotel-Motel Lock: Deadbolt thrown or retracted by key in upper lock from outside or by inside turn unit . Deadlatch retracted by key in outer fixed knob . Push-button in inner knob activates visual occupancy indicator, allowing only emergency masterkey to operate . Rotation of inside spanner-button provides lockout feature by keeping indicator thrown . Turning inside knob retracts deadbolt simultaneously for immediate exit .
Dummy Trim
Single Dummy Inside Trim : Snap-on rose and knob . Concealed mounting screws.
Dummy Trim Inside and Outside: Snap-on rose and knobs thru-bolted .
Mortise LockS Non-Keyed
ANSI A156.13 Series 1000 Passage Latch: Latch bolt retracted by lever or knob from either side at all times .
Bath/Bedroom Privacy Lock: Latchbolt retracted by lever or knob from either side unless outside is locked by inside turn piece . Operating inside lever or knob or closing door unlocks outside lever or knob . To unlock from outside, remove emergency button, insert turn piece (furnished) in access hole and rotate. Single Dummy Trim: Lever or knob on both sides fixed by mounting bar.
Pair Dummy Trim: Lever or knob on both sides fixed by mounting bar.
Single Dummy Trim: Lever or knob on one side fixed . Includes lock chassis and armor front . Pair Dummy Trim: Lever or knob both sides fixed . Includes lock chassis and armor front .
Keyed Locks
Office and Inner Entry Lock: Latchbolt retracted by lever or knob from either side unless outside is made inoperative by key outside or by rotating inside turn piece . When outside is locked, latchbolt is retracted by key outside or by lever or knob inside . Outside lever or knob remains locked until thumbturn is returned to vertical or by counter clockwise rotation of key. Auxiliary latch deadlocks latchbolt when door is closed . Apartment Entrance Lock: Latchbolt retracted by lever or knob from either side unless outside is locked by key from inside . When locked, latchbolt retracted by key outside or lever or knob inside . Auxiliary latch deadlocks when door is closed . Classroom Lock: Latchbolt retracted by lever or knob from either side unless outside is locked by key. Unlocked from outside by key. Inside lever or knob always free for immediate exit . Auxiliary latch deadlocks latchbolt when door is closed . **When armored front is required as strike for inactive door, specify L9177 for single or L9178 for pair of dummy trim . Specify door hand .
Construction Details and Finishes DOORS Lock Functions
Keyed Locks
Storeroom Lock : Latchbolt retracted by key outside or by lever or knob inside. Outside lever or knob always inoperative . Auxiliary latch deadlocks latchbolt when door is closed . Storeroom Lock: Electrically locked . Outside lever or knob continuously locked by 24V AC or DC . Latchbolt retracted by key outside or by lever or knob inside . Switch or power failure allows outside lever or knob to retract latchbolt . Auxiliary latch deadlocks latchbolt when door is closed . Inside lever or knob always free for immediate exit . Storeroom Lock: Electrically unlocked . Outside lever or knob unlocked by 24V AC or DC . Latchbolt retracted by key outside or lever or knob inside . Auxiliary latch deadlocks latchbolt when door is closed . Inside lever or knob always free for immediate exit . Institution Lock: Latchbolt retracted by key from either side. Lever or knob on both sides always inoperative . Auxiliary latch deadlocks latchbolt when door is closed . Entrance Lock: Latchbolt retracted by lever or knob from either side unless outside is locked by 20° rotation of thumbturn . Deadbolt thrown or retracted by 90° rotation of thumbturn . When locked, key outside or lever or knob inside retracts deadbolt and latchbolt simultaneously. Outside lever or knob remains locked until thumbturn is restored to vertical position . Throwing deadbolt automatically locks outside lever or knob . Auxiliary latch deadlocks latchbolt when door is closed . Dormitory/Exit Lock : Latchbolt retracted by lever or knob from either side . Deadbolt thrown or retracted by key outside or inside thumbturn . Throwing deadbolt locks outside lever or knob . Rotating inside lever or knob simultaneously retracts deadbolt and latchbolt, and unlocks outside lever or knob . Closet/Storeroom Lock: Latchbolt retracted by lever or knob from either side except when deadbolt is extended . Deadbolt extended or retracted by key outside . Store/Utility Room Lock: Latchbolt retracted by knob or lever from either side except when deadbolt extended . Deadbolt extended or retracted by key from either side . Dormitory/Bedroom Lock: Latchbolt retracted by knob or lever from either side except when deadbolt is extended . Deadbolt extended or retracted by key outside or thumbturn inside .
Keyed Locks
Hotel Lock : Latchbolt by key outside or by lever or knob inside . Outside lever or knob always fixed . Deadbolt thrown or retracted by inside thumbturn . When deadbolt is thrown, all keys become inoperative except emergency or dispw keys . Turning inside lever or knob retraces both deadbolt and latchbolt simultaneously . Auxiliary latch deadlocks latchbollt when door is closed . Hotel Lock: Latchbolt retracted by key outside or by lever or knob inside . Outside lever or knob always fixed . Deadbd2 thrown or retracted by inside thumbtL-- . When deadbolt is thrown, 'DO NOT DISTURB' plate is displayed-all keys become inoperative except emergent . or display keys . Turning inside lever or knob retracts both deadbolt and latchbot simultaneously. Auxiliary latch deadlocks latchbolt when door is closed .
Deadlocks
Cylinder X Thumbturn: Deadbolt throrn or retracted by key outside or thumbtunr inside . Double Cylinder: Deadbolt operated by key from either side .
Classroom Lock : Deadbolt thrown or retracted by key from outside. Inside cylinder turn retracts deadbolt but cannot project it . Cylinder Lock: Deadbolt thrown or retracted by key from one side . No trim on opposite side .
Construction Details and Finishes CEILINGS Suspension System types This section provides the designer with rdormation on both suspended ceilings and akngs directly attached to the structure ;Dove . It starts with a review of generic sspension systems and then provides deais and discussion of the various suspended :eAng types . Large-scale details show how, in addition standard acoustical tiles, other ceiling Taterials such as plaster, metal panels, bafihes, gypsum board, and wood can be atVMed to suspension systems . A variety of
unusual conditions are also detailed, including curved and vaulted ceilings, wall conditions, light coves, and lighting fixture framing . The designer is cautioned that in many jurisdictions, suspension systems must attain a higher level of structural integrity than most other architectural elements . For example, wire hangers may not be an acceptable method of suspending channels from the structure above . Rather, steel rods of a minimum diameter or flat bar hangers of a
minimum width and thickness may be required . Local or state codes should always be consulted prior to finalizing such details . In many situations, the ceiling 'skin' takes on further importance beyond aesthetic, acoustical, or visual requirements . It can also be used to complete an envelope that provides a fire-resistive rating to the structural members above . Again, it is necessary to thoroughly investigate the building and fire codes that might govern ceiling design .
Construction Details and Finishes CEILINGS Suspension System Types
Construction Details and Finishes CEILINGS Suspension System types
Construction Details and Finishes CEILINGS Gypsum Board Suspended Ceilings
ASSEMBLY
REMARKS
GYPSUM BOARD, ATTACHED DIRECT TO FRAMING
' secured directly to framing members or to solid furring . ' most widely used in residential and light commercial construction . ' two layers may be required for an improved fire resistance rating or for better resistance to sound transmission . ' directly affected by deflection and/or expansion Icontraction in supporting framing .
' hat-shaped or resilient channels may be used . ' furring will minimize effects of deflection and expansion/ contraction in framing upon membrane . ' resilient channels also used to improve resistance to sound transmission . ' furring will also minimize effects of streaking due to temperature differential which may occur with direct attachment .
' when framing is spaced more than 24 inches on centers, or when a plenum space for mechanical /electrical service lines is required, a suspension/support system consisting of wood or metal sections or special nailing channels is generally provided . ' prefabricated metal suspension systems are available .
' primary suspension system may also include a secondary system of furring channels used to align the primary system and/or to provide resilient mounting of the membrane . ' it is a high cost assembly and not widely used . ' resilient furring channels generally used with wood framing .
Construction Details and Finishes CEILINGS
Plaster Suspended Ceilings
REMARKS
' metal or gypsum lath secured directly to framing . ' membrane will be directly affected by deflection and/or expansion/contraction in supporting framing . ' metal lath may be backed for machine application of plaster . ' fire resistance ratings for different assemblies have been established .
' furring channels secured to framing, lath supported by furring . ' furring will minimize effects of deflection and expansion/ contraction upon1membrane . ' large areas of membrane should have expansion joints and should not be restrained at the perimeter . ' corners of openings in gypsum lath membranes should have metal lath reinforcing .
' suspended membrane with furring channels only is similar to furred membrane except that furring channels are suspended from, rather than directly attached to, framing members . ' suspension of membrane may be a requirement in some fire resistance rated floor or roof /ceiling assemblies . ' spacing of hangers is quite close and limits the size and/or extent of mechanical/electrical service lines in plenum space . ' when spacing of framing is wide and/or the number of hangers must be reduced, a primary support system consisting of main carrying channels may be used ; the furring channels are then a secondary system, secured to such primary supports . ' for wide hanger spacing, metal joists instead of carrying channels may be used .
Construction Details and Finishes CEILINGS Exposed Grid Suspended Ceilings
REMARKS ' lay-in panels should be secured in place by clips when assembly requires a fire resistance rating ; also against uplift due to pressure differential . ' fixtures generally have to be boxed-in for fire resistance rating fire dampers must be provided at all openings, such as diffusers . ' hangers secured to framing members, structural deck, or to secondary framing system .
' clearance required for all lay-in panels for tilting them into place . ' suspension system used is the same as for square edge tile, but tile only available in 2x2 foot size . ' may be used in fire resistancerated floor or rooflceiling assemblies ; clips to secure tiles in place and opening protection generally required .
' metal panels generally perforated . with sound absorbing blankets . ' plastic panels generally solid ; used in luminous ceiling installations . ' corrugated/ribbed metal or plastic panels generally used with main runners only . ' flat plastic panels generally either 2x4 or 2x2 feet in size, used with main runners and cross tees .
' flat pre-assembled modules are also available . ' when pressurized plenum and ventilating tile are used, air return must be ducted through plenum . ' with ventilating plenum, dirt streaking may result unless the membrane is made completely air tight . ' may be used in fire resistancerated floor or roof/ceiling assemblies .
Construction Details and Finishes CEILINGS Concealed Spline Suspended Ceilings
REMARKS
' tile may be repeatedly repainted without loss in sound absorbing characteristics . ' heating/cooling piping may be incorporated into the system . ' combination lighting/infra-red heating fixtures may be integrated into membrane . ' secondary suspension system generally required . ' tile may be used for supply/return air .
' formed prefinished metal panels in long lengths . ' air supply/return and lighting fixtures may be integrated into the system . ' may be used outdoors in protected locations, such as large soffits, canopies . ' some assemblies may be used as required components in fire resistance rated floor or roof/ceiling assemblies . ' membranes may be curved perpendicular to direction of panels . ' baffles available in shaped metal, with or without sound absorbent material cores, or in faced sound absorbent material . ' various arrangements available, such as linear, radial, hexagonal . ' used to : provide additional sound absorption in selected locations ; for visual interest, or to conceal mechanical Ielectrical services .
' tile, generally 12x12 inches in size with kerfed edges secured in place by main runners in one direction, and cross tees or splines in the other . ' secondary supports, such as carrying channels may be used to reduce spacing of hangers to framing system . ' may be used as component in fire resistance rated floor or roof /ceiling assemblies . ' special panels available to provide access to plenum .
Construction Details and Finishes CEILINGS Suspended Ceiling Types
Concealed 2-spline system with acoustical tile
Concealed 2-spline system with aluminum-clad acoustical tile
Suspended plaster ceiling
Suspended ceiling with gypsum board
Suspended ceiling with plywood finish
Construction Details and Finishes CEILINGS Suspended Ceiling Types
Construction Details and Finishes CEILINGS Suspended Calling Types
Construction Details and Finishes CEILINGS Curved Ceiling with Recessed Lighting
Construction Details and Finishes CEILINGS Vaulted Ceiling
Construction Details and Finishes CEILINGS Miscellaneous Details of Suspended Ceilings
Construction Details and Finishes CEILINGS Miscellaneous Details of Suspended Ceilings
Construction Details and Finishes CEILINGS Miscellaneous Details of Suspended Ceilings
Construction Details and Finishes CEILINGS Suspended Cellings : Perimeters and Drops
Construction Details and Finishes CEILINGS Gypsum Board and Plaster Suspended Ceilings
Construction Details and Finishes
CEILINGS Suspended Ceilings
Construction Details and Finishes CEILINGS Reflected Ceiling Plan
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Planning Data Nowhere is the personal safety and comfort of the user more important than. i n the design of stairs . This section, therefore, provides the planning data necessary to solve most problems of stair design . Various stair types are illustrated, including straight run, long 'L ;' wide 'L ;' double 'L ;' and narrow and wide 'U :' Stair tables and related diagrams are provided that indicate vertical and horizontal areas, headroom clearances, and tread and riser dimensions for various stair systems. Information concerning nosings, landing widths, etc ., is also included . In addition to general planning data, this section includes barrier-free design data as well as actual construction details of wood, steel, and concrete stairs prepared by various design firms. It should be noted that stair design must conform to local building codes. Most codes require that means-of-egress stairways not be less than 44 in (1118 mm) in width, that the least dimension of landings and platforms not be less than the required width of the stair, and that the minimum headroom in all parts of a stairway not be less than 6 ft 8 in (2032 mm) measured vertically from the tread nosing or from the floor surface of the
landing or platform . In one- and two-family dwellings, most codes require that stairways not be less than 3 ft (915 mm) clear in width, and that hand rails not be less than 30 in (762 mm) nor more than 34 in (864 mm) measured vertically from the nosing of the treads and be provided on at least one side of stairways of four or more risers . CRITICAL DIMENSIONS AND CLEARANCES Stair Table Dimensions indicated in Fig. 1 and listed in Table 1 determine the vertical and horizontal areas and headroom clearances for stair systems with tread and riser proportions shown . They can be used directly in developing sketches or working drawings and eliminate the need for experimental stair plans or sections . All dimensions refer to face of treads without nosing . Tabular data refer only to minimum conditions for straight run stairs . All figures may be adjusted according to requirements of design or stair use. For similar dimensional information controlling other types of stairways, see the following pages.
Widths of stairways may vat requirements . For passage of fu~rneua't mum clear widths should be sea.^a7d Table 2.
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Planning Data 3earances for Furniture Passage Awth is not always a critical factor of stairmev design but is important when the layout moves one or more turns with straight runs . %oical layouts for such stairways include the Jng L, Double L, Wide U, Wide L, and %&row U. (See Fig. 3 for layouts and tabular Zra on these types .) Stairways used solely as circulation from ioo(to floor can be 2'0'wide for comfortable passage of one individual or 3'6' for two, soe-by-side . When furniture must be taken Ac and down, minimum clear widths of szr&ght runs and landings must be carefully semected or corners will constitute obstrucacrs in many instances. recommended minimum clear widths as shown in Table 2 are not necessarily the width of stairs, either rough or wall-to-wall . erections of newels, handrails, or base3cards can obstruct passage of furniture and -i_st be taken into account when determinrc actual stair widths . Headroom is also a controlling factor of Zes+gn . With minimum headroom conditions snown in Table 1, clear widths for furniture passage must be greater in most cases than n-ay be necessary if headroom is unlimited or ®oial at least to the ceiling heights. This is ::arucularly important at the first riser and at *urns, where the under rake of the first stair ir-its the vertical clearance of the stairway :reow. Therefore, if stairs must be com:;aratively narrow and if furniture must be sansported over them, headroom, or vertical aearance, must be increased accordingly. Landing widths may be increased to prowoe greater turning space for maneuvering 'i If this is done, minimum clear w,Cths can be proportionately decreased. -cwever, this expedient is not effective ~uniess hallways at either end of the stairway are at least equal to the landing widths . grow hallways often offer as great an :Dstruction to furniture maneuvering as low Headroom, narrow runs, or cramped turns . Open-well stairways give more oppor7.roty to maneuver furniture, since even very v but light pieces may often be lifted over -ais or newels . In general, a closed-string star should be wider than an open-string lave for the same degree of convenience . -, e data in Table 2 reflect safe average earances for transportation of items listed . Dimensions of furniture are subject to wide arations . Consequently, the minimum clear agdths recommended here are susceptible z adjustment in certain instances.
rvr Fig. 2 Minimum stair widths . (a)Stairs designed forcomfortable human passage only may be relatively narrow . W, may be 2'0' but 2'6' is better. Wz should be at least 3'6' . (b)Furniture passage demands greater width. If stair landing is increased or headroom unlimited, WF may be decreased . See Table 2.
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Planning Data Purpose
The six diagrams in Fig. 3 represent unit plans for types of nonwinder stairways which are most frequently encountered in the average residential planning problem . Tabular information with each was developed from data contained in Table 1 . Unit plans are drawn to '/d' scale and therefore can be supplied directly as a check of stair layouts to sketch plans and elevations. Each represents an average condition with a stair pitch well within the comfort zone . The basis is a 9'6' floor-to-floor height with 16 risers each 7.13' in height . Width is 3'0' from wall to wall . Tabular data with each unit plan indicate dimensional variations which occur when stairways of substantially similar pitches are planned for floor-to-floor heights from 8 to 11 ft .
Width is the only critical dimension missing from this unit plan information. This varies with requirements of design and stair use and should be selected from data in Table 2. Width is a dimension controlling critical clearances on all stairs that contain a turn . Winders have not been included in these unit plans because they represent a stair condition generally regarded as undesirable . However, use of winders is sometimes necessary due to cramped space. In such instances, winders should be adjusted to replace landings so that the narrow portions of treads at the inside of the turn are at least equal to 3/4' T When this is done, dimensions of L, and Ll are decreased by approximately '/2T, the exact figure depending upon the width selected . The practice of adding a winder-riser to bisect the landing diagonally from the corner of a newel is to be avoided in
all cases for it produces a dangerousf m row step in a particularly undesirable Dan Application of Unit Plans
Diagrammatic data can be used on s ' =r. as a graphic check as noted. Tabular ca -_ zw be applied to either sketches or drawings to eliminate the necessity o= otwoping experimental stairway sections t JW termine run, proportional rise, horizonta are vertical areas, and location of unde'are minimum headroom . Dimensional data have been confineo11cuar single pitch for all floor-to-floor heights 7* pitch indicated is that most generally 3ar able for human comfort. Data for pitches listed as tread and riser propcr-:4CRE in Table 1 can be substituted for values ar _ . Lz, and M .
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Planning Data
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Lavouts and Dimensions
Nosings
Nosings extending 3/4 to 1112 in (usually 1'/4 in) beyond the face of the riser are functionally necessary and are required by most building codes. Nosings may be provided by extending the treads or by sloping the risers . The latter method is customary in concrete stairs because of easier forming, and in any type of stair where carpet is to be installed . This type of nosing is also recommended for stairs to be used by the handicapped . Stairway Layouts Comfortable stairways cannot be designed except in relation to dimensions of the average human figure . As applied to stairways these dimensions and the equivalent of the average comfortable walking stride of about 24 in fix the gradient of stairways, the proportional relation of treads and risers, the height of the handrail, and the minimum necessary headroom . Figure 4 indicates the influence of human figure dimensions and suggests the desirability of varying ceiling clearances and handrail heights according to variations in stair gradients. These variations are included in Table 3. Treads and risers in curved stairs should be proportioned on an assumed 'line of travel' 18 in from the inner (smaller radius) handrail . All building codes have strict specifications for stairs which are required exits. The National Building Code of the American Insurance Association and the New York City code both require that treads and risers be proportioned by the formula T x R = 70 to 75, with risers notover 73/4 in high and treads not less than 9 in wide, exclusive of nosings . Minimum stair width for most uses is 44 in, based on two 22-in lanes of traffic. Handrails are required on both sides and may project a maximum of 3'/2 in into the required width . Winders and open risers are prohibited . The maximum vertical rise permitted between landings is 12 ft ; in places of assembly it is 8 ft . Stairs must be designed for a live load of 100 Ib/ft 2.
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Wood Stairs
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Wood Stairs
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Miscellaieous Stair Details
Construchou Details and Finishes
STAIRS Miscellaneous Stair Details
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Miscellaneous Stair Details
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS
Wood and Steel Stairs
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Wood and Steel Stairs
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS
Concrete Stairs
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Wood Handrail Components
A-D Starting Newels
A
Overhand Easing
E-G Landing Newel H-I Starting Step
BB
Volute
K
L
t N
Stair Tread
Landing Tread Risers
Return Nosing Stair Cove
O-R Turned Balusters S Wall Rosette
T U `r
W X
Plain Cap One OPG Newel Cap Tandem Cap Quarter Turn Cap Quarter Turn Up Easing
AA CC
DD EE FF
GG HH JJ hh
90 degree Up Easing Turnout
Gooseneck 2 Riser Gooseneck 1 Riser Gooseneck 1 Riser Ledge Return Gooseneck Riser with Cap
Gooseneck Riser Tandem Cap Startinv Easing
Starting h.asing with R1 .411111 Eiid Band Rail
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Spiral and Circular Stairs
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Circular/Oval Stairs
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Spiral Stairs
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Classification of Steel stairs
1I'es of Stairs - : .r -ypes of stairs are defined: straight r-ai - 5 circular stairs, curved stairs, and spiral fir
_Taight stairs are by far the most common representing the bulk of the stair marThough the term 'straight' is selfeiDanatory, for purposes of classification a soakgnt stair is defined as one in which the sirrgers are straight members. Straight ears, unlike stairs of the other three types, nra. tie arranged in several different ways : Straight run: Either a single flight exiro ng between floors, as shown in Fig. 5A, a series of two or more flights in the same we with intermediate platforms between r. as shown in Fig. 5B . rârallel : Successive flights which parala each other and are separated only by one :r amore intermediate platforms, as shown in °;4 5C. Angled: Successive flights placed at an wgre of other than 180° to each other (often 3C' with an intermediate platform between ma-, as shown in Fig. 5D or E. The type Y-cwn in Fig. 5D is often referred to as a '*rlssed' stair. Scissor: A pair of straight run flights zwaileling each other in plan and running in >taoosite directions on opposite sides of a wioing wall, as shown in Fig. 5F C rcular stairs are stairs which, in plan view, ra.e an open circular form, with a single mrter of curvature . They may or may not owe intermediate platforms between floors . Cirved stairs are stairs which, in plan view, lw.e two or more centers of curvature, being ara . elliptical, or some other compound nrrved form . They also may or may not have one or more intermediate platforms between ' %Dors. Spiral stairs are stairs with a closed circular porn, having uniform sector shaped treads and a supporting center column .
Muses of
Stairs `-e class designation of stairs, as already -cred, is a keyto the type of construction, the 3-a qty of materials, details and finish and, in -cut cases, the relative cost . As stairs of all -asses are built to meet the same standards performance in respect to load carrying zapacity and safety, these class distinctions 3o not represent differences in functional .clue, but in character and appearance . It is rrportant to recognize that where function is re prime concern, and esthetics are of minor rnportance, significant economies can be xnieved by specifying one of the less expensNe classes. The following four classes of stairs are isted in order of increasing cost (as a general -u,e) ; the general construction charac'-enstics of each class are described . Industrial class. Stairs of this class are purely functional in character and consepuently they are generally the most economcal. They are designed for either interior or exterior use, in industrial buildings such as ~actories and warehouses, or as fire escapes or emergency exitways . They do not include stars which are integral parts of industrial equipment. Industrial class stairs are similar in nature to any light steel construction . Hex head
bolts are used for most connections, and welds, where used, are not ground . Stringers may be either flat plate or open channels ; treads and platforms are usually made of grating or formed of floor plate, and risers are usually open, though in some cases filled pan type treads and steel risers may be used . Railings are usually of either pipe, tubing, or light steel angle construction . Service class. This class of stairs serves chiefly functional purposes, but is not unattractive in appearance . Service stairs are usually located in enclosed stairwells and provide a secondary or emergency means of travel between floors . In multistoried buildings they are commonly used as egress stairs . They may serve employees, tenants, or the public, and are generally used where economy is a consideration. Stringers of service stairs are generally the same types as those used on stairs of the industrial class . Treads may be one of several standard types, either filled or formed of floor or tread plate, and risers are either exposed steel or open construction . Railings are typically of pipe construction or a simple bar type with tubular newels, and soffits are usually left exposed . Connections on the underside of the stairs are made with hex head bolts, and only those welds in the travel area are smooth . Commercial class. Stairs of this class are usually for public use and are of more attractive design than those of the service class. They may be placed in open locations or may be located in closed stairwells or in public, institutional, or commercial buildings . Stringers for this class of stairs are usually exposed open channel or plate sections . Treads may be any of a number of standard types, and risers are usually exposed steel. Railings vary from ornamental bar or tube construction with metal handrails to simple pipe construction, and soffits may or may not be covered. Exposed bolted connections in areas where appearance is critical are made with countersunk flat or oval head bolts; otherwise, hex head bolts are used . Welds in conspicuous locations are smooth, and all joints are closely fitted . Architectural class. This classification applies to any of the more elaborate and usually more expensive stairs, those which are designed to be architectural features in a building . They may be wholly custom designed or may represent a combination of standard parts with specially designed elements such as stringers, railings, treads, or platforms . Usually this class of stair has a comparatively low pitch, with relatively low risers and correspondingly wider treads . Architectural metal stairs may be located either in the open or in enclosed stairwells in public, institutional, commercial, or monumental buildings. The materials, fabrication details, and finishes used in architectural class stairs vary widely, as dictated by the architect's design and specifications . As a general rule, construction joints are made as inconspicuous as possible, exposed welds are smooth, and soffits are covered with some surfacing material . Stringers may be special sections exposed, or may be structural members enclosed in other materials. Railings are of ar ornamental type and, like the treads anc risers, may be of any construction desired .
General Requirements, All Classes of Stairs
All fixed metal stairs, regardless of class, are of fire-resistant construction and are designed and constructed to carry a minimum live load of 100 pounds per square foot of projected plan area or an alternative concentrated load of 300 pounds applied at the center of any tread span . Railings and handrails are designed and constructed to withstand a minimum force of 200 pounds applied in any direction at any point on the rail .
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS General Purpose Steel Stairs
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Steel Stairs
Construction Details and Finishes
STAIRS Steel Stairs
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Steel Stairs
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Steel Stairs
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Stair Platform Construction
`-e platform (Fig . 6) is shown constructed ., r- a steel channel, A, of adequate strength in span the well on line X, through Secs . 1, 2, wc 3. and supported at both ends by the wall w-rigs . Newel posts rest on this channel -rrough angle clips, around which the platr_r--t plate is cut (Sec . 3) . Face strings have waded end plates with flathead screws 'acoed into the newels (Sec . 2) . --e two platforms with two intermediate s (Fig . 7) are shown constructed with the cad carried on line Y by string B, post C, and xannel D, which are shown bolted together Secs . 8, 9, and 10) with through bolts. The cad is also carried from post C on line Z in the same manner. The members at post C may be brought IDgether and welded and the post fitted over ,:^e connection, or the entire unit welded .
Stairs are supported by one or more of the following methods, (a) String at floor rests directly on floor construction ; (b) String at landing or platform extends into adjacent load-bearing wall ; or (c) String of landing or platform is supported by struts extending to the floor below, these
being of angles, I-beams or pipes either set in the wall or exposed; or (d) String at landing or platform is supported by rods hung from the floor above, either set in walls or exposed ; (e) String paralleling load-bearing wall may have shelf brackets on the back of the strings and set in wall ; similar brackets may be used with struts or hanger rods .
CONDITIONS
ILLUSTRATED:
Concrete or terrazo fill. Open unplastered soffit. Square steel newel posts. Steel Channel Strings.
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Stairwell
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Stair Width Dimensions
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Stair Length Dimensions REFER TO GOVERNING CODES TO ESTABLISH DIMENSIONS Height of riser and tread run vary according to governing codes . A tread of 10' and a rise of 7' to 7 1/2 ' are considered average . Stair treads for more comfortable runs are often 10112 ' to 11 ' with risers less than 7 ' . Treads and risers should be so proportioned that the sum of two risers and one tread run is not less than 24' or more than 26' . In establishing stair well dimensions, tread run is always face to face of riser .
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Tread and Riser Construction
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Tread Sections
1
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS String Sections
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Stringer Sections
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Abrasive Nosings and Treads
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Handrails
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Newels and Railings
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Newels and Railings
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Ornamental Railings Figures 9 and 10 indicate typical railings for necks, platforms, balconies, roofs, and simoar locations, adapted for residential, apartment, or hotel construction . These railings may be fastened with wood screws or lag Dolts to wood, or with expansion bolts to masonry. On roofs or decks the setting of the cost bases should be waterproofed .
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Ornamental Railings
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Center Railings Center railings are recommended for wide stairs . They may be a single pipe or tubing railing or they may be designed with double rails and panels of interesting design . Note : A number of codes require that railings have a level extension beyond the nosings at the floors as indicated in Fig. 11 by dashed lines. This applies to both wall and center railings .
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Railings
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Railing Posts
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS
Handrail Sections
TYPICAL EXTRUDED ALUMINUM AND BRONZE HANDRAIL SECTIONS
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Handrail Sections
REPRESENTATIVE EXTRUDED AND TUBULAR STAINLESS STEEL HANDRAIL SECTIONS
General Information Functional and decorative plastic handrail mouldings of polyvinyl chloride plastics are available in a variety of sizes and profiles, several of which are illustrated in Figs . 16 to 19 . Consult suppliers' current literature for variations in details and features . Plastic handrail mouldings are not structural and require bar, tube, or channel members to support vertical and horizontal loads. Plastic handrail mouldings are produced in a range of colors from subdued to bright, to suit either formal or informal design situations. The color is integral with the plastic
which is highly resistant to wear, weathering, and corrosion. The thermoplastic material becomes pliable when heated (not over 166°F), at which time it can be fitted over the support member and conforms to vertical, horizontal, or combined vertical and horizontal curves within certain limitations . Lateral bends should have a minimum centerline radius of not less than 2 times the width of the plastic section or 21/2 to 3 times the width of the support section, whichever is greater. Mitered corners should be used if
sharper turns are required . Combined vertical and horizontal turns can be formed by twisting the moulding . The material can be joined by thermal welding, and end caps can be shaped using a knife, a file, or abrasives. The use of a cleaning solution for removing grease and foreign material is recommended, after which a solvent is used for polishing or removing abrasive scratches . Normal cleaning requires only soap and water.
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Wall Handrail Brackets
Walt rail bracket of conventional cast design, malleable iron, aluminum or bronze . 318' bolt into wall .
Wall rail bracket of extruded aluminum, made to set at right angle to wall rail or set vertically . 318' bolt into wall .
Wall rail bracket of conventional cast design, malleable iron, aluminum or bronze, 3l8' stud into wall, tapped into arm of bracket Two-piece wall rait bracket of aluminum . Wall plate bolted into wall through expansion type anchor . Outer sleeve screwed to rail . Outer sleeve fastened to wall plate by set screw .
Wall rail bracket of aluminum with fittings to handrail adjustable to any pitch . 3l8' stud into wall . Wall rail bracket of formed steel . Filler and anchor bolt through gypsum board on masonry. Bracket fastened to filter by three screws or by 318' bolt through center .
Construction Details and Finishes
STAIRS Steel Stairs
Construction Details and Finishes
STAIRS Steel Stairs
Construction Details and Finishes
STAIRS Steel Stairs
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Steel Stairs
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Steel Stair Details
Construction Details and Finishes
STAIRS Steel Stairs
STEEL STAIRS WITH TERRAZZO TREADS
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Spiral Stairs
Construction Material may be steel, stainless steel, cast iron, or aluminum . Treads are supported in cantilever fashion by the column, each consecutive tread being rotated at a predetermined angle. The platform attaches to the column and is fastened to the floor structure to hold the column secure . The spiral railing is supported by balusters attached to the outer ends of the treads . Tread Designs Fabricators provide several standard types and designs of treads and platforms. These include open riser, closed riser, and cantilever types, with surface of checkered plate, abrasive plate, steel grating, or plain surface to receive wood, resilient flooring, carpet, or other covering . Pan type treads to receive concrete or terrazzo fill are also available Stair Height Spiral stairs are adaptable to any height, the heignt being equal to the distance from finished floor to finished floor. Stair Diameter Spiral stairs are available in various diameters from 3'6' to 8'0', normally in 6' increments . A 4'0' diameter is considered minimum for general access purposes ; a 5'0' diameter provides a comfortable general purpose stair. Larger diameters are used chiefly for architectural effect . Note that the diameter of the finished well opening should be at least 2' greater than the stair diameter, to provide hand clearance Hand of Stairs
Left-hand stairs : User ascends in clockwise direction, with handrail at left . Right-hand stairs : User ascends in counterclockwise direction, with handrail at right .
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Spiral Stairs
Diameter and headroom Spiral stairs may be made in diameters from 3'6' to 6'0' o' greater, with 4'0' usually considered the minimum for easy travel . The well hole should be at least 3' larger in diameter than the stair, for railing clearance. Spiral stairs are usually constructed with 12 or 16 treads to the circle . Head room should be calculated or the basis of three-fourths of a circle . On a 12tread circle, 9' is approximately the minimurr rise, providing 6'9' head room . On a 16-treat circle, 7' rise will provide 7'0' head room . employd be may tread per 12' to up .Arise
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Circular Stairs
Circular stairs placed between watts may be built self-supporting at the inner string and be supported by concealed struts or hangers at the outer string . When completely exposed a circular stair may be designed to require few supports between floors . In constructing a circular stair the overall size of the well and the tread length of the stairs may be adjusted to fit the particular conditions of the structure. Treads should be a minimum width of 8' at a distance 15' out from the inside railing . The treads may be of steel, abrasive cast iron, abrasive nonferrous metal, cement, tile, linoleum, wood, marble or other material .
Landings and platforms may be constructed as part of the stair, and may be supported by beam or cantilever construction . Wall rails and brackets may be constructed with handrail sections matching the railing. Face strings and railings may be similar to those used on straight stairs but should be designed of shapes adaptable to abrupt curved construction . The small radius to which these are constructed offers possibilities of design that should not be overlooked . Combinations of contrasting metal colors can be effectively employed in such installations .
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Concrete Stairs
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Concrete Stairs
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Concrete, Steel, and Terrazzo Stairs
Construction Details and Finishes
STAIRS Marble Treads
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Slate Treads
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Planning Data Any potential hazards must be eliminated . Stairs should be 'easy going,' that is, there must be an appropriate relationship of riser to tread. Treads are of nonslip material which is also extended onto platforms and landings for a distance equal to the width of the stair treads . Double handrails, one higher than the other, are provided on stairs for each line of short or tall pupils . The posts, which support the center handrails of double stairs, are extended high enough above the top handrail to prevent pupils from sliding down .
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Barrier-Free Design Data
NOTE X is the 12 to minimum handrail extension required at each top rlser Ls Y the minimum handrail extension of 12 in plus the width of one tread that is required at each bottom riser.
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Barrier-Free Design Data
Steps and Stairs
Steps and stairs should have nonprotruding nosings so that people with stiff joints, braces, artificial legs, or other leg or stability problems will not catch their toes as they climb. Handrails should be oval or round with 1Yz'/4 cm hand clearance between the rails and the wall : 1112'14 cm clearance will provide ease of grip but will prevent the hand or wrist from slipping between the handrail and the wall if the person loses balance. Handrails should be positioned on both sides of steps and stairs and should extend beyond the first and last steps on at least one side and preferably on both to allow people with long leg braces to pull themselves beyond these points . To guard against falls and to help children, some codes require another, lower handrail . Steps, stairs, and handrails should not be made of slippery material .
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Ladders
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Ladders ; Open Steel Stairs
STAIRS Steel Pan Cement-Filled Stairs
Construction Details and Finishes STAIRS Barrier-Free Ramps
Now
and rise Provide the least practical . . ._a for any ramp or curb ramp subject --e following new construction ac . cements : T Maximum running slope shall not exm+ed 1 :12 (8 .3%) 2. Maximum rise for any run shall not exceed 2'6' (760 mm)
Width Ramps and curb ramps shall have a minimum clear width of 3'0' (915 mm) exclusive of edge protection or flared sides . Cross-slope and surface Cross-slope of ramp surfaces shall not exceed 1 :48 (Y4 in/ft).
Construction Details and Finishes FIREPLACES
The function of the fireplace today differs dramatically from its role of years ago . Whereas its original function was primarily to provide heat for warmth and/or cooking, today it serves more as a decorative asset and as the focal point of interior spaces and conversational groupings, providing the esthetic pleasure and comfort of firelight. Of particular interest to the interior designer is the proportion and scale of the fireplace opening, the treatment of wall surfaces surrounding the fireplace, the design of mantel pieces and hearth extensions, and the array of fireplace accessories available . Accordingly, the information contained in this section addresses these considerations . Drawings include elevations, plans, and details of various fireplaces ; elevations of a wide selection of prefabricated mantel types ; and a sampling of fireplace accessories including andirons, wrought iron fire sets, and log grates . It should be noted that, aside from their decorative aspects, the fireplace and chimney have important structural implications and require special foundations . Moreover, the fireplace must be designed to carry smoke away safely. With respect to hearth extensions, most building codes require that for fireplaces having an opening of less than 6 ft' (0 .56 m 2 ), the hearth must extend a minimum of 16 in (406 mm) beyond the face of the opening and a minimum of 8 in (203 mm) on each side . For fireplaces whose openings exceed 6 ft 2, the hearth must extend a minimum of 20 in (508 mm) beyond the face of the opening and 12 in (305 mm) on each side . Most building codes also require that woodwork or other combustible materials not be placed within 6 in (153 mm) of a fireplace opening, and that combustible material within 12 in (305 mm) of a fireplace
opening not project more than %a in for each 1-in distance from such an opening . Since building codes may vary, it is important that the designer have her or his plans checked for conformance with the applicable local or state codes . Any structural modifications to an existing fireplace and chimney or the design of a new fireplace and chimney should be reviewed by a professional engineer or registered architect . A fireplace that draws properly can be assured by applying proper principles of design . The size of flue should be adequate and should be based upon the size of the fireplace opening . One rule commonly used is to take one-tenth of the area of the fireplace opening to find the minimum area of the flue . For example, if a fireplace had an opening 3 ft wide by 2 ft 6 in high, it would have an area of 1080 in', One-tenth of 1080 in 2 equals 108 in2 . The standard-size flue nearest to this requirement and readily available is a 13- by 13-in flue lining, which has an inside cross-sectional area of 126 .56 in' . One could also use a 13-in round flue that has a cross-sectional area of 113 .0 in' . The front of the fireplace should be wider than the back and the upper part of the back should tilt forward to meet the throat in order to throw heat into the room instead of up the chimney. The arch over the top of the fireplace opening should be only 4 in thick, and the throat should project toward the front as much as possible to form the smoke shelf behind it . The area of the throat should be 11/4 times the area of the flue, with minimum and maximum width of 3 and 41/2 in, respectively, so that the narrow throat will cause a quick suction into the flue . The sides of the fireplace above the throat are drawn together to form the flue, which always starts exactly over the center of the width of the fireplace .
The smoke shelf is very necessary to stcc back drafts . The depth of the fireplace shou I_ be one-half the height of the opening, with zmaximum of 24 in . The back should rise onehalfthe heightofthe openi gbefore slopirc forward and should be two-thirds the opening in width. The back, sides, and parts of the heart that are under the fire must be built of hear si tan materials. Firebick laid nfire clayrs the best combination . The damper is a large valve that can be adjusted to regulate the draft . Many types c= commercial damper units are manufactures The position of a damper unit is importantThe damper is general y set about 8 in above the top of the fireplace opening and is concealed by the brickwork . One advantage of these units is that they are correct, designed and have correctly proportionec throat damper and chamber to provide a form for the masonry and to reduce the risk of failure in the function of the completes fireplace . The hearth consists of two parts, the front or finish hearth and the back hearth underthe fire . The front hearth is simply a precaution against flying sparks and, while it must be noncombustible, it need not resist intense prolonged heat . Because the back hearth must withstand intense heat, it is built of heat-resistant materials . In buildings with wood floors, the hearth in front of the fireplace should be supported on masonry The front hearth should project at least 16 in from the front of the fireplace . At the back part of the hearth it is customary to have an ash dump for dropping the ashes into the ash pit, which is generally located in the basement with a door for cleaning out ashes .
Construction Details and Finishes FIREPLACES Components and Terminology
Construction Details and Finishes FIREPLACES
Construction Details and Finishes FIREPLACES Design Data
Construction Details and Finishes FIREPLACES Through or Two-Way
Construction Details and Finishes FIREPLACES
Corner Design
Construction Details and Finishes FIREPLACES
Construction Details and Finishes FIREPLACES
Construction Details and Finishes FIREPLACES
Construction Details and Finishes FIREPLACES Marble Mantels
Construction Details and Finishes FIREPLACES Marble Mantels
Construction Details and Finishes FIREPLACES Marble Mantels
Construction Details and Finishes FIREPLACES Wood Mantels
Construction Details and Finishes FIREPLACES Wood Mantels
Construction Details and Finishes FIREPLACES Wood Mantels
Construction Details and Finishes FIREPLACES Wood Mantels
Construction Details and Finishes FIREPLACES Wood Mantels
Construction Details and FinIshes FIREPLACES Wood Mantels
Construction Details and Finishes FIREPLACES Fireplace Accessories
Fig. 7 Fireplaces offer opportunities for the use and display of a variety of metal items of decorative value. These may be selected or designed to match other material in the room . Metals used for wrought and cast fireplace products are usually cast iron, steel in a dark hammered finish, or polished brass. Combinations of these metals and other metals may be used very effectively.
Construction Details and Finishes
LIGHTING
Planning Data : Minimum Shade Heights Although lighting design is a discipline in and of itself, the interior designer and architect must be knowledgeable about the interface between lighting elements and the interior architecture . This section, therefore, focuses primarily on the detailing of this interface . Details from actual contract drawings, prepared by various interior design and architectural firms, are provided for the reader's reference. Among the details are those for valence and cove lighting and for the lighting of stairs, columns, and skylights . This section also provides some basic planning data including illuminance values for residences, offices, stores, and industrial spaces .
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Planning Data : Minimum Shade Heights
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Floor Lamps
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING
Table Lamps
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Desk Lamps
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Wall-Mounted Task Lamps
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Planning Data: Residential Valance Lighting
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Planning Data : Residential Down Lighting
Fig.15 Basic relationship forthe design of luminous panels . IA light level of 60 is (600 Ix) is produced by seven rows of three 40-W fluorescent tubes on 18-in (457 mm) centers . Light distribution and surface luminance are approximately uniform .)
TABLE 1
Illuminance Values for Residences` Illuminance
Specif ic visua l tasks Dining Grooming, shaving, makeup Handcraft Ordinary seeing tasks Difficult seeing tasks Very difficult seeing tasks Critical seeing tasks Ironing (hand and machine) Kitchen duties Food preparation and cleaning Serving and other noncritical tasks Laundry Preparation, sorting, inspection Tub area-soaking, tinting Washer and dryer areas Reading and writing Handwriting, reproductions, and poor copies Books, magazines, newspapers Reading piano or organ scores Advanced (substandard size) Advanced Simple Sewing (hand and machine) Dark fabrics Medium fabrics Light fabrics Occasional-high contrast Study
Table games General lighting Conversation, relaxation, entertainment Passage areas, for safety Areas other than kitchen involving visual tasks Kitchen
Footcandles Luxt 15 50
150 500
70 100 150 200 50
700 1000 1500 2000 500
150
1500
50
500
50 50 30
500 500 300
70 30
700 300
150 70 30
1500 700 300
200 100 50 30 70 30
2000 1000 500 300 700 300
10 10
100 100
30 50
300 500
`Minimum on the task at all times f Lux is an SI unit equal to 0 0929 footcandle
Construction Details and Finishes
LIGHTING
Cove Lighting Details
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Cove Lighting Details
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Cove Lighting Details
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Cove Lighting Details
Construction Details and Finishes
LIGHTING
Cove Lighting Details
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Fluorescent Cove Lighting Details
Construction Details and Finishes
LIGHTING
Fluorescent Cove Lighting Details
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Fluorescent Cove Lighting Details
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Cove Lighting for Merchandise Displays
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Miscellaneous Lighting Details
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Miscellaneous Lighting Details
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Miscellaneous Lighting Details
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Miscellaneous Lighting Details
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Miscellaneous Lighting Details
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Handrail Lighting Details
Elevation of lighted guardrail planter demonstrates the use of combined 3 -foot and 4 footfluorescent light strips to achieve overall lengths in ]-foot multiples. To minimize dark areas between lamps, use strips without end caps and install lamps back to back .
open circulation areas can be illuminated with lighted railings, as shown in this section of a lighted guardrail planter.
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING
StairLighting Photometrics
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Stair Lighting Details
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Stair Lighting Details
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Stair Lighting Details
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Skylight Lighting Details
Fig . 18 Skylight lighting . Skylight serves as fixture - does not interfere with natural lighting, will not cast shadows on luminous element . Spiral, M, U, and straight lamps fabricated to fit curb opening .
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Lighted Column Details
Cunslruction Details and Finishes
LIGHTING
Lighted Column Details
Construction Details and Finishes
LIGHTING Lighted Column Details
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING
Ceiling-Mounted Cold Cathode Lighting Details Exposed/sculpture lamp lighting Cold cathode lighting, an architectural lighting tool with unusual flexibility. Lamps fabricated to the architectural design, continuous line of light - low brightness -noglare -high efficiency-long lifeapproaches a permanent light source . Remote transformers - no wiring troughs, ballasts, ballast failures, or hum . Only 2 leads for up to 120 feet of lamps. Excellent uniform dimming - no premature flickering of individual lamps as with hot cathode lighting .
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Planning Data : Principal Lamp Types
Principal types of lamps for general lighting purposes Type
Maximum lamp efficacy Im/W
Average life hrs
Characteristic features
Typical application areas
Normal incandescent lamps and reflector lamps
22
1,000
Easy to install, easy to use ; many different versions ; instant start ; low cost price ; reflector lamps allow concentrated light beams
General lighting in the home; decorative lighting ; localized lighting ; accent and decorative lighting (reflector lamps)
Halogen
27
2,000
Compact, high tight output, white tight ; easy to install, tong life compared with normal incandescent lamps
Accent lighting, floodlighting
Tubular
104
20,000
Wide choice of tight cotors ; high lighting levels possible, economical in use
All kinds of commercial and public buildings ; sireetlighting, home lighting
SL *
61
10,000
Energy-effective ; direct replacement for incandescent lamps
Most applications where incandescent lamps were used before
PL'
80
10,000
Compact, long life ; energy-effective
To create a pleasant atmosphere in social areas, local lighting ; signs, security, orientation lighting and general lighting
Self-ballasted
28
12,000116,000
Long life, good color rendering ; easy to install ; better efficacy than incandescent lamps
Direct replacement for incandescent lamps ; small industrial and pubtic light projects ; plant irradiation
High pressure mercury
63
24,000+
High efficacy ; long life ; reasonable color quality
Residential area lighting, sports grounds; factory lighting
Metal halide
94
15,000
Very high efficacy coinbined with excellent color rendering ; long life
Floodlighting, especially for color TV, industrial lighting; road lighting; plant irradiation
High pressure sodium
125
24,000+
Very high efficacy ; extremely long life ; good color rendering
Public lighting ; floodlighting ; industrial lighting ; plant irradiation EL : direct replacement for mercury lamps
Low pressure sodium
200
18,000
Extremely high efficacy ; very long life; high visual acuity ; poor color rendering : monochromatic tight
Many different application areas wherever energy/cost-effectiveness is important and color is not critical
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Planning Data : Incandescent Bulb Sizes
INCANDESCENT BULBS
A Bulb designation consists of a letter(s) to indicate the sliape and a figures) to indicate the approximate major diameter in rights of an inch . Bulbs are measured through their grealesl diameter, in eights of an inch . Tluts, a F-15 bulb is a flame shape, 15 !ë of an indt or l'~ inches in diameter .
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Planning Data : Incandescent Base Types
Construction Details and Finishes LIGHTING Planning Data : Light Level Recommendations
OFFICE LIGHT LEVEL RECOMMENDATIONS Type of Work
Foot Candles'
Corridors, lobbies
10-15-20
Easy tasks (Typed originals, ball-point pen handwriting, large print)
20-30-50
Medium tasks (Poor copies, medium hard pencil, small print) Difficult tasks (Very poor copies, hard pencil writing)
Shielding Materials Comparison of lighting characteristics for typical 2 x 4 troffer luminaries :
50-75-100
100-150-200
'Choose an illuminance value in the mid-range for your type of activity . Then decide upon a specific value (Same, lower, or higher) within that range by considering the age of the workers and the importance of the work .
SELECTING THE PROPER FIXTURE + Light Output/ Efficiency The more light, the fewer fixtures needed in new lighting systems and lower operating cost . Visual Comfort Fixtures should direct light to the task and away from the eyes . The fixture's VCP rating, available from the fixture manufacturer, should be 70 or above . Maintainability
Check ease of lamp replacement, cleanability, and permanence of finishes . ' Fit In Application Should look right and cover the area to be lighted (consider smaller fixtures closer together, such as 2 x 2s instead of 2 x 4s, for lower ceilings, or lower light levels or high-panelled work stations) .
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INDUSTRIAL
Architectural Woodwork Standard joinery and casework details Woodwork details Cornices and mouldings Furniture hardware
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Architectural Woodwork
INTRODUCTION
Most residential and commercial projects require the design of a certain amount of architectural woodwork . Such woodwork may be in the form of built-in furniture, cabinets, display cases, reception desks, credenzas, work counters, kitchen cabinets, etc . The extent of detail necessary to intelligently communicate and identify the scope and character of required woodwork is an important consideration in the preparation of contract drawings . It is neces-
sary, therefore, that the designer have a knowledge of basic wood joinery and understand how to apply it in the preparation of construction details Accordingly, the information in this section can be used as a general guide in the detailing of most woodwork items and addresses four areas of concern . The first deals with basic joinery and typical casework details . This information is fundamental to an understanding of the detailing of woodwork . T ,)e typical joints illustrated vary in sophistication and structural integrity and represent the most common methods of joining any two wood members. The casework details are intended to illustrate the construction of routine casework and are divided into three categories : exposed face frame, flush overlay, a ,id reveal overlay. The second area deals with custom woodwork and includes details of woodwork items selected directly from contract drawings contributed by various interior design and architectural firms . This information should prove helpful in providing the reader with a more global perspective of how different firms approach the detailing of some common types of woodwork items and the extent of that detailing. The third area of this section deals with standard cornices and mouldings, and is intended to simply provide the desi(Iner with dimensional and design information relative to the many standard items available on the market . Since many woodwork items involve some t>)oveable elements, the fourth area of this section deals with furniture hardw;3re .
Architectural Woodwork STANDARD JOINERY AND CASEWORK DETAILS Typical Joints Characteristics of Joints Joints may be divided into four general 'ypes : butted, shiplapped, tongued-andgrooved, and mitered. Used in their simple casic form, none is satisfactory for cabinet ,vork except the tongued-and-grooved type n certain instances. However, when variously combined or when reinforced with gluing and dowels or splines, satisfactory oints can be developed. Butt joint A simple but weak joint that opens easily and may show end wood when used at angles . Strength and range of use is greatly increased by use of the mortise and tenon and dowels and even more when a straight spline is included . Use of a glued butterfly spline with a butt joint produces an extremely strong joint. These variations are widely used to produce large flush surfaces of solid wood or backing for veneers. Shiplap joint Stronger than a butt joint but subject to opening from shrinkage. Rarely used in a simple form in cabinet work except for door rebates . It is often r, oulded to conceal shrinkage in quirks or cc mbined as a miter and shoulder for corners . Another variation is the shoulder joint. Tongue-and-groove joint A svong joint, widely used for re-entrant angles . Effect of
wood shrinkage is concealed when the joint is beaded or otherwise moulded . In expensive cabinet work glued dovetail and multiple tongue-and-groove are used .
inexpensive work . Tongue-and-groove is sturdier. Both should be glued, are often screwed together, and may be glued to a rough frame .
Miter joints are weak and difficult to fit if used alone. Joints with miter brads are sufficiently strong for short lengths . Joints made in combination with other forms, as a tongue-and-groove miter, are tight and sturdy.
For external corners: simple miter and quirk and miter both lack strength . Miter brads are practical only for short lengths. Miter and shoulder glued and face-screwed or nailed is satisfactory (generally 'millwork'). Miterand spline is preferable . In high grade work exterior corners are reinforced by gluing to a corner post or short lengths of blocking .
Use of Joints Use of certain types of joints depends to a large degree upon the type of work and skill involved . The following notes indicate use of joints in various categories, but cannot be regarded as an inclusive check list . For panels, shelving, etc., or wherever the end of one piece butts against the face of another; housed joint, with or without cover mould, or some type of tongue-and-groove joint. Omit glue to avoid splitting due to swelling or shrinkage. For joining stiles and rails: mortise and tenon, glued in better work . Dowels may be used or hardwood wedges may be driven and glued into ends of tenons in high grade work . For re-entrant corners:
shoulder joints for
Glued joints: when screws, nails, etc., cannot be used, or when fine work is to be veneered, strength of the joint depends on accuracy of milling and total glue surface. Glue surface may be tremendously increased by using multiple or offset tongues and grooves, by forming miter cuts into waves, multiple shoulders, tongues and grooves, etc. Such work is cabinet work . If done by a reliable cabinet maker, a guarantee should be obtained and joint detail and composition of glue left to him or her. Mouldings should be applied in continuous lengths if possible . Use simple miter for necessary joints, cope re-entrant angles unless excessively undercut, miter external corners.
Joints JOINERY Woodwork AND CASEWORK DETAILS Architectural STANDARD Typical
Architectural Woodwork STANDARD JOINERY AND CASEWORK DETAILS 'iypical Joints
Terminology Spline joint Used for gluing plywood in width or length Since the spline serves to align faces, this joint is also used for items requiring site assembly. Stub tenon Joinery method for assembling stile and rail type frames that are adctitionally supported, such as web or skeletc,n case frames . Conventional mortise and tenon joint Joinery method for assembling square-edged surfaces such as case face frames . Dowel joint Alternative joinery method for serving same function as conventional mortise and tenon Haunch mortise and tenon joint Joinery method for assembling paneled doors or stile and rail type paneling . French dovetail joint Method for joining drawer sides to fronts when fronts -,onceal metal extension slides or overlay tr,e case faces. Conventional dovetail joint Traditional method for joining drawer sides to fronts or backs. Usually limited to flush or lipped type drawers. Drawer lock-joint Another joinery nethod for joining drawer sides to fronts Usually used for flush type installation but can be adapted to lip or overlay type drawers Edge banding Method of concealing plys or inner cores of plywood or particleboard when edges are exposed. Thickness or configuration will vary with manufacturers' practices. Through dado Conventional joint used for assembly of case body members -- dado usually concealed by application of case face frame. Blind dado Variation of convention A, dado with applied edge 'stopping' or conceal ng dado groove . Used when case body edge is exposed . Stop dado Another method of concealing dada exposure . Applicable when veneer edging or solid lumber is used . Exposed end detail Illustrates attachment of finished end of case body to front frame using butt joint Exposed end detail Illustrates attachment of finished end of case body to front frame using mitered joint. Paneled door details Joinery techniques when paneled effect is desired. Profiles are optional as is the use of flat or raised panels . Solid lumber raised panels may be used when width does not exceed 10 n. Rim raised panels recommended when widths exceed this dimension or when transparent finish is used .
Joints JOINERY WoodworkAND CASEWORK DETAILS Architectural STANDARD Typical
Architectural Woodwork STANDARD JOINERY AND CASEWORK DETAILS Cabinet Work
TYPICAL CABINET CONSTRUCTION
Architectural Woodwork STANDARD JOINERY AND CASEWORK DETAILS Cabinet Work
Architectural Woodwork STANDARD JOINERY AND CASEWORK DETAILS Cabinet Work Purpose -ne following information outlines methods assembly and installation of common :abinet work, Solutions of typical problems are presented without attempting to detail specific cabinets . Assembly -ügh-grade cabinet and veneered work is assembled as far as possible at the shop Joints are glued and blocked, and sometimes secured with finishing nails or screws . Carpentry and millwork are generally put together with finishing nails if of soft wood, or with screws if of hardwood . Hardwood should be drilled to prevent splitting before using nails or screws, and heads should be countersunk and concealed bycover moulds, moulding quirks, or puttl, plastic wood, or other filler, colored to match the finish . No nails, screws, or joints should be visible unless they are intentionally incorporated in design . Shrinkage and warping effects can be largely eliminated by proper detailing and construction . Wide flat surfaces (solid or veneered) should be made up of several narrow strips glued and doweled, splined, or dovetailed together. Cleats may also be screwed or keyed to backs of wide surfaces . Joints in corners, sheathing, etc , should be con-
cealed within quirks of moulds (as in moulded tongue-and-groove) or return faces (shoulder joints). Panels should be rigidly secured on one side only, and are often left entirely loose . Housed joints, not glued, permit panels to expand and contract without splitting . Large moulded surfaces (such as cornices or mantels) should always be shop-assembled and delivered with scribe-moulds (see 'Scribing' below) loosely tacked to assembled units. Installation All grades of woodwork should be preservative treated or back painted before erection, preferably before delivery to the job. Satisfactory priming coats are aluminum paint or white lead in linseed oil, thinned with turpentine or mineral spirits. Preparation On frame walls plaster may be limited to one or two coats, may be recessed between studs, or may be omitted . In the latter case, building paper should be used between woodwork and studs. On masonry, plaster may consist of one or two coats or may be omitted. Masonry surfaces, particularly exterior walls, should be waterproofed or woodwork should be protected by a layer of waterproof paper and should always be furred out. When finish of the interior of
cabinets is plaster, either plain or canvas covered, the final coat of plaster is applied after erection of cabinet. Grounds of soft wood for attaching cabinet work must be accurately located, are secured directlyto framing members orfurring, and must be concealed. Blocking of rough lumber should be erected for supporting raised floors and large or heavy cabinet work, if it can be concealed. Blocking must be accurately placed and secured with nails. Shimming Minor irregularities in blocking, furring, or placement of studs may be corrected by using shims (wedge-shaped pieces of wood, often shingles) to bring completed work to plumb and level lines. Shimming should be concealed . Scribing is the practice of fitting edges of cabinet work accurately to all irregularities of finish plaster, masonry, or other abutting surfaces . Wood mouldings, panel frames, or cabinet returns to be scribed should be provided with a beveled edge . Prefabricated woodwork is generally delivered knocked down for assembly on the job and is erected similarly to custom-made work . Consult manufacturers' data .
Architectural Woodwork STANDARD JOINERY AND CASEWORK DETAILS Plastic-Covered Casework
Casework Definitions A. Exposed portions 1 . All surfaces visible when doors and drawers are closed . 2. Underside of bottoms of cabinets over 4'0' above finished floor 3. Cabinet tops under 6'0' above finished floor or if over 6'0' and visible from an upper building level or floor. 4. Visible front edges of web frames, ends, divisions, tops, shelves, and hanging stiles . 5. Sloping tops of cabinets that are visible . 6. Visible surfaces in open cabinets or behind glass for premium grade only. 7. Interior faces of hinged doors for premium grade only. 8. Visible portions of bottoms, tops, and ends in front of sliding doors in custom and premium grades only. B. Semi-exposed portions 1 . Shelves . 2. Divisions . 3. Interior face of ends, backs, and bottoms. 4. Drawer sides, subfronts, backs, and bottoms. 5. The underside of bottoms of cabinets between 2'6' and 4'0' above the finished floor. 6. Interior faces of hinged doors, except premium grade. 7. Visible surfaces in open cabinets or behind glass for economy and custom grades and all rooms designated as storage, janitor, closet, or utility. 8. Visible portion of bottoms, tops, and ends in front of sliding doors in economy grade only. C. Concealed portions 1 . Toe space unless otherwise specified . 2 . Sleepers . 3. Web frames, stretchers, and solid subtops . 4. Security panels . 5. Underside of bottoms of cabinets less than 2'6' above the finished floor 6 . Flat tops of cabinets 6'0' or more above the finished floor, except if visible from an upper building level . 7. The three nonvisible edges of adjustable shelves. 8. The underside of countertops, knee spaces, and drawer aprons . 9. The faces of cabinet ends of adjoining units that butt together.
Fig. 1 Inside surfaces of open shelf cabinets and behind glass are considered exposed for premium grade and tops of tall cabinets and upper cabinets 6 ft above the floorthat are exposed from upper levels are considered exposed.
Architectural Woodwork STANDARD JOINERY AND CASEWORK DETAILS Typical Base Cabinet Details
Architectural Woodwork STANDARD JOINERY AND CASEWORK DETAILS Typical Upper Cabinet Details
Architectural Woodwork STANDARD JOINERY AND CASEWORK DETAILS
Typical Drawer Details
Architectural Woodwork STANDARD JOINERY AND CASEWORK DETAILS
Typical Flush Overlay Casework Construction
Architectural Woodwork STANDARD JOINERY AND CASEWORK DETAILS Typical Flush Overlay Casework Construction
Architectural Woodwork STANDARD JOINERY AND CASEWORK DETAILS Typical Flush Overlay Casework ConstructIon
Architectural Woodwork
STANDARD JOINERY AND CASEWORK DETAILS Solid Core Wood Flush Doors
Fig . 6 Mat-formed wood particleboard core (7-ply construction illustrated).
Fig . 8 Mat-formed wood particleboard core (3-ply construction illustrated).
Fig . 7 Mat-formed wood particleboard core (5-ply construction illustrated).
Fig . 9
Glued block core (5-ply construction illustrated).
Architectural Woodwork
STANDARD JOINERY AND CASEWORK DETAILS Solid Core and Hollow Core Wood Flush Doors
SOLID CORE WOOD FLUSH DOORS
Fig . 10
Framed block glued core (7-ply construction illustrated) .
Fig .11
Wood block lined core (7-ply construction illustrated) .
HOLLOW CORE WOOD FLUSH DOORS
Fig . 12
Ladder core (7-ply construction illustrated) .
Fig . 13
Mesh or cellular core (7-ply construction illustrated) .
Architectural Woodwork STANDARD JOINERY AND CASEWORK DETAILS Cabinet Door and Banding Types
a.
FLUSH CABINET DOORS. All WIC Grades . TYPE '1' Veneer/tape banding, 1/16' maximum.
TYPE '2' Solid banding. 3 Ply Skin
TYPE '3' - Medium Density Fiberboard .
Banding not required for Economy and Custom Grades . Band required for Premium Grade.
b.
LIPPED CABINET DOORS . TYPE '4' Veneer /tape banding, required .
1/16' maximum,
TYPE '5' Solid banding .
3 Ply Skin
TYPE '6' - Medium Density Fiberboard .
Banding not required for Economy and Custom Grades . Band required for Premium Grade.
c.
STILE AND RAIL CABINET DOORS . All WIC Grades . TYPE '7', S4S Stop . TYPE '8' . Solid Stuck .
TYPE '9', Moulded Stop . d.
The top and bottom edges of sliding doors do not require an edge band .
Architectural Woodwork
STANDARD JOINERY AND CASEWORK DETAILS Stile and Rail Joinery Details
Fig . 14 Full-height stile and rail raised paneling . Stile and rail wall paneling accented by raised panels creates a beautiful effect of traditional architectural woodwork . Framed within the stiles and rails and accented by the shadow lines, this construction offers limitless opportunities for various effects through the use of different wood species and veneer cuts . Each design creates a unique atmosphere complimented by the finely proportioned paneling .
Architectural Woodwork
STANDARD JOINERY AND CASEWORK DETAILS Paneled Wainscot and Doors
Fig . 15 Flap paneled wainscot . Flat panels set within the frame of the stile and rail create a rich effect of traditional architectural woodwork . Different results can be produced through the use of veneer selections with transparent finish or painted finishes chosen by the architect or designer.
Fig . 16 Paneled doors . Stile and rail doors designed to accent the adjacent wall paneling whether traditional or contemporary, or used alone, beautify an entryway or area .
Architectural WoodworK
STANDARD JOINERY AND CASEWORK DETAILS Raised Paneling
Fig . 17
Full-height contemporary raised paneling . This design, distinguished by its simplicity, is a contemporary expression of the stile and rail construction .
Architectural Woodwork STANDARD JOINERY AND CASEWORK DETAILS Sash, French, and Panel Doors
Architectural Woodwork STANDARD JOINERY AND CASEWORK DETAILS Double Hung Windows
Architectural Woodwork STANDARD JOINERY AND CASEWORK DETAILS Casement Windows
Architectural WoodworK WOODWORK DETAILS 'Wood Paneling
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Wood Paneling
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Corner Cupboard
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Corner Cupboard
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Bookcases
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Bookcases
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Bookcases
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Bookcases
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Library Cabinets and Bookcases
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Miscellaneous Details
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Trader's Wall
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Trader's Wall
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Storage Cabinets
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Wardrobe
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Bar Sink
Architectural Woodwork
WOODWORK DETAILS Display Case
Architectural Woodwork
WOODWORK DETAILS Display Case
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Display Case
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS DisplayCase
Architectural Wooawork
WOODWORK DETAILS Display Case
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Work Counter
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Work Counter
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Work Counter
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Overfile Cabinet
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Overfile Cabinet
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS
Display Cabinet
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Credenza
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Planter and Storage Cabinet
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Book and Shawl Cabinet
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Book and Shawl Cabinet
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Storage Shelves
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Coat Closets
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Base Cabinets
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Pantry Cabinets
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Attars
Architectural Woodwork
WOODWORK DETAILS Pews
Fig . 15
Fully upholstered seat . All exposed surfaces of the seat and back are fully upholstered .
Fig . 16 Combination upholstered/wood seat . An upholstered seat with a wooden back (either solid or veneer laminate).
Fig . 17 All wood seat . Either solid wood or veneered seat and back . Generally the most expensive option. Wood seats and back can be contoured for increased comfort .
Fig . 19 Screens are adaptable for many uses in the sanctuary . They serve as modesty screens in front of the first row of pews, or they can be adapted for use as communion rails, as choir boxes, or as wainscoating .
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Sanctuary Doors and Miscellaneous Details
Architectural Woodwork
WOODWORK DETAILS Lectern
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Lectern
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS
Lectern
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Lectern
A,i,i ~ it!! : Acrchitectural
: Woodwork
WOODWORK DETAILS
Boardroom Table
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Boardroom Table
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Bench
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Stair Screen and Seat
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Window Seat
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Wood Railing and Gate
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Hidden Wood Door
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Raised Panel Wood Doors
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Miscellaneous Details
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Cornices
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Cornices
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Comices
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Detail of Wood-Paneled Watt and Bookcase
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Cornice and Baluster Details
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS DIsplay Cases
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Display Cases
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS Bars
Architectural Woodwork WOODWORK DETAILS
FINISHING MATERIALS GENERICTYPE
CHARTEIS
RECOMMENDED USAGE
System kl
Lacquers
For all wood surfaces except medium to heavy acid areas; Interior use .
Good coverage ; Easy to apply ; Sands easy ; Poor water resistance .
Catalyzed Laequcrs
For wood surfaces requiring medium acid resistance ; Interior use.
Tough wearing surface ; Good resistance; Can be repaired .
For all wood surfaces ; Interior use; Exterior use - spar varnishes.
Good build; Tends to amber with age; Slow drying .
I-or all wood surfaces ; resistance ; Interior use .
Good build and solids ; Can be repaired .
System N2 Varnishes
Conversion Varnishes System q3 Polyurctltauc
Some
acid
water
For all wood surfaces ; Interior use.
Tough surface ; Excellent wear and abrasion resistance ; Can be repaired .
For all wood surfaces ; High acid resistance ; Interior use.
Tough surface; Excellent wear and abrasion resistance ; Can be repaired .
For all wood surfaces ; High acid resistance ; Interior use.
Very
For all wood surfaces ; Performs well on Oak, Teak, Walnut, etc .
Easy to apply ; Makes touch-up easy ; Average wear and abrasion qualities ; Easy to repair .
Most
wood and wood product surfaces ; Interior use; Most colors available .
Good coverage ; Tough wearing; Call be recoated or repaired ; Easy to apply .
Vinyl Lacquer
For all wood products ; Interior use; Light acid resistance .
Tough surface ; Good wearing; Resists light chemicals.
Catalyzed Vinyl
For all wood products ; Interior Excellent for residential kitchens, Better acid resistance .
use; etc . ;
Tough surface ; Good wearing; Repairs not easy .
Fur surfaces of wood products requiring flame spread protection . (See WIC Technical Bulletin No . 423 - Section l9 .) Interior use only . UL Rated-UL-723 ; NFPA-255 ; and ASTM E-84 ; Tested for flame spread, fuel contributed, and smoke developed .
Leaching will result if exposed directly to high humidity or direct water . Can be coated with compatible overcoat system or waterproofing materials . Available fur transparent and opaque finishes .
Catalyzed Polyurethane System a4
Epoxy
System N5 Penetrating Oils
System #6 Synthetic Enamels
hard surface; Excellent wear and abrasion resistance ; l.imited put life High water resistance .
System #7 -
System a8 Dire Retardant Coatings
(Iniuesct)
Architectural Woodwork CORNICES AND MOULDINGS Deep Sculpt and Crown Mouldings
Architectural Woodwork CORNICES AND MOULDINGS Crown Mouldings
Architectural Woodwork CORNICES AND MOULDINGS Crown Mouldings
Architectural Woodwork CORNICES AND MOULDINGS Door Trim Mouldings
Architectural Woodwork CORNICES AND MOULDINGS Miscellaneous Mouldings
Architectural Woodwork CORNICES AND MOULDINGS Crown Mouldings
Architectural Woodwork CORNICES AND MOULDINGS Crown Mouldings
Architectural Woodwork CORNICES AND MOULDINGS Miscellaneous Mouldings
Architectural Woodwork CORNICES AND MOULDINGS Miscellaneous Mouldings
Architectural Woodwork CORNICES AND MOULDINGS Miscellaneous Mouldings
Architectural Woodwork CORNICES AND MOULDINGS Base Mouldings
Architectural Woodwork CORNICES AND MOULDINGS Base Mouldings
Architectural Woodwork CORNICES AND MOULDINGS Casings
Architectural Woodwork CORNICES AND MOULDINGS Casings
Architectural Woodwork CORNICES AND MOULDINGS geaded Casings
Architectural Woodwork CORNICES AND MOULDINGS Cove Mouldings
Architectural Woodwork CORNICES AND MOULDINGS Panel Mouldings
Architectural Woodwork CORNICES AND MOULDINGS Chair Rait Mouldings
Architectural Woodwork CORNICES AND MOULDINGS Handralls, Balusters, and Rounds
Architectural Woodwork CORNICES AND MOULDINGS Clam Shell and Stop Mouldings
Architectural Woodwork CORNICES AND MOULDINGS Hand-Carved Brackets
Architectural Woodwork FURNITURE HARDWARE Butt Hinges
Architectural Woodwork FURNITURE HARDWARE Hinges
Architectural Woodwork FURNITURE HARDWARE Hinges
Architectural Woodwork
FURNITURE HARDWARE Hinges
Left-and Right-Hand Hinges
Hinges with screw-mounted flanges should be viewed as if in mounted conditionwith the countersunk screw holes facing you . If the female flange is uppermost on the left, the hinge is a left-hand hinge and vice versa.
Butt Hinge Designations Butt hinges for cupboards, windows, and doors, and hinges with mortise-type flanges should be viewed with the barrel facing you . If the female flange is positioned on the left of the barrel, it is a left-hand hinge and vice vpr-a .
Cranked Hinges and Their Uses The position of the door relative to the side panel can vary considerably, being decided at the design stage in accordance with the final effect required . A wide variety of hinge types has developed from variations in door mounting methods, which must be coordinated at the design stage.
Architectural Woodwork FURNITURE HARDWARE Folding Table and Flap Hinges
Architectural Woodwork
FURNITURE HARDWARE Mitred and Concealed Hinges
An all-metal mitred hinge, specially designed to enable door and carcase edges to meet at an angle of d5 °.
CONCEALED HINGES Specimen installation of a butting, flush-fitting cupboard door Doors may, however, be set back or forward if preferred, provided the housing recesses are appropriately offset . ii doors are set back, care must be taken to ensure that the opening angle is restricted as little as possible .
Specimen installation of a butting, front-hung door, fitting flush with the cupboard side in the conventional manner . Doors may, however, be hung with inset edge d preferred, provided the housing recesses are offset accordingly. It is important in such cases to ensure that centre doors are not mounted with groove gap clearance.
Specimen installation of a butting, front-hung, flap-type door . On opening, the flap projects downwards by its own thickness. Thus, if doors or other panels are situated below the flap, a degree of clearance exceeding the flap thickness will be necessary .
Specimen installation joining two panels. In this way folding doors can be constructed for furnilure or room dividers :
Architectural Woodwork FURNITURE HARDWARE Pivot Hinges
Architectural Woodwork FURNITURE HARDWARE Glass Door Hinges
Architectural Woodwork FURNITURE HARDWARE
Flap Stays with Brake
Architectural Woodwork FURNITURE HARDWARE Lid Stays
Architectural Woodwork FURNITURE HARDWARE Drawer Runners
Architectural Woodwork FURNITURE HARDWARE Magnetic and Spring Catches ; Bolts
Architectural Woodwork FURNITURE HARDWARE Locks
Architectural Woodwork FURNITURE HARDWARE Shell Supports
Architectural Woodwork FURNITURE HARDWARE
Architectural Woodwork FURNITURE HARDWARE Furniture Glides
Specialties INTRODUCTION
In most instances, the design process requires a knowledge of, or at the rery least, an awareness of, certain specialized elements that can contribute heavily to the success or failure of a project in terms of aesthetics or function, :)r both . These elements may take the form of manufactured 'off-the-shelf' oroducts or consist of design theories, standards, and guidelines for certain areas of expertise . Accordingly, this section deals with ten such elements,
'anging from plantscaping to accessories . Information can be found concerning the height, spacing, and diameter of ndoor trees and floor plants . Also included are planting standards, details, and maintenance information . The section dealing with signage and graphics provides information on signage systems, symbols, mounting heights, and locations. Other sections provide data on audio-visual systems, including projection room layouts and details, and auditorium seating arrangements and sightlines . The section dealing with security includes information on door and window hardware, mailbox rooms, lighting, and security systems . Still other sections provide information on color theory and window treatments, including draperies and curtains, shutters and shades, and rods, holdbacks, and ties .
Specialties
PLANTSCAPING Design Guidelines
DESIGNING WITH PLANTS Any successful design uses plants that are compatible not only in an aesthetic design sense, but also in their growing requirements . No matter how beautiful the design, if neighboring plants are not matched to the correct growing conditions, parts of the design will either deteriorate or require elaborate maintenance. The aesthetic design considerations involve choosing the proper variety of plant textures, heights, and spacing to give the desired effect . The growing considerations involve the proper matching of light intensity, soil, and water, as well as proper container size, to the plant environmental requirements . Of all the growing conditions, the most important is the light intensity. It is easy to underestimate the amount of available light, since the human eye can easily see in 20 footcandles of light, while even the plant needing the lowest light requires 50 to 75 footcandles to remain healthy. If the light intensity is to be below 100 footcandles, even these 'low-light' plants must be slowly acclimatized prior to installation . No matter if the space to be planted is a small office, a large interior garden, or a cafeteria, the first step is to ascertain the actual level of the existing or planned lighting . To allow maximum creativity in the planting design, the light intensity should be considered in the initial planning stages, especially in large areas such as those in shopping malls or corporate interior gardens. Adding the needed lighting fixtures after the initial electrical installation is often expensive or impossible. In smaller-scale situations, such as offices or homes, extra light fixtures should be added or the plants should be chosen according to the available light. If the plants do not have the proper light intensity, they will die. The lower the light intensity below the minimum needed by the species, the faster they will do so . Since the light source (incandescent, fluorescent, sun, or other) is not important, but the light intensity is, accurate intensity measurements are essential. For these measurements we recommend the General Electric Model 213 or 214 light meter or its equivalent. The measurements must be made at the level of the plant foliage ; they must be made several times a day on several days typical of the location if sunlight is used ; and they must take curtains, tinted glass, and other light-shielding devices into account . Only light hitting the top of the leaves is effective . While underlighting with spotlights can create dramatic effects, it does very little to help the plant. After the light intensity is determined, the plants should be selected from the appropriate light-level group (see Fig. 7), consistent with the design aims . Plants that will be growing near one another should also have similar water requirements (also given in Fig . 7) . If plants with different watering requirements must be close, they should be kept in their own growing containers so they can be watered separately . An interior planting designer creates the mood through the interplay of plant texture
and plant height, working only with those plants that will live under the predetermined light intensity. Color cannot really be used as a design element, since the average interior light intensity is seldom more than 100 footcandles and brightly colored plants or blooming flowers need up to 1000 footcandles . If flowering plants are used where the lighting conditions are normal, they will generally have to be replaced every few days . Plant Texture The good designer will provide for design variety through the clever use of plant texture . The term is used here to describe the general structure, shape, and appearance of the plant, regardless of height . It includes the size, shape, edging, and thickness of the plant's leaves, as well as its overall shape and the arrangement and number of leaves on the plant. Five general rules concerning texture should be kept in mind . 1 . Juxtapose fragmented foliage (such as that of a palm) with solid foliage (say, that of a dracaena). 2. Avoid too much of the same type of foliage (e .g ., large flat leaves) in one area, unless a border or hedge effect is desired. 3. An exception to these previous rules on groupings is the palm . Although all palms have similar foliage, they vary slightly in color and interest, so that different types of palms may be planted together. 4. To create interest, mix small-leaved with large-leaved plants, and narrow-leaved with broad-leaved plants . 5. When using plants as specimens, especially as interior design elements in offices or homes, pick the plant with the background fabric, carpet, or wallpaper in mind . For example, a 'busy' foliage plant will fight with a 'busy' fabric . Plant Height
Plant height not only determines the scale of the design, but it adds variety to the plant groupings . There are six general rules regarding plant height selection to keep in mind . 1 . In the plant grouping, build up with the low plants in front . If the grouping can be seen from all sides, the grouping must be well balanced throughout and built up to the center height . 2. If a plant has canes with no lower foliage, try to place the lower plants in front to conceal the absence of foliage of the taller plants in the rear. 3. Uneven sizes throughout a grouping add more interest than consistent levels of foliage . 4. If a single plant is desired to hide a column or some other object, be sure that the plant height, including its container, is about three-fourths the height of the object to be concealed . 5. Keep the scale of the surroundings in rnind when choosing the plant height . A 3-foot plant is fine next to a desk, but a plant of at least 6 feet should be selected if it is to be viewed when entering a room . 6 . By convention, interior plant heights are
measured from the bottom of the root ball or planter, while exterior plant heights are rnrer sured from the top of the root ball . The reason is that interior plants are usuaik placed in a containeror raised planter, and tre total available height from floor to ceiling R fixed. Plant Spacing
Under certain conditions, the plants of arinterior landscaping design will grow. Thefore, any possible change in the plant s __ must be considered by the designer. If t-,e lighting intensity is at or below the recor-mended level, there will be little or no plangrowth and the plant size and relationships will change little over time . If the lightrnç intensity is well above the required leve there will be plant growth, with differe^plant species growing at different rates. Unlike outdoor plants, indoor tropicai plants seldom grow outward ; most of their growth occurs upward . The main exception_ are the Ficus family, the schefflera, and try Philodendron Sellourn, which will spreac somewhat outward . If a full plant design desired, the required number of plarts should be placed close together at the time of installation since future growth will seFdom fill in the bare spots. Even if the light intensity is high enougr before the plant can grow significantly, root system must be able to expand . Thus the best way to ensure that the size relationships of the plants do not change is to keep them in their original growing containers and not to replant them into a growing medium . If they are kept in the origina containers, they will become pot-bound anc future growth will be automatically limited . Plant material is sold on the basis of heigh'. or growing-container size, and one must be familiar with the particular species to knoA what the spread will be . For each plant species considered here, Fig. 1 lists the height range for each plant in each standare growing-container size and gives a recommended minimum center-to-center plant spacing. This recommended spacing is based on experience with the plant's branching habits and growth patterns and will give a full plant design . If an open or a less fu design is called for, the spacing should be increased. When the plants are to be displayed in individual planters or decorative containers, each plant, still in its growing can, is placed directly into the planter or container, on top of a layer of drainage material of the appropriate depth However, many standard planters have lips that reduce the interior diameter to less than the overall diameter. This inner diameter should be larger than the growing cans diameter so that the plant can be placed directly into it without being repotted and risking the attendant danger of root damage To emphasize this requirement, Fig. 2 gives the standard planter diameter needed for each standard size of growing container. The size of the lip changes when a nonstandard type is used . If space is limited, this measurement should be carefully checked.
Specialties PLANTSCAPING Plant Height, Spacing, and Diameter
Specialties PLANTSCAPING Plant Height, Spacing, and Diameter
Specialties PLANTSCAPING Plant Height, Spacing, and Diameter
Fig . 2 Planter selection . These recommendations are based on the fact that most standard planters have either a 1-inch lip or no lip at all . Because the growing cans sometimes have ridges or have become deformed, it is always best to allow for a little extra leeway, even for planters with no lip . Some manufacturers, however, put 2-inch lips on their planters, a possiblity that should be checked . If the planter is an automatic watering type, the inside and outside diameters will be quite different, depending on the manufacturer.
Specialties PLANTSCAPING Design Guidelines Writing Specifications
The interior landscaping business is very competitive, and a common practice is for the architect or designer to send out the landscaping specifications for bids . Unless the specifications for the job are well-written, however, there are many ways for the contractor to cut corners and still be within the specifications . Consequently, the final installation may not be what the designer had in mind . The lowest bid is not necessarily the best bargain, unless the specifications are very tightly written or unless the architect is dealing with a well-established landscape contractor with a reputation for high-quality work . The following are some suggested guidelines to use in writing specifications . If they are observed, the bids received will accurately reflect the design requirements of the job. 1 . Specify the plant heights within a 6-inch bracket. For example, designate 5 to 5'/z feet or 5'/2 to 6 feet . If the specification were simply '5 to 6 feet;' the supplier could use all 5-foot plants, which are considerably less expensive than 6-foot plants . 2. For corn plants, dwarf dragon trees, and the like, specify the number of canes and approximate number of foliage heads, as well as the height . The difference in cost between a two-cane and a three-cane corn plant of the same height is not minor. 3. For reed palms, bamboo palms, and the like, specify the number of stems desired, five to six being medium full . 4. For the green dracaena and whitestriped dracaena, list the number of main foliage stems desired. They range from one to three stems. 5. For ficus trees, it should be specified whether the bush style or standard tree style is desired . In the bush style, the plant has multiple stems (ranging from two to five in number) branching out from the base of the plants . The standard tree or 'lollipop' style has one main 5- to 6-foot stem with a sheared, ball-shaped foliage head . 6. Small plants should be specified as to single plants or combinations or several plants . Examples are dumb cane, Chinese evergreen, and white flag . 7. If ivy trailers are desired, their length should be specified. The trailers take up to eight months to grow, depending on the length, so the designer must plan for these up to a year before installation . Examples are grape ivy, swedish ivy, golden pothos, common philodendron, and wax plant. 8. Specifications should call for plant cleaning and spraying before installation . 9. Perlite should be specified as the drainage material for both planters and decorative containers . Styrofoam, which is much cheaper, is often used but has little long-term value. 10 . The amount of ingredients in large planters (soil mixture, drainage material, soil separator) should be specified, as should the composition of each of the ingredients . 11 . If bark chips, moss cover, or other soil coverings are desired, they should be specified . 12 . Special attention should be given to the description of specimen plants, including the number of heads, stems, or canes, and any unusual stem structure that is desired . If 10
canes with character (such as angle and peculiarity of growth), tufts of foliage at various heights, or other unusual features are wanted, they should be specifically mentioned. 13 . If the landscape contractor will not maintain the plants after installation, provision should be made for a training program for the maintenance crew. Also, the contractor should provide for two weeks' initial maintenance of the plants and replacement of any that fall below specifications during the period . 14 . If the landscape contractor is to maintain the plants after the installation (usually the best all-around solution), such an agreement should be reached before the plants are installed and a maintenance contract should be signed . This contract should include a provision for the replacement of any plant that falls below specifications because of faulty maintenance. This stipulation gives the contractor incentive for professional-quality maintenance. 15 . If a large garden is planned and the landscape contractor is given design responsibility for it, the contractor should provide a floor plan of the garden for the designer's approval, before the installation . 16 . If the architect or designer provides the landscape contractor with a detailed planting floor plan and the contractor finds it impossible to meet all the specifications (because of unavailability of certain species, etc.), the contractor and the designer or architect should agree in writing on any changes.
USE OF INTERIOR PLANTS AND PROCEDURES The general rule of interior planting design is to vary the plant heights, shapes, and textures to give the desired design feeling consistent with the available light level and planting space. The best wayto learn to apply this rule to specific situations is to study successful designs. Interior planting designs have usually been found to fall into one of two categories : (1) interior gardens, both large and small, such as those seen in residential and hotel lobbies, corporate headquarters reception areas, and enclosed shopping mall public spaces, and (2) open plan or specimen design, like office landscaping designs and designs that use individual plants as living sculptures . In both categories of design, the main requirements to be considered are the available light intensity, the scale of the design, and the client's wishes and budget . After these basic requirements are determined, however, the design considerations are somewhat different for the two types of design . Interior Gardens
Interior gardens are planting areas, sometimes contained in built-in planters, that have a variety of plants and that convey their design feeling through plant arrangements rather than through individual plant specimens . Small gardens generally contain only a single grouping of plants, act as a single design element, and have uniform lighting
and watering requirements throug ',aut Large gardens have a variety of plant g--uw ings and varying design feelings among 71m groupings, and they can encompass areas ar different lighting and watering requirerr Since any garden conveys its effects throip the juxtaposition of different plants, a aril dominant plant cannot be considered a gw den from the design point of view, even 4 r. a in a built-in planter with ground-cover p,arrs. In designing any built-in planter, erKxrgr planter depth must be provided to alloA re root ball or the planting can to be cove with soil and to rest on 4 to 8 inches mir drainage material . Since soil and gravel am expensive, it is best not to overdesigr -it planter, by making it larger than necessary and not to buy too much soil to fill in between the plants . (For example, a depth of 11/2 tc Z feet is usually enough for most small gal dens.) Figure 1 lists the size of the growr^rr can for different sizes of plants of ea: species. The depth of the largest grown, can, plus the depth of the drainage maters, yields the minimum planter depth for re garden . The volume of the planter minus t,* total volume of all the growing cans indicates the amount of additional soil and drainage material to be provided . If the planter is already in place, its dep,~^ may limit the size of the plants that may be used . Since soil must reach to the top of the root ball or can, the only way to utilize too shallow a planter is to put the large plant r j the center and to build up from the edge inward . The planter must be wide enough '.c slant the soil gradually so that the slope is not too great . Small gardens While a garden may be large enough to have only a single design functior that function can be quite varied, provided that the lighting intensity is appropriate . It car serve as a small glen or a space separator, of it can be simply a large decorative planter The garden can be airy and open or it can be dense and closed . Planter depth of 1'/2 to 2 feet is usually sufficient . Also, some small gardens can be designed to be changed with the seasons. Often, flowering plants, such as chrysanthemums or azaleas, are used, butthe plants must then be replaced every two weeks. If the seasonal or flowering plant changes are desired, the plants should be left in their containers so that they may be easily moved. Some care should be given to the planter design so that the growing cans are not obvious and do not detract from the arrangement. Creative additions of volcanic rocks, small ponds, or fountains can be quite attractive and set off and enhance the plants . However, with the usually limited space in the small garden, these additions can produce a crowded or overdone appearance . Overcrowding will give a jungle effect that is rarely desired . Just as in other design fields, good proportion and good sense will create a pleasing design that is neither overlooked or overbearing . Large gardens Large gardens are simply larger versions of small gardens, but their very size opens up more design possibilities, since they may be subdivided into related sections . The shape, height, and texture of the planters may be varied from section to
Specialties PLANTSCAPING Plant Use and Procedures section . The plants may be chosen to reflect .arying design moods and functions . The ighting and watering requirements may dif=er between sections . In fact, variety is often -ecessary for good large-garden design, s,nce a large mass of similar plants or plant groupings will create the impression of a -monotonous forest or field . Because large indoor gardens usually are ^ areas of high ceilings, the light level must oe very carefully considered . Just the presence of windows or skylights does not guar3ntee enough light . In addition, if the light sources are distant from the plants, the taller olants may effectively block some of the light 'rpm reaching the lower plants and foliage . When large areas are to be planted, there s a tendency to use rocks, pools, gravel, or =ountains to cut down the plant costs and simplify the maintenance . Care is essential +vhen using these elements to prevent the plant arrangement from looking bare and sterile . Large gardens are most commonly used in shopping malls . The skilled designer will take this illumination into account, as well as design the garden to enhance the shopper's view of the stores . The designer will always remember that arge gardens achieve their effectiveness by ooth the proper variation of plant groupings and the proper variation of plants within the groupings . Procedures for planting gardens As pointed out earlier, a successful garden needs proper planting, since improper procedures can inflict severe damage . Correct planting involves not only correct technique and design but also correct organization . The techniques of proper drainage, spacing, and handling will ensure that the plants remain healthy once they are installed . Experienced supervision of the installation staff will be important in this regard, since a large installation of expensive plants is no place for the on-the-job training of the supervisor Proper planning and organization will ensure that the plants remain healthy between unloading and planting . If the plants are left on an unheated loading dock or stored in an unlighted or unheated room until they are installed, irreversible damage may occur. Drainage Overwatering of plants leads to root rot and is often more harmful than underwatering . To minimize this danger, the planter or container should be installed with proper drainage . The simplest technique is to provide a porous reservoir below the planting soil ; any excess water will then drain into it from the root ball and be slowly fed back to the soil as the soil dries out . To prepare the planter or decorative container, the drainage material is poured into the bottom and leveled . The plant growing can is placed on top of the drainage layer and surrounded with more of the drainage material . For the smaller plants (in pots 6 inches or less in diameter), a 1-inch depth of drainage material is usually enough . For the larger plants, a layer of 3 to 4 inches is suggested . For very large gardens, about one-third of the planter depth should be the drainage layer, provided it leaves enough room for the root ball or planting can . The drainage material can be perlite (a readily available synthetic material) alone or
mixed with small pebbles or gravel . The perlite is suggested since it is porous enough to feed back the excess water to the soil as the soil dries out . If only gravel or pebbles are used, the excess water will sit and stagnate in the reservoir and will not be fed back to the plants . Even with the proper drainage layer, overwatering is possible if so much excess water is used that it fills up the reservoir. The water level in a small container can be determined by tapping the container at various intervals and listening for the change in sound . In large planted areas, it is wise to provide for 'dipstick' readings of the water level . To take such a reading, rigid hollow plastic tubes, with a cloth over their lower ends, are 'planted' at intervals along with the plants . The hollow tubes reach from the top of the container to just above the drainage layer and the cloth on the bottom prevents soil or drainage material from entering the tube . A dipstick is lowered into the tube until it touches the cloth . If the stick, upon removal, shows more than Yz inch of water, there is too much water in the bottom of the planter. If gravel is used as part of the drainage material, it should be 3/s inch to Yz inch in diameter. Under no circumstances should limestone be used, since it is alkaline and will raise the pH of the water to a level that is too high for most tropical plants . Soil separator If the plants are removed from their growing cans and replanted in growing soil, it is usually best to use a soil separator between the drainage layer and the planting soil . The separator is a semiporous sheet, often composed of fiberglass wool, which serves to keep the soil from falling into the drainage material . If the separator is not used, soil will clog the drainage material . Fiberglass wool of building material grade should not be used, as it contains chemicals that will damage the plant (Fig . 3).
r
i~r,r001e
TOPSOIL
SOIL SEPARATOR
Fig . 3
Soil separation .
Planting medium Because the root systems of tropical plants are much finer than those of outdoor plants, pure topsoil is too heavy and too easily compacted to be used as a planting medium . It will constrict the plant roots and will retain too much water. For the common tropical plants discussed here, we recommend the use of the foliage plant mix developed by Cornell University. Because it is easiest to calculate the quantity of needed soil in terms of the volume of the planter to be filled, the formula given here is
for 1 cubic yard of soil . For conversion purposes, 1 cubic yard equals 21 .7 bushels, 765 liters, or 27 cubic feet . Sphagnum peat moss : /1 2 cu yd =383 lit Vermiculite #2 : Y4 cu yd =191 lit Perlite, medium fine : 114 cu yd =191 lit Ground limestone, dolomitic : 0 .85 gal =13,5 cup = 3 .2 lit Superphosphate 20 percent solution : 0 .21 gal =3 .4cup=0 .79 lit 10-10-10 fertilizer : 0 .32 gal = 5 .1 cup= 1 .2 lit Iron sulphate : 0 .11 gal =1 .7 cup= 0 .41 lit Potassium nitrate : 0 .11 gal=1 .7 cup= 0 .41 lit While this Cornell foliage plant mix gives the best all-around results, a simpler mix that gives good results in most cases is as follows : 'h by volume sterilized commercial mix of peat moss and vermiculite '/3 by volume sterilized topsoil '/3 by volume perlite This mix is particularly effective for container planting . If it is to be used in a larger garden planting, such as a shopping mall garden, more perlite should be added for improved drainage . The peat and topsoil mix is considerably heavier than the Cornell mix and both are heavier wet than dry. If the garden is not situated at grade level, this weight can be an important consideration . Figure 4 gives guidelines to be used in estimating the weight of the planting medium . Planting organization The basic ingredients for a large planting installation are drainage material, planting medium, soil separator, plant material, material-handling equipment, light, water, and labor Organization of all these ingredients is important since every one must be ready and available for a successful installation . Arrangements for all these factors should be made ahead of time, and they should be ready and waiting when the plants are delivered . The amount of interior volume in the planters and containers determines the amount of needed drainage material, soil separator, and planting medium . If detailed blueprints are not available, actually measuring the planters is generally a good way to obtain this volume . The relationship between planting medium, drainage material, and soil separator can be determined using the guidelines of the previous subsection . If the plants are to be left in their cans (as generally recommendedl, the space between the plants is filled with drainage material . If they are removed from their cans, the space between plants is filled with planting medium . In either case, the amount of volume displaced by the plants is simply the sum of the volume contained in the growing cans . Information for each standard size of growing container is given in Fig . 5 . The installation should not be starred unless all lights and water connections are operating, as the plants will need both light and water during the installation - especially the light . If the plants are delivered dry, they should be watered in their cans unless they are to be planted at once and watered immediately after planting . If the plants are removed from their cans and placed into dry planting medium, they and the planting medium should be thoroughly watered immedi-
Specialties PLANTSCAPING
Plant Use and Procedures
ately afterward . Fewer design mistakes will be made if the plants are installed one section at a time, under the direction of a supervisor familiar with the design of the section. If the installation is in an office building, it may be necessary to arrange for a workroom and a freight elevator with access both to the loading dock and the workroom . Depending on the exact arrangements, a crew of four to six workers per supervisor is generally optimum. It is recommended that each section be planted in the following order First, leftover building material and other debris are removed from the planting areas. Second, drainage material is added to the proper depth and leveled. Third, the plants, either in or out of their growing containers, are placed on top of the drainage material and the soil separator if present, and arranged according to the design . The spaces between the plants are then filled in with drainage material or planting medium, depending on whether the plants are in or out of their growing containers . If planting medium is used, it should be lightly compacted to prevent its settling later (If the light intensity is below specifications and periodic replacement of the plants is expected, the plants should be left in their cans .) After the spaces between the large plants have been filled in, the groundcover, if any, is planted . The use of decorative bark or marble chips on top of the soil is not recommended as they easily mix with the soil and are hard to remove if the plants are replaced . After all the spaces have been filled, the plants should be thoroughly watered and the maintenance schedule begun. If dry planting medium is used, it should be watered thoroughly several times during the first week to ensure that it is completely wet. Removing plants from cans or burlap A healthy root system is necessary for the maintenance of a healthy plant. It is the new, very fine, feathery roots that are the most important and also the most easily damaged . This damage is very likely if the soil between the fine roots is dislodged in the course of repotting. Whether the tropical plants are delivered in growing cans or with their roots wrapped in burlap, the root system must be handled with care . The best procedure for removing a plant from its container is to lean the pot on its side, tap on the container sides and bottom, and carefully slide out the plant. In large container-grown plants (in 17-inch or larger cans), the root system may be held very tightly in the can. In this case, a can cutter, which works on either metal or rubber cans, may be the most gentle way of removing the can . Once the can is removed, the root ball of soil and roots should be scored by making 1/4-inch-deep vertical cuts at 3-inch intervals around the root ball from top to bottom . If the can removal and ball scoring are done near the planting site, the exposed root system is subjected to minimum handling . Very large plants and trees are frequently field-grown rather than container-grown . The root balls of such plants will come wrapped in burlap . When planting them, only the upper half of the burlap should be removed. The lower portion will disintegrate in the soil after the plant is installed.
Rock formations and decorative pools
Natural elements, such as rock formations, decorative pools, water fountains, and waterfalls, can add an artistic touch and turn an unimaginative large planting arrangement into a full garden . Unfortunately the overuse of such design elements is tempting, since they are usually inexpensive compared with the cost of filling the same area with plants . Provided they are not overused, they can serve as natural sculpture or as the answer for areas with too little light to support plants orwhere conditions limit the variety of plants that can be used . In rock formations, volcanic rock is the most commonly used type because it is much lighter than ordinary rock . This weight factor can be of considerable importance when the weight of the garden must be limited . This type of rock is also easy to shape with a hammer and chisel . Although a large decorative pool or fountain must be custom-designed, there are small fiberglass pools that can be purchased in a variety of sizes and are available in kidney, free-form, or rectangular shapes . They are usually no longer than 6 feet, but they are of a standard 16-inch depth, which is deep enough to accommodate any water plants, recirculating pump, and a filter tray with mat
and gravel . Their high-capacity, low-pressure pumps are usually adequate for small four tains and waterfalls . If decorative pools are used, some thought might be given to using water plants in them . These plants are very attractive and can be easily grown indoors. As with all plants, different species have different growing and flowering habits A reputable dealer should be consulted for information . The use of fish in pools should be carefully studied in light of the plant maintenance requirements . Fertilizer, plant chemicals, and limestone runoff from the planting area may enter the circulating watersystem and kill the fish . Fish can be an attractive design element, but their maintenance requirements must be considered along with the maintenance requirements of the plants . Open Plan and Specimen Design
Modern offices are sometimes sterile places in which to work . The introduction of live plants into such an environment is one way of making the space seem less austere and more comfortable without disrupting the integrity of the original design . For windowless offices, plants provide an attractive natural setting appreciated by the occupants. For offices and other windowed areas, the
Specialties PLANTSCAPING Plant Containers ,ants provide a transition which makes doors and outdoors seem to flow together In all locations, however, the light intensity must be at the proper level before the plants are introduced . The intensity cannot be taken 'or granted, since artificial lighting designed 'or office vision is seldom enough for any but the lowest-light plant species. Even a large window will not provide enough light if it has an overhang or a northern exposure . If the ight intensity cannot be directly measured or calculated from detailed ceiling plans, one must assume the worst and use only lowght material . There is sometimes a tendency to use plants to fill in otherwise forgotten spots, such as corners, stairwells, and hallways . Such areas are often poorly lit and no plant will survive there unless additional lighting is installed. In large areas with barely enough light, the usual design problem is how to arrange the limited number of low-light species so that different areas stand out from one another. Design interest can be accomplished by using different types of foliage (for example, fragmented and solid) in the different areas, varying the plant sizes among the areas or using specimen plants selectively. Specimen plants usually have fuller foliage or an unusual stem structure and hence appear to be different from other plants of that species. The true specimen plants are more expensive than ordinary plants of the same species, but can solve many a design problem. However, a plant with fuller foliage than most will also require more light than most to maintain the foliage . If the office has floor-to-ceiling walls, the best design procedure is to select specimen plants that act as living sculptures . Since these plants are used for visual emphasis, the plant height and container size should conform to the scale of the rest of the interior design . The plant texture and container finish should blend with each other and with the wall and floor treatments . The particular plant specimen chosen should have an inherently interesting shape and texture If the office area is very large or is designed along an 'office landscaping' plan with movable partitions, the plants can become an integral part of the design . They can be used with the partitions as space dividers and are excellent for indicating the importance of the space. They also may be effective in relating widely separated areas with one another. They break the monotony of the partitions with both color and texture They act as sound absorbers . Also, specimen plants can be used in the office landscaping scheme for visual emphasis .
Planting into individual planters Individual decorative containers are used for individual plants or small plant groupings . The plants are left in theirgrowing containersand placed directly into the decorative planter on top of 4 to 6 inches of perlite as the drainage material . The decorative planter or container must be tall enough to accommodate the growing can and the perlite, and wide enough to accommodate the width of the growing can. The space between the growing can and the inner wall of the planter can be filled with additional perlite. (See Fig. 2 for size-selection guidance .) As a decorative finishing, bark chips or sheet moss may be placed on the surface of the soil in the growing can . This decorative cover can be easily removed if the plant is replaced and it does not mix with the soil, as sometimes happens in large gardens. Removing the plant from the growing can and repotting it directly into the planter is not generally recommended . Replacing the plant, if necessary, is a messy job unless drainage material and soil separator are added to the bottom of the container. Also, once removed from its growing container, the plant may take up to four weeks to adjust fully to its new environment . CONTAINERS Decorative Containers: Different Types A plant container should be more than decorative . Its proper selection is the firstelement of proper maintenance, since the container must provide the plant roots with sufficient growing room and with adequate drainage . All small to medium-size plants are received from the grower in growing containers, usually metal cans or rubber tubs . Large plants are either in large growing containers or their root balls are wrapped in burlap . As a rule, these growing cans provide the proper volume of soil for the size of the plant and have a hole in the bottom for drainage . There is seldom any need to remove the plant from its growing container, especially since rough handling of the root system can shock the plant. Only the smaller plants, such as ivy, can be repotted without much disturbance of the root system . If it is absolutely necessary to repot a larger plant, it should be done carefully as outlined earlier, and it should be always into a larger volume of soil, never into a smaller volume . The decorative container should be chosen so that its inside dimensions are large enough that the plant-growing container can be dropped directly into it . In addition, it
should be deep enough for the growing container to rest on at least 2 inches of perlite or other drainage material, and leave about 1 inch between the top of the growing can and the top of the decorative container Some care must be taken in the choice since the interior dimensions of the decorative container are often not uniformly related to the exterior dimensions . For example, some fiberglass containers have a large lip which limits the size of the growing can that can be dropped directly into them . Also some containers have a large false bottom, which makes the interior depth much less than the outside height . With these simple size-selection rules in mind, the proper decorative container can be selected using Fig. 6 as a guide. This figure lists the decorative pros and cons of the most common types of containers . Excess Water in Container Overwatering of plants is more harmful than underwatering. This problem is most likely to occur when the plants are in individual decorative containers that do not allow the excess water to flow off. To minimize this danger, we have recommended that a plant in a decorative container be double-potted . In the bottom of the decorative container, below the plant growing can, there should be at least 2 inches of perlite or other drainage material to act as a reservoir for excess water Nevertheless, if the plant is continually overwatered, this reservoir will fill up and lead to root rot because the roots are in a pool of water If the plant soil is continually wet to the touch, excess water may be the problem. The water level in the container may be determined by tapping the sides of the container If the water level indicates excess water, the container is tilted on its side, the plant gently pulled from the container, and the excess water drained from the perlite. If the perlite is completely saturated orappears old, it must be discarded and replaced with new drainage material . If the plant has been sitting in a pool of water for some time, the root ball should be allowed to dry before repotting . If a very large container or garden has been overwatered and there is no way to drain out the excess water, not really much can be done short of using a small electric pump . One must simply avoid watering the plant or garden at all until the soil has begun to dry out and feels dry to the touch.
Specialties PLANTSCAPING Plant Containers
Automatic Watering Devices In areas where regular maintenance would be difficult, the use of automatic watering devices can be of considerable help. Even when they are used, however, the plant must be checked periodically to see that the device is working properly, that its water reservoir is full, and that no other maintenance problems have developed . Automatic watering devices are either external to the container or are built into the planter. The external devices tend to work well only with small plants, and also, they are likely to detract from the design . For these reasons, the built-in type of device is preferred . The planters with this type come in both cylindrical and rectangular shapes and in several colors . The planter has a hollow space within its double-wall sides which serves to hold a three- to four-week water supply, feeding the water to the plant soil by a wick mechanism, sensor, or capillary action . Most types have a float to indicate the amount of water remaining in the reservoir. Since the soil must be in contact with the wick or capillary tubes for the device to work, the plant must be removed from its original growing can and repotted directly in the planter. As the soil never dries out, the plant must be watched for symptoms of overwatering . Because different plants use water at different rates under different humidity and temperature conditions, a timetable should be kept for each container so the maintenance staff will know when to refill each reservoir. The use of automatic watering devices will not eliminate maintenance personnel, but it will reduce the number of workers needed . One person can handle many more plants, devoting more time to cleaning and trimming, since the reservoir has to be refilled only every month or so . Occasionally, however, one will find a client who will resist the use of the automatic devices because he or she likes the assurance of seeing a person with a watering can once a week . The use of the automatic watering devices is expected to increase in the future as more architects and designers become aware of them and convince their clients of their usefulness, and as the manufacturers produce more colors and styles and improve the efficiency of the devices .
Specialties PLANTSCAPING Water Requirements
Specialties PLANTSCAPING Typical Plants
(False) Aralia A plant of grace and elegance with narrow, ribbonlike, notched leaves of dark green, usually born on slender, single stems. The aralia is attractive if two or three plants are planted together in one pot. It grows very quickly, so prune the stem tips from time to time to prevent the foliage from thinning at the bottom . Temperature The aralia is tolerant of warm temperatures if there is plenty of humidity. Light/sun The plant likes a semisunny to semishady window ; an east or west window is ideal.
Water/humidity Keep the soil damp but not soggy. The false aralia likes a humid atmosphere . Place your plant on a pebble tray anC mist the foliage daily.
Soil
The soil should be equal parts loasand, and peat moss . Special care You can rejuvenate legç . plants by drastically cutting the stems back four to six inches from the pot. Do this in the spring and leave the plant in a shelterec location, being sure to fertilize and water frequently.
African Violet The African violet, a longtime favorite houseplant, does insist on more care and attention, but its beautiful blossoms make the effort worthwhile . Temperature African violets are more contented and grow best within a temperature range of 65 to 80 degrees. Be careful that your plants are not in an open window or a draft. LighVsun The African violet enjoys a place in an east or west window. Direct sun is too strong, unless filtered through a curtain . Excess sun will cause spotting and loss of color, and too little light causes elongated stems and no blooms .
Water/humidity African violets should be watered from the saucer underneath in the morning with lukewarm water. Water when the soil begins to dry out. Do not keep it soggy. If the air is dry in your home, place the potted plant in a tray of moistened pebbles . Soil The soil should be porous for good drainage and should contain ample organic matter such as compost or peat moss . Commercial African violet soil mixture is specially prepared for these plants ; however, add sand or perlite to ensure adequate drainage . A plastic pot is less likely to cause the lower leaves to rot where they touch the pot.
Asparagus Fern - Emerald Feather
P
The bright feathery green of this delightful plant is best displayed in a hanging container. The long branches drape gracefully and are studded with tiny white flowers that ripen into red-orange berries . Temperature Asparagus fern is not fussy about temperatures, but prefers a range of 60 to 68 degrees. Light/sun The bright filtered sun of an east or west window is a good location for this plant.
Water/humidity Soak the soil in the pot thoroughly and allow it to become dry to the touch before rewatering . Soil A well-drained potting soil or a mixture of equal parts of loam, peat moss, and sand or perlite . How to start new plants Allow the berries to ripen and when dry sow the seeds they contain. Asparagus fern can usually be grown from seed quite well .
Specialties
PLANTSCAPING
Typical Plants
Avocado
The avocado comes easily from seed and is grown for its ornamental foliage . It makes a nice tree for your indoor garden . Allow the plant to reach the desired height and then begin regular pinching to force branching and encourage bushy growth . Temperature Temperatures between 60 and 70 degrees suit the avocado well . Light/sun Keep your avocado in bright light but protected from direct sun . Avocados are easily sunburned, especially when they are first moved outside.
Water/humidity Use tepid water and keep the soil moist. Place the plant on a pebble tray to raise the humidity level around it . This plant likes a fair amount of humidity and benefits from regular misting . Any signs of browning or crispness at the tips and along the edges of the leaves means the plant needs more humidity. Soil Use a mixture consisting of equal parts of sand, loam, and peat moss .
Boston Fern
Exaltant is a good adjective for this family of ferns that can fill a corner with rich green foliage . These ferns are excellent for hanging baskets Initially the ferns may need a lot of attention until the right combination of environmental factors is achieved, but the effort is well worth it . The leaflets grow on a midrib that is covered with fine brown hairs and vary from smooth-edged to feathery and even ruffled . A mature fern can have fronds ranging in length from two to three feet and two to three inches across . Temperature With lots and lots of humidity, ferns will do well in house temperatures in the 60 to 70 degree range. Light/sun Ferns need a location with good bright light, but this means filtered sunlight . Avoid direct sunlight. Water/humidity It is essential that the roots of the ferns never dry out at any time . Soak
the soil regularly. Clay pots and hanging baskets can be soaked in a bucket or the sink for half an hour and then drained. The soil should be checked daily to make sure that it is not drying out. Humidity is the most important ingredient to successful fern growing . Place pots of ferns on a pebble tray. Mist the foliage daily with room temperature water. Soil Ferns need a soil that is loose and easily penetrated by their dense root system . The soil mixture should be rich in peat moss and organic matter with a liberal amount of sand for drainage . A sprinkling of charcoal mixed in the soil helps to keep the soil from becoming sour from the frequent waterings . When potting ferns, place a layer of bits of broken pots or gravel in the bottom of the pot. Ferns do not take kindly to having their roots tampered with, so be careful not to damage them when repotting .
Chinese Evergreen This beautiful foliage plant has waxy dark green leaves . The leaves grow on a canelike stem and are oblong, tapering to a thin tip. Some of the varieties are variegated with splashes of creamy white or yellow. Under optimal conditions, it will produce a flower spike surrounded by a white spathe . The flower is similar to a calla lilly The great thing about this plant is that it will adapt to a variety of environments which makes it a good plant for a beginner or a difficult location . Temperature A range of 60 to 70 degrees suits this plant well . Light/sun A shady spot, an artificial light, or any other location will suit this plant. The Chinese evergreen is an excellent plant for a north window.
Water/humidity Keep the soil moist but not soggy. To avoid waterlogged soil, allow the surface soil to become dry to the touch before rewatering . The Chinese evergreen can be grown in water. The roots are attractive sea clear glass container shows them off to best advantage. It is important to wash the leaves regularly to keep them dust free . Soil The soil should be equal parts of garden loam, peat moss, and sand .
Specialties
PLANTSCAPING Typical Plants
Dracaenas
There are several varieties of dracaenas which vary in foliage color, variegation, and size . Here are three that are commonly available . Dracaena deremensis 'Warneckei' : is a good choice for a location without much light. The gray green foliage is striped with white and gray. Dracaena marginata: has clusters of narrow deep green leaves edged with red and gray stems strongly marked with leaf scars. This variety wil I reach a height of five or six feet. Dracaena sanderiana : resembles a corn plant in the brightness of the green and the size and shape of the leaves with the dif ference that the leaves are striped with white. Temperature Moderate household temperatures in the 60 to 70 degree range suit
Dumb Cane
The cool-looking foliage of this plant is yellow-green, mottled with white. The leaves are pointed ovals that become quite large as the plant matures . The dieffenbachia is known as the 'mother-in-law' plant or the dumb cane because when a piece of the stem is placed on the tongue it causes temporary numbness and loss of speech . All joking aside, this plant is poisonous. Temperature The dieffenbachia prefers warm temperatures and will tolerate hot dry places with added humidity.
Gardenia
The gardenia is a handsome foliage plant with intensely fragrant blooms, but it has an extremely temperamental nature . It is a challenging plant to grow successfully indoors. The most frequently available varieties are Gardenia radicans floraplena, a low spreading plant with small double flowers, and Gardenia florida, which blooms in summer. Temperature The temperature must be kept above 65 degrees to maintain healthy foliage and flower buds . These plants hate drafts . Loss of flower buds is often due to sudden changes in temperature . Light/sun The gardenia needs lots of light, but avoid strong sun that might burn the leaves .
these plants best . It is important to keel plants away from heating vents. Light/sun The marginata and sandenana should get only filtered sun or bright Igrz The Warneckei will fare well in a spot very little light; it will flourish when more err is available . Water/humidity These plants all like soil the is kept evenly moist but not soggy Soak tr* soil in the pot thoroughly and then rewater when the soil surface feels dry to the tout . Humidity is a must . Brown crispy leaf tips an: margins mean too little moisture in the a, r r is a good idea to place the dracaenas r pebble trays and mist the foliage daily. Sail Commercial potting soil is adequate but added drainage material such as sand x perlite is advisable .
Light/sun This plant does well in an east c~ west window where it can bask in the sun fc a few hours. Water/humidity The soil should be allowe-to dry out for a few days before rewaterinç The plants indicate a need for water whe^ the leaves show signs of dropping . Regulw misting keeps the foliage dust-free and luxuriant . A porous soil of equal parts loam, peat moss, and sand is fine .
Soil
Water/humidity The soil must be kept constantly moist without becoming soggy. Submerge the pot in a bucket of lukewarm water and allow it to soak for half an hour or until the soil is moist on the surface. Do not allow the pot to sit in water as that will cause the roots to rot. Gardenias need very high humidity at all times. Place the pot in a tray of moistened pebbles . Mist the foliage daily with tepid water. Leaf or bud drops indicate the air is too dry. Soil Potting soil should be a mixture of equal parts peat moss, loam and welldecayed manure with sand or perlite added for drainage .
Specialties PLANTSCAPING typical Plants
Grape Ivy Grape ivy is a climber or trailer The olive colored green leaves look a bit like those of holly without the stiffness or the sharp tips . The leaves form attractive groups of three and are accompanied by furry tendrils . Temperature The plant is fairly tolerant of a wide temperature range. Increase the amount of humidity as the temperature goes up.
Water/humidity Soak the pot and soil thoroughly and then allow the soil to become dry to the touch before rewatering . Mist frequently and wash the foliage regularly to remove dust and restore the luster of the leaves . Soil A potting soil that is rich in organic matter is the best . Be sure to add plenty of drainage material to the soil mixture.
Light/sun Grape ivy will do all right in low light and is often used in low light areas. But it flourishes with bright light orfiltered sunlight .
Jade Plant
The jade plant is a tough plant well-suited to the hot dry conditions so prevalent in office and apartment buildings. The rounded leaves are in pairs on the branched treelike stem . A plant that is six to eight years old will produce clusters of lacy-looking star-shaped flowers. Temperature Temperatures ranging from 65 to 75 degrees are fine . Lower and higher temperature will be tolerated . Light/sun The jade plant will require full sunlight with shade at midday if possible . A west or south window would be good locations . If you put the plant outside in the summer, place it in a lightly shaded spot .
Water/humidity The soil should remain dry for several days between waterings. The fleshy leaves soak up the soil waterand store it for future use. Too much water will cause stem and root rot and certain death. Soil The jade plant will do well in rich garden soil that has coarse sand or fine bits of broken pots added to it for drainage . Each year give the pot a top dressing of humus . A new pot will be necessary only after about three or four years .
Norfolk Island Pine
The delightful symmetry of this evergreen makes it a desirable house plant. The branches grow in tiers of six, each tier representing a year's growth . The bright green needles are soft and pleasant to touch.
Temperature The ideal temperature is between 50 and 60 degrees . High temperatures are tolerated when sufficient humidity is available . Light/sun The filtered sun of an east or west window is best . Yellowing of the needles might mean too much sun .
Water/humidity Provide the plant with a well-drained soil and pot. Water thoroughly and allow the soil surface to become dry before rewatering . Daily misting is necessary forthe warmer temperatures of most houses and offices . A pebble tray will help to add more moisture to the air around the plant. Soil Garden loam mixed with equal parts of sand and peat moss makes a suitable potting mixture. Repot the Norfolk Island pine only when it has become potbound (the pot is crammed with roots( . This would be about every two or three years.
Specialties
PLANTSCAPING Typical Plants
Parlor Palm The palm trees are not the easiest plants to grow. However, once you have discovered their basic needs they are a delightful addition to your indoor garden . This palm grows to about four feet tall . It is most attractive when two or three plants are grouped together in a pot. The long feathery fronds grow out of a single stem . Other varieties to try are C. seifrizii, C. erumpens, and C. costarincana . Temperature The best growing temperatures for palms range between 60 and 75 degrees.
Water/humidity During the active growing season, between March and October, the palm needs moist soil but it will not tolerate soggy soil . In the winter months, allow the soil to dry on the surface before rewatering . If the foliage shows signs of browning and drying on the tips, it needs more humidity. Misting regularly is recommended to keep the foliage healthy. Soil equal sand . three
The palm needs well-drained soil of parts rich garden loam, peat moss, and It will need repotting only every two or years. It prefers being a bit potbound .
Light/sun Palms are good plants for locations without much light . They do not like direct sun light.
Philodendron
By nature, the philodendron is a climbing plant, but it also trails . It looks best on a bracket beside the window frame, and for good effect must be kept strongly pinched back so that the plant is full of bushy young growth and does not deteriorate into two or three stringlike stems. Temperature Normal house or office temperatures are fine .
Water/humidity The plant should be kept evenly moist and never allowed to dry out. Be certain water does not remain in the saucer after watering . The foliage should be misted daily and the leaves cleaned of accumulated dust Sail Potting soil mixed with perlite, vermiculite, or sand and peat moss is recommended .
Light/sun The philodendron is quite hardy and robust and will grow almost anywhere . However, it will fare better in a well-lighted area .
Windowleat Philodendrom This philodendron has large heart-shaped leaves that are slashed irregularly. It is an enthusiastic climber and needs a piece of bark or totem for support. The aerial roots can be inserted in the soil or encouraged to attach to the totem. Keep the growing tips pinched back so that the plant doesn't get leggy. Temperature The windowleaf prefers temperatures between 65 and 70 degrees.
LighUsun Bright light is best for this plant. However, avoid putting the plant in a location where the plant would get direct sun . Water/humidity Soak the plant thoroughly and allow the soil surface to remain dry for a day or two before rewatering . Mist the foliage daily and wash the leaves weekly to remove dust . Soil A soil mixture of equal parts garden loam, peat moss, and sand is fine .
Specialties
PLANTSCAPING
Typical Plants
Purple Passion Plant-Velvet Plant
The strikingly rich royal purple coloring and ' velvety texture of the foliage and stems attract many growers. The green leaves and stems are covered with tiny purple hairs. The straggly growth habit is best kept in check by frequent prunning .
Water/humidity It is important that the velvet plant not dry out. Keep the soil evenly moist at all times. A humid atmosphere is important to keep the brilliant color. Mist the foliage frequently and place the pot in a tray of moistened pebbles to raise the humidity.
Temperature The purple passion plant likes temperatures in the 65 to 70 degree range.
Soil Use potting soil of equal parts garden loam, peat moss, and sand . This plant will also grow in water.
LighUsun the color.
Direct or partial sun will promote
Rubber Tree Plant This house plant with dark green glossy leaves can grow to be four feet high with a little care and not too much water. Temperature Due to its hardy nature, the plant does well in any normal household temperature . LighUsun The plant will do well in almost any light, but a well-lighted area is best for the rich green foliage characteristic of the rubber tree plant.
watering, so that moisture can penetrate the deepest roots . Clean the leaves every two weeks or so with a damp cloth . Do not artificially shine the leaves as this clogs the plant's pores and does not allow it to breathe! Soil Soil should be a well-drained mixture of equal parts of sand, peat moss, and garden loam . If pot is plastic or rubber, be sure to provide plenty of drainage material in the bottom of the pot.
Water/humidity Water only when the soil is completely dry all through the pot. You should set the entire pot in a bucket when
Wandering Jew
This is a particularly attractive hanging plant. It is hardy and easy to grow with only one special requirement, which is regular pinching to keep it full and bushy. There are several plants called Wandering Jew, distinguished from each other by their different colorings and markings . The illustration is a Zebrina pendula. The leaf is a pointed oval with a deep purple underside, and the upperside is dark green striped with pale silvery-green . Tradescantia flurninensis has small oval green leaves marked with white, silver and white, or yellow.
Temperature These plants prefer warm temperatures . LighUsun Bright indirect sunlight keeps the foliage brilliant . Avoid direct sunlight as they are susceptible to sunburn . Water/humidity Water generously, keeping the soil moist at all times. During the winter months it will not need quite as much water Soil This plant grows in a well-drained potting soil, or water.
Specialties
PLANTSCAPING Typicat Plants
Schefllera - Umbrella Tree
If you are looking for a tree for your indoor garden, a schefflera is a good choice . It has handsome deep green leaves that radiate out from a long slender stalk rather like the ribs of an umbrella . Temperature The umbrella tree does well in a room where the temperature ranges from 55 to 75 degrees. Light/sun The schefflera does not like direct sunlight . It grows best in good light from a shaded window.
Snake Plant
Seen in many homes and offices, this spikey banded plant will take almost any abuse.
Temperature Normal household temperatures are best, but do not allow the plant to become suddenly chilled! Light/sun The snake plant is a good low light plant but needs sun in order to bloom
Water/humidity When watering your schefflera, soak the pot thoroughly and then allow the soil to dry before rewatering . The plant likes a humid atmosphere and responds well to daily misting with warm water. This is essential if the plant is in a room with forced hot air heat . This plant needs a pebble tray.
Soil
The soil mixture for the umbrella tree should be equal parts of peat moss, garden soil, and sand . The pot should have a layer of gravel or bits of broken pots underneath the soil to ensure good drainage .
Water The plant likes the dryness of the home and should never be overwatered . The leaves should be cleaned with clear water every two weeks . Soil Garden loam, peat moss, and sand mixed together provides the best soil for the snake plant.
Spider Plant With its green and white foliage, the spider plant makes one of the best hanging plants . The graceful trailing runners have plantlets and white star-shaped flowers. There are allgreen varieties but the more commonly seen one has a green leaf striped with white . Temperature location .
The plant lives best in a warm
Light/sun This lovely plant does very well hanging in indirect sun or a moderately lighted area .
Water/humidity The spider plant should be allowed to dry out before rewatering . Drying leaf tips usually indicates lack of humidity. To tidy up the plant just snip these off.
Soil
The plant grows contentedly in a rich soil composed of garden loam, sand, and peat moss .
Specialties PLANTSCAPING Typical Plants ; Planting Detail
Zebra Plant The zebra plant is one of the showiest house plants one can grow. Its spike of waxy yellow flowers and deep shiny green leaves veined in white makes it a striking specimen . Temperature The zebra plant needs warm temperatures free from drafts . Light/sun The plant wants bright light but not direct sunlight .
Water/humidity It is important never to allow the soil to dry out. Set the pot in a pebble tray and mist the foliage daily. Soil The zebra plant likes loose soil consisting of one part garden loam, one part sand or perlite, and two parts peat moss .
Specialties PLANTSCAPING Planting Standards and Details
Specialties PLANTSCAPING
Plant Containers
Specialties PLANTSCAPING Plant Containers
Specialties
PLANTSCAPING Plant Containers
Fig . 8 Detail 1 : In this window planter, the plants are placed directly in the earth or growing medium filling the planter and continue to grow and blossom there . The entire planter is contained within a galvanized steel pan with drain . The 6-in-high perforated pipe allows for drainage of excess water overa long period of time before the entire planter has to be cleaned out and started anew. Detail 2 : This is a simple floor-level planter where the drainage can easily be connected to the building's drainage system . Here also, plants are installed and grow naturally until a complete planting change is required . Detail 3 : A room divider planter for the Ackermann residence, Southampton, New York, consists of a planter-bookcase combination . Here the plants remain in their clay pots and are inserted in the planter with orwithout gravel orsome other type of filler. The entire planter is pitched toward one end, where the drain empties into a small container which catches any extra water.
SpecidltieS
PLANTSCAPING Planters
Planter for a restaurant or store Fig . 9 Detail 1 : The plants remain in their own clay pots . The use of pea gravel at top and only 4 in of 3/4-in gravel at bottom permits easy changes of the plants . To take care of watering and drainage, the copper pan is simply sloped to one side and two screened drains are connected, trapped, and joined to a waste line . This takes care of any excess water, as it is eliminated by gravity drainage . Detail 2 : This planter is for areas where freezing does not occur, and the drainage of excess water can be taken care of by simply extending small pipes directly to the exterior. Detail 3 : In this planter the plants remain within the planter and excess water is carried off by a screened pipe at the bottom . Pea gravel is used as a 1-in topping so that odds and ends drooped into the planter can easily be removed . Detail 4 : A planter in a commercial lobby or entrance is shown in this detail . The plants are permanently installed and the tall drainage pipe takes care of any top applied water. The white sand at the top is to bring contrast to the colors of the plants .
Specialties PLANTSCAPING
Benches
Specialties PLANTSCAPING Benches
Specialties
SIGNAGE AND GRAPHICS Signage System Design Criteria
SIGNAGE SYSTEM DESIGN CRITERIA Initial consideration should be directed toward determining the basic parameters required in developing the sign system Each of them merits discussion here . Perlormance Requirements Signs usually must be designed to meet specific performance requirements . The good designer will determine how a system is to perform within given space relationships . The sign system may function entirely on its own merit, or it may be supplemented by staff personnel at major decision-making locations, such as the main lobby and reception areas . Sign devices may become decorative amenities to be featured within the environment, or they may be subtle and low-key elements of minor importance . Supergraphics may be considered in certain areas simply as an art form, or as a functional graphic device presented in large scale for emphasis of context . Certainly, a combination of the two is feasible . These are only several performance considerations that should be addressed prior to the development of the signage system . The designer must evaluate the needs of the client, the unique traffic flow requirements and mounting restrictions dictated by the structure, and the basic performance requirements desired of the signing devices to be utilized . Usage Considerations The general nature of the building complex often defines how signs are to be used . They may be given an appearance of being fixed and an integral part of the architecture by the appropriate selection of materials, colors, and mountings, or they may appear changeable and temporary should need so dictate . Some signage requires constant change to properly relate information to people or people to facility, while most sign devices are considered permanent fixtures within agiven space . The designer is responsible for determining how signs are to be used most effectively, and at the same time, for enhancing the environment . Durability Requirements Prior to the selection of materials for a signing system, durability requirements must be considered . The vast assortment of materials available for signs covers a wide spectrum of durability from soft plastics to metals . The sign copy and background material should be evaluated both individually and jointly when considering durability requirements . Vandalism Considerations
Signs located in controlled spaces are often free from destructive vandalism, however, in many instances vandalism becomes rampant and uncontrolled . There are no materials that may accurately be labeled 'vandalproof .' However, some materials are more
Helvetica Medium Clarendon Fin_ t
vandal-resistant than others . Where vandalism is of prime importance, only materials and graphic techniques engineered to resist destruction should be considered . Flexibility to Accommodate Changes and Additions Modern architectural structures are designed to accommodate inner spacial changes to meet tenant needs . Partition systems, prehung door units, room dividers, and modular furniture have ensured ease of change in officescapes . The sign system may also require alterations to preserve continuity. Changes and additions to a sign system should be considered by the designer prior to the selection of materials, graphic techniques, and mounting methods to be used . Readability Factors Sign readability is determined by the letter style selected, size of copy, interletter spacing, copy position relevant to background, colors, and angle of observance . Letter style Letter styles are classified as sanserif and serif. Sanserif letters, such as Helvetica, are more contemporary than serif letters, such as Clarendon (Fig . 1). Each letter style has its own unique personality and flavor. Printers carry alphabets in most letter styles, including lowercase letters as well as uppercase (Fig . 2). Test results indicate that messages starting with an initial uppercase letter and followed by lowercase characters are more recognizable than messages formed with uppercase characters only. Lowercase letters have more 'personality' because their shape is varied by ascenders and descenders, resulting in characteristic word forms that are much easierto recognize than all-uppercase word forms . Also, people are more accustomed to reading text in upper- and lowercase than in all uppercase . The proper selection of a particular alphabet should be carefully considered, not only from a legibility point of view, but also from a 'personality' standpoint . The letter style should make a concise and meaningful impression in the environment it serves . Readability Readability is directly related to the size of copy. Visibility studies indicate that 1-inch-high Helvetica Medium, for example, is readable from a distance of 40 feet . Using this as a measure for comparison, 1-inch-high Clarendon style would be readable from a somewhat lesser distance, approximately 25 feet . The distance visibility per 1-inch height may be used as a guideline to determine distance readability for larger letters ; that is, 2-inch-high Helvetica Medium will be readable at 80 feet, and 3-inch-high at 120 feet . This direct proportion may be helpful for determining copy (text) sizes for signs used in pedestrian situations . However, the direct proportion may not hold true for vehicular traffic applications where many other factors are involved . The designer must exercise
HELVETICA MEDIUM
CLARENDON Fin_ 2
caution after selecting the alphabet and copy size to make certain the lettering will fit properly on the sign background . The sign size should be determined using the longest line of copy and the maximum number of copy lines that may be required . Letters and line spacing Interletter spacing and interline spacing of copy greatly affect the overall readability of a sign. Message legibility and ease of recognition are increased when proper visual relationships are established between individual characters, words, and lines of copy. Copy with spacing too tight becomes very difficult to read ; copy with too open spacing tends to break the message down into fragments (Fig . 3) . Proper spacing depends largely on the distance from which the message is to be read . Messages to be read at close distances should employ tighter spacing than messages that will be read at greater distances . Spacing is also affected by the angle atwhich the message is to be viewed : Greater angles of observance require wider interletter spacing to prevent the characters of the message from appearing to run together. Copy position The position of copy on the sign background influences the overall readability. Signs on which copy occupies most of the background are not as readable as signs that have sufficient background material surrounding the copy to form a visual barrier separating the message from the environment (Fig . 4 and 5) . Emphasis should be placed on selecting an appropriate sign size to best accommodate the sign message. There are nine basic copy placement positions to be considered in determining the important relationship of copy to sign background . They are : upper left, upper centered, upper right, centered left, centered, centered right, lower left, lower centered, and lower right . Traditionally, the most popular placement selections have been the centered and upper left positions . Color Color of copy and sign background greatly affect readability. Strong contrasting colors are more readable than less dramatic color combinations . White copy on a black background offers the greatest contrast and readability Color also influencestheapparent relationship between the copy size and the background . For example, white copy on a black field appears larger than black copy on a white field, although letter height, size, and copy position remain the same in both examples (Fig . 6) . Colors in a signage system should also relate harmoniously with the pallet of colors selected for the building and its environment . The designer may choose to select colors that blend with the environment or vibrant primary colors that accent the sign system and perhaps contrast with the architectural color scheme .
Ardiitectual Signage Systems Architectural Signage Systems Fin . 3
Specialties SIGNAGE AND GRAPHICS Signage System Design Criteria
components, including sign requirements for specific applications, covers these functions. Exterior Signs Exterior sign system components are normallyviewed from vehicles or by pedestrians who have parked their vehicles and are walking toward their destination . Primary identification All architectural projects require some form of identification that is both easily readable and recognizable . A person's first association with a building is the identifying device selected to 'label' the structure . The importance of the first impression created by this device should be recognized. A sign that produces an image in keeping with the environment it serves reflects the quality of the people associated with that environment . Major corporations spend large sums of money on corporate identity programs to ensure the visual image presented to the public best reflects corporate philosophy and product desirability. Equal emphasis should be placed upon the image presented by the device employed to identify an architectural structure.
The viewing angle The angle of observance is influential in the design of a signage system, since it affects interletter spacing and overall readability. Normally, interior signs are viewed chiefly from a straight-on position, however, exterior signs are frequently seen from more than one angle. Signs to be read from vehicles moving at varying speeds with different angles of observance may require a compromise in letter spacing to best communicate the message. Multilingual Needs The jet age is a contributing factor in bringing people together from all over the world to visit and transact business . Transportation terminals and public facilities that may be used by visitors unaccustomed to reading English should employ sign systems that bridge any visual communication gap. Multilingual messages in English and the dominant foreign languages used by visitors may be combined and presented on one sign background . However, sign design and graphic formats become very critical to prevent confusion . A more popular solution involves the use of pictorial symbols as word substitutes . Pictographic signs are bold, recognizable images not bound by language barriers . Regulatory Considerations The designer should become aware of regulations governing signs. Federal regulations concerning safety signs are enumerated in Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) publications . American National Standards Institute (ANSI) publishes standards concerning signage for the physically handicapped . Underwriters' Laboratory (UL) issues standards applicable to illuminated signs . State and local codes contain regulatory information concerning sign sizes, mounting locations and heights, quantities of 32
signs allowable in various zoning areas, and other restrictions relating to exterior signs . These rules, and those of other regulatory bodies, should be taken under advisement priorto completing a comprehensive signage program. Need for Illumination
Many signs are required to relate the r messages after dark as well as during natural daylight . The careful designer will determine which signs require artificial illumination and decide on the method of illumination . Signs can be externally illuminated by readily available stock fixtures produced by many manufacturers, or they can be internally illuminated . Fluorescent lighting is the most common source of internal illumination, although metal arc lamps, incandescent lamps, and neon are frequently employed .
Need for a Graphics Manual Many signage programs are developed for institutions that have a continuing need not only to maintain, but also to augment or change, their signage systems . The preparation of a signage manual containing all the information required to create additional signs or components would benefit the client and ensure continuity in the system as changes and additions are made . The designer should determine this potential need and include the manual with other documents developed for the signage program. SIGN TYPES CATEGORIZED BY FUNCTION Signage systems should be logically broken down into various types of signs to be utilized on a particular project. Many categories of sign types may be developed, but one of the most conclusive listings is based on function . The following discussion of signage system
Secondary identification Many complexes containing more than one basic structure require secondary identification signs to properly identify the various elements within the complex. A systems approach to design will provide continuity in the relationship of primary to secondary identification signs. Vehicular advance notice A system of road signs suitably located in advance of decisionmaking points will allow vehicular traffic to execute the proper decisions smoothly and safely at the appropriate times. Vehicular directional Intersections and parking facility entrances are major decisionmaking locations requiring directional devices to guide drivers toward their destination . Traffic regulatory and control Vehicular traffic can be systematically controlled by employing signing devices. Traffic codes are usually clear as to what signs are required, where they are to be located, and the height at which they are to be mounted. Usually, colors, sizes, and shapes are standardized by the traffic authorities . Stop, yield, and speed limit signs are representative of this classification of signs. Instructional Frequently, signs are required to instruct vehicular and pedestrian traffic. These notices must be properly installed in carefully selected locations to be effective. Examples include parking procedures, delivery and service directions, and the like . Informational Signs are required to present information that is both relevant to the location and important to the viewer. This information may pertain to parking rates, hours of operation, and security, or it may relate to items of interest within the environment . Decorative Decorative graphics maybe employed to enhance the beauty or decor of a particular area, form, color, and design may be utilized to create interest and to become features of the exterior landscape.
Specialties SIGNAGE AND GRAPHICS
Signage System Design Criteria
Interior Signs
Interior sign system components should assist visitors to travel from the building entrances throughout the complex until they reach their desired destination . Identification Multiple-occupancy buildings require tenant identification ; frequently, buildings with only one tenant will also utilize identification in the main lobby or reception areas to reinforce the corporate signature. Criteria for multiple-tenant signage are very important and should be included in lease documents to provide for visual continuity and architectural harmony When individuals are allowed to implement their own desires concerning signage, each will attempt to outdo the other, resulting in clutter, confusion, and visual pollution . Signs that are too big, too gaudy, too competitive, and poorly conceived and executed will become commonplace unless controls on tenant identification are established and enforced . Primary directory Information relevant to one's location within a complex should be clearly enumerated on the primary directory, usually located in a very visible area of the main lobby. Alphabetized listings of tenants, departments, and individuals should be concise and should designate the floor and room numbers . Such directories may be flush or recessed wall mounts, horizontal projected wall mounts, or pedestal or kiosk mounts, and internally illuminated or not, depending upon the ambient lighting conditions . Elevator lobby floor directory High-rise structures require well-positioned signage that not only identifies each individual floor, but also serves as a secondary directory system for that floor. Frequently, the floor identification, directory, and corridor directional signage may be included in one device . When a visitor exits from an elevator on a chosen floor, a sign showing the floor number and also the direction of the office or room number sought is both helpful and reassuring . Pictorial 'you are here' indicators Pictorial schematic maps may become an integral part of directory systems, or they may be utilized separately as visual aids in depicting one's intended passage through a complex. Hospitals, sports complexes, and transportation centers, are good examples of structure that may require pictorial maps to supplement word messages . Caution will be exercised by the expert designer to keep the pictorial map simple and correctly oriented in the building according to where the viewer is standing, and to evaluate the need of color coding as part of the visual aid. Too frequently, designers employ a complicated color-coded system that becomes very confusing to the viewer and, in fact, compromises the effectiveness of the system . Primary directional The maze that often results from interior corridor layouts creates many decision-making points for a visitor. Primary directional signs may be ceilingmounted, wall-mounted, or floor-mounted as kiosk-type units in open areas. Areas with heavy pedestian traffic should have directional signs located so that people do not obstruct the line of sight to the sign device
Normally, ceiling-suspended or kiosk-type units are the best choice to enhance visibility.
Secondary directional Directional signs should be considered in locations where traffic flow and corridor layouts do not demand primary directional devices but do require some guidance for direction control. Corridors within suites of offices and corridors that change direction should be considered as decision-making points that may require a secondary directional signage device . Area identification Specific areas within a complex should be properly identified . These areas may be tenant spaces, divisions, or departments. When occurring along main corridors, they are usually designated by wall-, door-, or transom-mounted devices. Ceiling-suspended signs are a good solution in open office spaces . Room identification Wall- or door-mounted room identification signs are required to 'label' the function of a particular room . Work functions are properly identified within tenant areas, while service and maintenance functions should be suitably designated in most situations . Desk identification Reception areas may require a sign device located on a desk or counter to identify a particular service or individual rendering assistance to visitors . Such signs may be permanently affixed or removable, and may provide for changeable name inserts . Personnel identification Persons rendering a service to the public, such as nurses, maintenance personnel, and food service personnel, generally are identified by name badges or pins . Regulatory and control signs Signs that authorize or prohibit certain functions are required, frequently by law or code, to inform people using the facility. Examples include signs for the handicapped and signs relevant to no smoking areas, elevator capacities, 'no entry' areas, fire control, and 'authorized personnel only' areas. These signs are usually mounted ondoors ortheiradjacentwalls ; they may employ colors which deviate from the standard colors used in the comprehensive signage system to emphasize a dangerous situation or the need for caution . Exits Exit signs are required by codes to designate exits effectively in times of emergency. Supplemental devices are used to give additional information pertaining to a particular exit such as 'Emergency Exit Only' and 'Alarm Sounds When Door Is Opened .' OSHA-approved exit signs are standard items manufactured by many lighting companies, and are generally provided by the electrical contractor. Information exhibit cases Notices, posters, attractions, and promotional pieces should be contained within an appropriately designed case to control the display of this type of information . Standard units featuring vinyl-covered cork panels housed within extruded aluminum frames with lockable doors are available from many directory manufacturers.
Decorative features Decorative designs may be reproduced on walls as interior features . Reproduction processes include appliques, painting, and screen printing on location ; or mural processes, which are applied much like wall-coverings, may be considered . Doors may also receive supergraphic treatments in which copy may become an integral part of the design . Dedicatory plaques Building dedication plaques should be carefully conceived and implemented, using materials that reflect favorably upon the talents involved in the realization of the project . Historically, these plaques have been bronze or aluminum castings . However, modern technology has provided photographic methods and photochemical processes which offer the designer a freedom of size, format, letterform, and color not available in the casting operation . Donor recognition Buildings constructed in part by contributions from donors require special recognition for the donors. Hospitals, performing arts centers, and service institutions rely on gifts to assist in financing buildings, additions, and furnishings, and usually stipulate that donors will be remembered and recognized in some prestigious location in the building . The designer is responsible for establishing controls and developing a system that fulfills promises made by those soliciting funds, while allowing flexibility to expand the system as future needs may dictate . Location selection is very important in the overall effectiveness of the donor recognition signage. Mechanical, instrumentation, and control system markings Many industrial and mechanical installations require equipment, control, and pipe markings to meet codes, assist maintenance and service personnel, and ensure safety. Often, these locations are not public spaces, and require an industrial, rather than an architectural, approach to signage. Elevator floor-indicator panels, however, should receive special attention and be considered in a comprehensive signage program. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF THE SIGN FACE Emphasis will not be placed on the graphic design of each sign required in a comprehensive signage program . However, the following considerations will help to ensure continuity, correctness, and aesthetic acceptability. Alphabet selection An alphabet must be carefully chosen that best exemplifies the graphic image to be portrayed to the public without compromising legibility and performance requirements . More than one alphabet may be selected should need dictate. However, good design practices should be maintained in choosing the family of alphabets to be employed . Interletter, word, and line spacing Each alphabet has its own 'personality' and visual impact ; therefore, spacing between characters, words, and lines of copy must be carefully developed to give the best legibility and visual harmony possible (Fig . 8) .
Specialties SIGNAGE AND GRAPHICS Signage System Design Criteria
Arrow selection Directional arrows should be designed to reflect the 'personality' of the letterform selected . Stroke width and size relationships are important considerations (Fig . 9) . Copy determination The message for each sign must be accurately determined and the copy condensed to the fewest words that will still relay the desired message . Wordy signs are frequently misread or not read at all . The message must be concise, clear, and informative (Fig . 10 and 11) . Copy placement format The placement of copy on a sign face may take one of the nine basic positions or a custom format for special situations (Fig . 12) . Size determination of the sign face After the copy for each sign is in final form, the sign with the greatest amount of copy is selected from each of the sign types utilized and the desired copy height is determined for each type . This height should be based upon the distance from which the sign will be read and the graphic design portrayed . Using this letter height, the message should be laid out with photographic type or transfer lettering to scale, incorporating the copy placement and spacing requirements . The most pleasing shape and size for the message to be contained are then determined, realizing that this particular layout is for the maximum copy required for that particular sign type . A shape and size format should be chosen that works well as a module which can be proprotioned and become applicable to the entire family of
sign types . While this may be ideal, frequently the proportional system is not applicable . An example of each sign type should be drawn to scale and fully dimensioned to serve as a production guide for signs within that type . (Fig . 13). Color selections Selection is then made of the copy and background colors that offer good contrast and harmoniously blend with the prominent colors in the environment . It is also wise to consider any corporate colors required by the client . SIGNAGE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT CHECKLIST The completed sign schedule, location plans, scaled drawings of typical examples from each sign type, construction or assembly details or both, mounting details, and specifications form the documents required to bid competitively or to negotiate signage projects . Well-prepared documents prevent individual interpretation by vendors and result in comparable competitive bids . The following systematic approach to the design and development of a comprehensive signage program will serve as a guideline to problem solving, employing the concepts contained in this chapter. This checklist may be expanded or condensed to meet individual project parameters . The basic systematic thought process, however, is applicable to all projects . 1 . Develop the signage system design criteria based on :
a. b. c. d. e.
Performance requirements Usage considerations Durability requirements Vandalism considerations Flexibility to accommodate changes and additions f. Readability factors g . Multilingual needs h . Regulatory considerations i . Need for illumination j . Need for graphics manual for ongoing implementation and system maintenance 2 . Study the traffic flow patterns, determine all sign locations, and draw the location symbols on the site and floor plans . 3 . Evaluate and select the sign types required from the following list, categorized by function, that meet the design criteria : a . Exterior sign types : Type A- Primary identification Type B-Secondary identification Type C -Vehicular advance notice Type D- Vehicular directional Type E -Traffic regulatory and control Type F-Instructional Type G-Informational Type H -Decorative b . Interior sign types : Type 1-Primary identification Type J - Primary directory Type K- Elevator lobby floor directories Type L-Pictorial 'You Are Here' indicators Type M -Primary directional Type N -Secondary directional
Specialties SIGNAGE AND GRAPHICS Signage System Design Criteria Type 0-Area identification Type P-Room identification Type Q -Desk identification Type R-Personnel identification Type S -Regulatory and control Type T- Exit Type U-Information exhibit cases Type W-Dedicatory Type X -Donor recognition Type Y -Mechanical, instrumentation, and control system markings Type Z-Other (to be specified by designer) 4 . Select the best signing devices for each sign type designated above from the following lexicon of signage system components
that most effectively satisfy the design criteria established : a . Elevated pylons b . Monolithic sign structures c . Panel and post assemblies d . Illuminated sign cabinets e . Directory and informational systems f . Die-cut pressure-sensitive lettering Dimensional graphics Plaque signage Environmental graphics Other (to be defined by the designer) 5 . Conceptually design the sign face for each sign type selected, indicating : a . Alphabet selection b . Interletter, word, and line spacing c . Arrow selection
d . Copy determination e . Copy placement format f . Size determination of copy and sign face g . Color selections 6 . Complete the location plans by filling in the symbol indicating sign number and type . 7 . Prepare scaled drawings of typical examples from each sign type . 8 . Prepare the detailed sign schedule . 9 . Prepare typical construction and assemblydetails, mounting details, and engineering drawings for wind loading, foundations, and illumination . 10 . Prepare detailed specifications for all materials, techniques, and components required in the system .
Specialties SIGNAGE AND GRAPHICS Standard Sign lype and Mounting Heights
STANDARD SIGN SYSTEM
Specialties SIGNAGE AND GRAPHICS
Sign Type DIRECTIONAL (CEILING-HUNG)
Sign Type
Sign Type
DIRECTIONAL (WALL-MOUNTED)
AREA DESIGNATION (WALL-MOUNTED)
Material Choices
Material Choices
Material Choices
MDO board, acrylic
Acrylic, aluminum, acrylic with metal laminate face
Acrylic, aluminum, acrylic with metal laminate face
Finishes
Finishes
Painted acrylic or aluminum, natural aluminum or brass (satin or polished), laminates available in standard laminate finishes
Painted acrylic or aluminum, natural aluminum or brass (satin or polished), laminates available in standard laminate finishes
Graphics
Graphics
Finishes Painted, plastic laminate, metal laminate Graphics Vinyl die cuts, silkscreen, dimensional applied letters Standard Mounting Detail
1 . Threaded rod . pendant, flush 2. Scissor clip
Silkscreen, front surface or reverse Standard Mounting Materials 1 . Backpanel : backplate with countersunk screws with shields ; magnetic, form, or vinyl tape with adhesive 2 . Strips : vinyl tape
Silkscreen, front surface or reverse ; vinyl die cuts Standard Mounting Materials Vinyl or magnetic tape, foam tape, silastic A(IFIPCivp
Specialties SIGNAGE AND GRAPHICS
Sign Type
ROOM IDENTIFIER (WALL-MOUNTED)
Material Choices
Acrylic, aluminum, acrylic with metal laminate face Finishes
Painted acrylic or aluminum, natural aluminum or brass (satin or polished), laminates available in standard laminate finishes Graphics
Silkscreen, front surface or reverse Standard Mounting Materials
Vinyl tape, foam tape, magnetic tape, silastic adhesive
Sign Type
Sign Type
ROOM IDENTIFIER, CHANGEABLE MESSAGE IWALLMOUNTED) Material Choices
Material Choices
Holder, acrylic, insert, vinyl
Molded acrylic, aluminum, brass
Finishes Painted (surface or subsurface) Graphics
Finishes Painted, satin, polished Standard Frame Mounting Materials
Silkscreen or vinyl die cuts Standard Mounting Materials
Vinyl tape, foam tape, silastic adhesive 6'
FRAMED PLAQUE SIGNS, WALL MOUNTED (previous plaque types are insertable into standard frame signs)
6'
1 . Frame : screw mount, tape and adhesive 2. Insert : adhesive or magnetic tape, Velcro magnet 1-5/8'
Specialties SIGNAGE AND GRAPHICS
Sign Type
Sign Type
-OUNTERTOPIFLAG MOUNT
DESKBAR (DESKTOP)
CUT LETTERS: FLUSH, PROJECTED
Extrusion Material
Material Choices
Material Choices
Aluminum
Aluminum, molded acrylic
Insert Material acrylic, aluminum, acrylic with aminate
Finishes metal
Graphics
Painted, satin, polished Graphics
See area and room plaques
Vinyl die cuts ; silkscreen on acrylic plaque, front surface or reverse
Standard Mounting Details
Standard Mounting Detail
1 . Counter: free-standing with extrudeu aluminum base 2. Flag mount : countersunk screws and shields
Free-standing on desks or countertops
Sign Type
Acrylic, acrylic with metal laminate face, brass, aluminum Finishes
Polished, painted, brushed, sand blasted
Standard Mounting Details
Adhesive mount, flush pin mount, standoff mount Standard Letter Sizes Varies from 2' to 18'
Specialties SIGNAGE AND GRAPHICS
Medical Symbols
Medical Hospital Pharmacy Dental Care Wheelchair
X-Ray Physiotherapy General Medicine, Female General Medicine, Male
Coronary Care Hematology Urology Eye
Podiatry Mental Health Ear, Nose & Throat Oxygen
Shower Isolation Nursery Laboratory
Conference Occupational Therapy Rehabilitation Ambulatory Patients
Nursing Homes Medical Complexes First-Aid Centers
Picto'grafics not shown : 1 .413 1 .516 Parking 1 .372 Playroom 2 .531 1 .150 Library or Reading 1 .147
Health Warning Chest
Specialties SIGNAGE AND GRAPHICS
Commercial Symbols
Commercial Cocktail Lounge Pub Coffee Shop Liquor Store
Mens Furnishings Furniture Cinema Camera Store
Gift Shop Florist Dress Shop Shoe Store
Restaurant Soda Fountain Grocery Store Tobacco Shop
Bookstore Record Shop Fuel Toy Shop
Theater Van Beauty Salon Barber Shop
Shopping Centers Stores & Shops Eating Facilities Community Services
Picto'grafics not shown : 1 .218 Concrete Mixer 1 .219 Cushman Vehicle 1 .222 Dump Truck
1 .226 1 .250 1 .304
Flatbed Truck Pickup Truck Basket
1 .314 Vegetable Produce 1 .363 Newspaper Vendor 1 .370 Record Store 1 .394 Cooking
Specialties SIGNAGE AND GRAPHICS Commercial and Travel Symbols
Specialties SIGNAGE AND GRAPHICS Travel Symbols
Travel Airport Departures Arrivals Car Rentals
Bus Subway Train Taxi
Monorail Ferry Cable Car Automobile
Lost & Found Porter Locker Fuel
Baggage : ;laim Customs Immigrati,ri Money Exchange
Motorcycle Moving Sidewalk Lodging Ice Cubes
Picto'grefics not shown: 1 .350 1 .266
Motel Seaplane Base
Specialties SIGNAGE AND GRAPHICS Travel Symbols
pecialties SIGNAGE AND GRAPHICS Recreation and Sports Symbols
Recreation and Sports Campers Picnic Area Midway Trailer Train
Water Swimming Canoeing Sailing
Marina, Boating Life Preserver Snowmobi I ing Camping
Judging Bicycling Women s/Girls Toilet Fishing
Skiing Soccer Ice Skating Football
Hunting. Shooting Golf Baseball Tennis, Badminton
Sports Arenas Parks Recreation Facilities Amusement Parks
Picto'grafics not shown: 1 .112 Curling 1 .115 Dancing 1 .140 LaCrosse
1 .138 1.183
Hockey Tobogganing
1 .471 1 .387
Wintersports Outdoor Recreation
Specialties SIGNALE AND GRAPHICS Universal Symbols
Universal Entry Exit Rampup Rampdown
Emergency Women's Toilet Men's Toilet Stairs
Handicapped No Smoking Telephone Escalator
Elevator Down No Parking Drinking fountain
Mail Box Check Room Up No Entry
Shower Waiting Room Telegraph Office Information
Applicable to any building or facility
Picto'grafics not shown : 1 .110 Children 1 .144 Man with boy 1 .340 Fragile
1 .372 1 .410 1 .472 1 .469
Playroom Church Synagogue Police
1 .493 Smoke 1 .516 Parking 1 .488 Keep Dry 1 .155 Janitor
Specialties SIGNAGE AND GRAPHICS General Type Styles
Alternate Americana
Futura .UT. Future
GDIHIC NO 3
Americana
Garamond
IIAUC
Avant Garde Baker Da n ma rk Baker Sans
2
Hellenic Helvetica Helvetica Helvetica ~c~~
BOLD ITALIC
BIXOIIALIC
L'Jç
BDLD
SCHOOLBOOK BOLD MEDUM
GOTHIC LIGHT
Craw Clarendon Craw Clarendon Craw Modern
BOOK
Eastern Souvenir Eurostile Eurostile Eurostile EurostilB Fi n I)iclc4
MEIruM
BDLD
BOLDEXFFNOEO
IIiII
Folio
MEOIUMEXTFNDEO
Fortune
LUIeI
Franklin Gothic
MEDIUM ITALIC MEDIUM
B,LD
Trooper ROMAN
SEMIBaO
NORMAL
Modula News Gothic olive
MFOIUM
,
BDLD BOLD EXTENDED
Univers 55 Univers 56 Univers 65 Univers 67 Univers 53 Univers 63 = Le_;
DuffLINE
lUI~~M~~C~~3
OUTLINE ') c ç~ 2> OUTLINE
.,AU
Optima
Venus MEDIUM Venus EXTRABDLO
SEMIBOLD
Palatino
Venus FXIRABOLDCONOFNSFD Venus BOLOEXTENDED
SEMIBOLD
Permanent Perpetua
MEDIUM
ROMAN
Plantin
BaD
Trool)er ROMAN LIGNI
Korinna Korinna Lydian Melior Melior MICROGRAMMA MICROGRAMMA
Palatino
MEDIUM
REGULAR
Times ROMAN BOLO
ED.
Optima
LGNT
Times ROMAN
ANUDUE
E1(TFNDFD
Souvenir
MEDIUM OURINF
MICROGRAMMA
MEDIUM ~
BDLD
Styrnle
BDLU
Columbus COPPERPLATE
Solltalre
Minium
(ldc~f
Karen
Serif Gothic Serif Gothic
Souvenir Standard
Horizon MEDIUM
SCHDOLBDDK
Folio
WIDE
LIGHT
Bodoni Bookman
Delta
MEDIUM
AT
MONO REGULAR
Century Century Cheltenham
.
Gerstner Program Gill Sans Harry
COIN, MDIUM
Caledonia Caslon
ED
MEDIUM
Romane NORMAL Schadow ANUOUA SFMIBOLO
DEMIBOLD
Aster
Baskerville
Quorum
Walbaum MEDIUM WeiSS RUMANFXTRABOLO Windsor VV IIndWII OUNINE
Specialties SIGNAGE AND GRAPHICS General Type Styles
Clarendon Medium abcdefghijklmnopgrstuvwxyz A13CDEFGHIJKLM NOPQRSTUVWXYZ
0123456789
Helvetica Medium abcdefghijklmnopgrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLM NOPQRSTUVWXYZ 0123456789
Optima Regular abcdefghijklmnopgrstuvwxyz
ABCDEFGHIJKLM NOPQRSTUVWXYZ 0123456789 !'$%&'0'Q£:?- ; /,.
Times New Roman abcdefghijklmnopgrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLM NOPQRSTUVWXYZ 0123456789
Specialties
AUDIO-VISUAL SYSTEMS Planning Guideline Summary DESIGNING THE SYSTEM The formulation of a communications program is based on the functional requirements delineated in the feasibility study. The presentation modes to be utilized are a part of such a program . They might include slides, films, videotape, and a sound-recording and playback system . The detailed design of the facility includes the selection of basic equipment, possible modification of that equipment, and provision for additional optical elements, as well as the engineering of the electrical control circuitry and the design of the electromechanical devices that may be needed . The implementation of a proposed A-V system is not merely an exercise in mechanical assembly. It is a highly complex process of logistics that involves providing specific functional requirements within architectural and economic constraints. Careful engineering and balancing of the alternatives available will generally achieve optimum results . A large number of variables is encountered in every A-V design problem. As an example, the dimensions of the presentation room have a significant effect on the audience size, the acoustic characteristics, the size of the projected image, the choice of equipment, and the location and the interrelationship of the components . The A-V consultant who is responsible for the program planning, the design, and the engineering of this complex, multifaceted discipline should be intimately familiar with the problems of fabrication, installation, and operation of such systems . This knowledge will enable the consultant to plan a facility whose execution will not create difficulties and whose construction and operation can be effected without costly changes . However, even when the consultant has experience as an adviser to members of the architectural and engineering professions, the creation of a well-integrated facility is not necessarily assured . His or her work and the completed facilities should be viewed and evaluated. Optical Aspects
It is of critical importance for an A-V system to have the ability to display bright, sharp images to all viewers and to maintain the stability and consistency of those images in a simple and straightforward manner. The picture quality is a function of a number of factors requiring careful attention during all phases of the project. These include : 0 The quality of the original photography or artwork 0 The density, contrast, and sharpness of the actual material being projected The output intensity of the projector light source E The optical characteristics of each projection unit 0 The optical characteristics of the integrated system 0 The ratio of the projection distance to the image size n The centering integrity of the light path from the material being projected to its image on the screen The characteristics of the projection screen or other viewing surface
Projection Engineering
Room size
Ideally, the dimensions of the viewing room should be an outgrowth of the estimate of the audience size that was established in the original A-V study. In many cases, however, the A-V design engineer must utilize a predetermined space. Given the characteristics of that space, the designer can determine the ideal audience size for each type of seating arrangement, and also ascertain whether a front or rear projection mode is feasible and what the image size should be . The type of relationship that is desired between the person making the presentation and the audience will determine the seating configuration : theatre, lecture, or conference format . That configuration will in turn dictate the number of viewers that can be comfortably seated for optimum viewing (Fig . 1) . As an illustration, a room 20 feet by 32 feet can accommodate about 49 people in a theatre configuration (Fig . 2) ; in a lecture arrangement, the audience size would be 24 (Fig . 3) ; a U-shaped table would seat 18 (Fig . 4) ; and 15 people could fit comfortably at a conference table (Fig . 5) . Circular and multiuse arrangements (Figs . 6 and 7) are additional examples of the relationship of seating configuration and audience size . Other seating configurations have been devised for other types of communication program modes, each with a direct rela-
tionship between room size and audience size . The audience size is also affected by the angle of view between each member of the audience and the screen (Fig . 1) . Whenever the A-V design engineer has the opportunity of establishing the dimensions of the presentation room, he or she should be aware of the important fact that a longer projection throw for a particular image size results in more even light distribution and sharpness as well as a better angle of view . Consequently a larger audience can be accommodated than would be possible using a system with a short projection distance and a narrower angle of view. This question of projection distance applies to both front and rear projection systems . However, as the throw is normally quite short when a rear projection screen is used, this factor of design in rear projection facilities is an extremely critical planning element. Distortion, sometimes called 'keystoning,' will result if the viewing surface is not precisely parallel to the plane of the image being projected. Therefore, the light path, which is usually perpendicular to the projected material, must be carefully controlled in relation to the projector and the screen . The size of the audience and the room, as well as the mode of projection, will determine whether the screen will be vertical or at an angle (Fig . 8) . Normally, a rear projection screen will permit a vertical viewing surface.
Specialties AUDIO-VISUAL SYSTEMS
Typical Projection Room Layout and Sightlines
Specialties AUDIO-VISUAL SYSTEMS
Typical Projection Room Layout and Sightlines
Specialties AUDID-VISUAL SYSTEMS Planning Guideline Summary
Specialties
AUDIO-VISUAL SYSTEMS
Equipment Arrangement
These variations can accommodate different functional requirements, spatial limitations, and image-quality parameters . Figures 14,15, 22, and 23 illustrate some of the possible arrangements . User requirements and job conditions will guide the AN engineer in the design of a specific system . The Optical Design Factor
A projection system - of whatever nature is only as good as the quality of the image on the screen . The clarity, sharpness, resolution, and angle of view that can be expected are a direct result of the thought and care that go into the optical design of the system . The more complex the system becomes, the more critical is the system optics . The need for larger images, sharper images, multiple images, multiple image sources and the existence of physically constraining parameters all add to the conflicting requirements that must be satisfied . And they must be satisfied if an acceptable image quality is to be achieved . The Sound System
The quality and the functional characteristics of the sound system that is part of an audiovisual facility are as important as the quality and functional characteristics of the optical system . The two aspects of a facility are mutually complementary and the one should not be neglected in relation to the other if the goal of an effective and useful facility is to be attained . The quality of the sound, as perceived by the listener, will be influenced by such factors as : The sensitivity of controls The quality of the amplifiers The quality of the speakers The location of the speakers The elimination of extraneous sounds The overall acoustical characteristics of the space The design factors that govern the functional characteristics of the sound system might include the following : Sound sources: voice, movie soundtrack, videotape, audiotape Telecommunication facilities for outside program sources Mixing and control requirements Quantity and placement of speakers Room size and function : conference room, classroom, auditorium Provision for flexibility and future expansion The Remote-Control System Most people who make informational presentations are not audiovisual specialists . Their primary concern is with the material they are presenting and notwith the mechanics of how it is to be presented . As a result, any control devices they may be required to operate should be simple and logical . The presenter should be asked to make only a minimum of effort to determine how to manipulate the controls in order to achieve a desired result . The fewer operations necessary to reach a particular goal, the better. For example, in order for a change to be made from one presentation mode to another, it may be necessary to alter the ambient room lighting, reposition a mirror, turn one machine
Specialties AUDIO-VISUAL SYSTEMS Equipment Arrangement
Specialties
AUDIO-VISUAL SYSTEMS Planning Guideline summary
off and then another on . If all these things can be accomplished merely by flipping one clearly marked switch, the presenter is freed from mechanical distractions and can concentrate full attention on the message being delivered . The location and spacing of the various switches on the panel, as well as the use of nomenclature unmistakable to a nontechnical person, are important parts of the design of a remote-control system that will aid the presenter in the use of the audiovisual facility. Other considerations that may affect the design of a remote-control system include : The seating configuration The room lighting The number of control points required The use of a lectern incorporating a control module The number and type of functions to be controlled The degree of automation required to meet system objectives SUMMARY An audiovisual presentation facility is nade up of many components and subsystems which are interdependent and must perform as an integrated unit . Regardless of its size or scope, the A-V system must be conceived, designed, and installed to function as a totality - as a single entity that works with optimum efficiency and effectiveness in an unobstrusive manner. In order to achieve this goal - that of developing a logical and workable solution to any particular communication problem careful and detailed preliminary investigations must be made . These will determine the functional requirements that make up the design program . From this program, the space needs for the equipment and for the audience can be established early enough in the development of the project to avoid undesirable procrustean solutions later The selection, adaptation, manufacture, assembly, and installation of equipment and components should be carefully coordinated to ensure their functional integrity and performance . Ultimately, a successful audiovisual system is one that serves as a logical and natural extension of the human capabilities of the person using it . It should respond easily and unobtrusively to the communicator's needs, and it should reproduce the material being communicated with the highest possible degree of fidelity. RECAP Front Projection 1 . Viewing distance factor is 6 . (For example, if image size is 5 feet the alphanumerics
would be clear at a maximum distance of 30 feet to a viewer with a 20140 vision if characters are 3/6 inch on 6- by 9-inch original copy area .) 2 . Advantages a . Good angle of view b . Good for checking laboratory quality of all projectuals c . Virtually no apparent falloff to the sides 3 . Disadvantages a . High ceilings are required to utilize a square screen to accommodate vertical as well as horizontal images . b. Distraction occurs when the presenter or viewers interrupt the light beam . c . Any ambient light adversely affects image quality. The room must be relatively dark to achieve the desired picture contrast . d . An overhead projector cannot be used most effectively. Rear Projection (Rigid or Flexible Material) 1 . Viewing distance factor is 7 .5. (For example, if image size is 5 feet the maximum viewing distance would be 37 .5 feet .) 2 . Advantages a . A 20 percent smaller image than is required by front projection permits minimum standards to be met in lowceilinged rooms . b . Can be used in higher ambient light conditions . c . No distracting light beam . (Presenter can more comfortably point at details). d . In a brighter room, the presenter easily maintains eye contact . e . An overhead projector can be used, so that neither it nor the presenter blocks the image from the viewers . 3 . Disadvantages a . The inherent grain and directional quality of the rear screen eliminate it as a viewing medium to determine laboratory quality of projectuals . b . The projection system must be designed to overcome apparent illumination falloff at the sides and improve the angle of view. c . Mirrored image is required for proper use . d . More space is required than with front projection . e . Usually costs more . Seating (Plan should permit several arrangements .) 1 . A U- or Vtable layout provides for best
viewing and viewer/presenter interaction (lowest audience capacity). 2 . Conference table (boat-shape or oval) provides good interaction for conferences but not so good as the U- or V-table layout for audiovisual communication . 3 . Random seating style (usually with writing tablets) is frequently selected for highlevel visitor presentations . It permits larger capacity and creates a more luxurious atmosphere than the two arrangements above . 4 . Classroom style (shallow tables parallel to front wall with chairs behind) is the next best method but less conducive to student interraction . a . Stepped, curved seating (lecture hall) provides unobstructed viewing . b . When classroom style is contemplated, study and programmed-learning carrels should be considered . 5 . Auditorium style provides the largest capacity seating and is generally used for large group-orientation and overview types of presentation . Rear Projection System Factors 1 . The physical center of all projector lenses must be in perfect alignment with the physical center of the screen to eliminate any 'keystone' effect . (For dissolve mode, 2° off center vertically is permitted .) 2 . A front-surface mirror should be used to reverse the image so the equipment can be loaded much as it is for front projection ; slides in magazines need not be reversed, and special reversed prints are not needed for motion pictures . The use of a mirror can also extend the projection distance appreciably by folding the light path . Remember, the longer the projection distance, the better the viewing angle . Minimum projection distance should be at least 2 times the image size . 3 . The screen-image area should be considered to be square to accommodate vertical and horizontal images unless the system is to be used for a special, limited requirement . 4 . Apparent light falloff at the sides can be diminished or eliminated by increasing the projection distance and projector illumination . Another minor contributor is slide density. A dense or underexposed slide reduces the amount of light transmission . This condition increases apparent light falloff .
Specialties
AUDIO-VISUAL SYSTEMS Equipment Arrangement
Fig . 19 An indirect rear projection arrangement using the folded-light-path method and the minimum recommended 2 to 1 ratio of projection distance to image size . This permits a flexible equipment arrangement within tight space limitations .
Fig . 17 A deep, indirect-method, rear projection arrangement using the minimum recommended ratio of 2 to 1 between projection distance and image size .
Fig . 18 An indirect rear projection arrangement using the folded-lightpath method, resulting in a ratio of 3 .5 to 1 within the same depth . This improves the image quality and increases the possible viewing angle as well as allowing rear projection of overhead transparencies with the overhead projector in the presentation room .
Specialties
AUDIO-VISUAL SYSTEMS Equipment Arrangement
Fig . 20 A front-access rear projection arrangement using the folded-light-path method for singleimage presentations .
Fig . 21 A front-access rear projection arrangement using the folded-lightpath method for dual-image presentations .
Fig . 22 A rear-access rear projection arrangement using the folded-light-path method for dual-image or single central-image presentations .
Fig . 23 A rear projection arrangement for dual-image and single central-image presentations utilizing both deep indirect projection and the folded-light-path method .
Specialties AUDIO-VISUAL SYSTEMS Typical Projection Room Layout
Specialties AUDIO-VISUAL SYSTEMS Typical Projection Room Layout
Specialties AUDIO-VISUAL SYSTEMS Typical Projection Room Layout
Specialties AUDITORIUM SEATING Sightlines ; Building Codes
Sight line studies vary depending on the particular event and seating configuration. The following are some basic design elements. (Note . Remember to review and verify slope, riser heights, tread depths, etc., with pertinent national and local code requirements .) The visibility profile shown in Fig . 1 : Angle A: Shifting position to look between heads in row immediately in front of spectator and over all other heads. Angle 8: Shifting position to look between heads of two rows immediately in front of spectators and over all other heads. Generally, the variables considered in determining these angles are: 0 3'8' eye level in the seated position 0 5' minimum eye clearance Row spacing and row rise Angle A is commonly used in determining floor slope for auditorium, performing arts or theater type seating configurations . When angle A profile is used in conjunction with a staggered seating arrangement (chairs staggered or alternated in arrangement of sizes opposite every other row) it allows unobstructed view of spectators to a determined focal point at screen on stage. The final analysis is to have all sight lines to intersect the desired focal point (usually 5'6' elevation either at screen or 12'0' back from front of stage).
Angle B is most commonly used in determining riser or stepped applications for gymnasium, arena, or stadium type seating configurations . When the angle B profile is used (generally associated with an aligned seating arrangement) it allows unobstructed view of spectators to a determined focal point at court line or line of play. The finalanalysis is to have all the critical sight lines to intersect the focal point or line of play at generally a 3'0' elevation . Legal responsibility lies with the owners and users of equipment in acquiring acceptance with local officals . The following are some basic guidelines . Standard Seating 1 . Row spacing shall provide a clear space of not less than 12' (30.5 cm) from the back of one chair to the front of the most forward projection of the chair directly behind it when measured with the self-rising seat in the up position . 2. Rows of chairs shall not exceed 14 chairs between aisles and exceed seven chairs from an aisle to a row end . 3. Aisles serving 60 seats or less shall be a minimum of 30' (76 cm) wide . Aisles serving more than 60 seats shall be at least 3'(91 cm) wide when serving seats on one side and at least 3'6' (107 cm) wide when serving seats
on both sides. These minimum widths, measured at the point furthest from an exit, cross aisles, or foyer shall be increased 1'/2' (3 .8 cm) for each 5' (152 cm) in length toward the exit, cross aisle, or foyer. Where egress is possible in either direction, aisles shall be uniform in width . Dead end aisles are not allowed over 20'0' (61 .0 m) in length . 4. Cross aisles, foyer or exit widths shall be not less than the sum of the required width of the widest aisle plus 50% of the total required width of the remaining aisles that it serves . Continental Seating
1 . Row spacing shall provide a clear space of not less than : 18' (45.7 cm) between rows of 18 chairs or less ; 20' (50.8 cm) between rows of 35 chairs or less ; 21' (53 .3 cm) between rows of 45 chairs or less ; 22' (55.9 cm) between rows of 45 chairs or more to a maximum of 100 chairs per row, measured from the back of one chair to the front of the most forward projection of the chair directly behind it with the self-rising seat in the up position . 2. There shall be exits of 66' (168 cm) minimum clear width along each side aisle of the chair rows for each five rows of chairs . 3. Aisles shall not be less than 44' (112 cm) in clear width.
Specialties AUDITORIUM SEATING Row Length
aecialties AUDITORIUM SEATING Row Spacing
Specialties AUDITORIUM SEATING Chair Dimensions
Specialties AUDITORIUM SEATING Chair Dimensions and Row Seating
Specialties AUDITORIUM SEATING General Seating Arrangement Seating arrangements in an assembly space will either be identified as 'multipleaisle' or 'continental .' These terms are commonly found in design standards manuals, building codes, and similar architectural reference documents . Each is unique with specific guidelines governing row size, row spacing, and exitways . Basically, a multiple-aisle arrangement (Fig . 2) will have a maximum of 14-16 chairs per row with access to an aisleway at both ends . If an aisle can be reached from one end of a row only, the seat count may then be
limited to 7 or 8 . It should be noted here that . the maximum quantities will always be established by the governing building code . In a continental arrangement (Fig . 3) all seats are located in a central section . Here the maximum quantity of chairs per row can greatly exceed the limits established in a multiple-aisle arrangement . In order to compensate for the greater length of rows allowed, building codes will require wider row spacing, wider aisles and strategically located exit doors . Although more space would appear to be
called for, a continental seating plan is often not any less efficient than a multiple-aisle arrangement. In fact, carefully planned, a continental arrangement can frequently accommodate more seating within the same space . For early planning an average 7 .5 sq ft . per person may be used . This will include both the seating area and space necessary for aisleways .
Specialties AUDITORIUM SEATING Layout Information
Design Considerations 1 . Layout per applicable building and life safety codes, regulations, and ordinances . 2 . Allow sufficient distance between aisles for desired quantity and size of chairs plus end space. 3. Space rows to allow for proper seat to back clear space. 4. Determine radius or straight rows and locate by the chair size line . 5. Allow 1' minimum clearance from either side or rear of chair to any adjacent side wall, end walls, etc. 6. Provide adequate sightlines for either sloping or stepped (riser) floor configurations. 7 . Seating area should be free of obstructions . 8. To allow for sufficient aisle illumination : Aisle lights are generally located in the end panel standards at least every other row. Locate aisle light junction box 6' from the standard . 9. Provide adequate floor or riser materials for sound anchorage.
Specialties AUDITORIUM SEATING Row Seating
Seat Widths Seating comfort is initially eslabl-tied by individual chair widths Available s zes range from 18 to 24 however all may not be produced by a single manufacturer The most commonly used chair widths are 20 . 21 and 22 It should be noted that these dimensions are nominal being measured from center ro center of the support legs If seating comfort is a nigh priority . thought muss be given to a particular Ndth and the space taken up by chair arms to determine an actual size Usually smaller sizes of 18 and 19 have f,nuted application due to the minimum c'ear width provided Typically all manufacturers size rhe~r chairs along an ~nraginarp line %h,ch may be ' eferred 1o as a datum line chair radius line or a sirruar name For accurate planning in an assembly a ' ea tris line must be ident tied so as not to over or underestimate the potential of a row of cr airs -
Floor Design Seating comfort will also be aflecled by the design of the assembly space floor . Flat or less steeply sloped floors will usually allow a person to extend their knees and legs even under minimum row spacing dimensions Here an individual can take advantage of the open area under a seat and the free space created by the pitched back of a chair As the floor slope is increased. this free space diminishes The extreme condition exists where a large elevation change between rows is combined with a minimum row spacing An example would be a 12' high riser and a 32' wide row spacing At this point it becomes necessary to consider increasing the back to back dimension to provide more leg room
I he 'free space under a chair is also lost when a row of seats is located directly behind a low wall In this case a recommended minimum clearance would be 11 measured from seat edge in the lowered position to face of wall The back to back dimension of a row of seals abutting a rear wall should also be carefully studied Normally the pitched back of a char wily overlap a riser face, automatically reducing the width of that row unless succeeding rows are similarly positioned Where a rear Yvall exists the recommended procedure is to increase the dimension of the last row sufficiently to accommodate any overlap plus a minimal space between the wall and top edge of the chair back
Row Spacing Hur. spacing or back to back spacng of seals is also very important in developing a comfortable assembly area A minimum dimension occasionally used is 2 -8 132 I This spacing provides marginal clearance between a sealed persons knees and the back of the chair in the nex' forward rout At the same time however ;t will 'equire that a seated person permit the passage of anotner stand theto As row span ng is increased to 3 -0 '3f seat ;ng comfort is dramatically ml anc passage along a row of seated persons is accor' .plis~ ed :% e ,< d
Specialties AUDITORIUM SEATING Visibility
Visibility in an assembly space is a function of seat location . As stated earlier, building codes, comfort guidelines, floor design and the overall form of an assembly space will play a part in seating arrangements . This information combined with a basic understanding of sightline analysis and related planning guidelines can result in achieving an acceptable, if not optimum, level of viewing for spectators . Perhaps film projection requires the most critical sightline analysis, since poor seat location will result in distorted images . For this activity the seating parameters are established by the screen or image size . An angle of 30° up to 45° measured perpendicular to the farand near edges of the screen can establish a side to side seating limit, while the screen or image height may determine the maximum distance . The minimum dimension or closest recommended seat will also be set by the screen height . (It should be noted that these figures are approximate and apply principally to flat screen projection .)
Specialties AUDITORIUM SEATING End Stage; Y4 Arena
Specialties AUDITORIUM SEATING End Stage
Specialties AUDITORIUM SEATING End Stage
Specialties AUDITORIUM SEATING 3/4 Arena; End Stage
Specialties AUDITORIUM SEATING End Stage; Wide Fan
Specialties AUDITORIUM SEATING End Stage
Specialties AUDITORIUM SEATING Wide Fan
Specialties SECURITY General Control Guidelines
CONTROL OF GROUNDS Fencing can be a very effective means of limiting access to secondary exits and to vulnerable ground-level dwellings Fencing functions as a control by requiring entry through a single, limited, highly visible area . The fencing surrounding most single-family homes does not have locked gates. It is intended primarily to protect children, pets, and gardens, and to define the area immediately around the home as the private outdoor space of that household. Any intrusion into the area within the fence is therefore noticeable . As a security measure, such fencing, used symbolically, is of minimal value against premeditated crime, but it does make criminal intent visible and so is an important deterrent. A conventional use of fencing in multifamily complexes is to limit access to backyards and windows of a housing cluster On conventional city blocks, backyards of row housing are accessible only through one of the houses . However, in many superblock designs, such backyards are left open to public access . In this situation, addition of a limited amount of fencing can protect a large group of homes (see Fig. 1) . This approach can also subdivide the superblock and so create small, natural clusters . The Lobby Improving visibility is the most important ingredient in providing a naturally secure lobby It is crucial that a tenant entering a building be able to seewhat is going on in the lobby from the outside. Hidden nooks and blind curves provide perfect hiding places . Where such features cannot be removed structurally, the use of mirrors, windows and improved lighting may ease the situation Ideally, a person walking down a pain to enter a building should be able to see anyone standing in the lobby and elevator waiting area . In fact, it is often advantageous if the arriving person can see into the elevator from across the lobby. CONTROL OF INTERIOR PUBLIC SPACES OF MULTIFAMILY DWELLINGS The most vulnerable locations in multifamily buildings are the interior public spaces lobbies, elevators, stairwells, and corridors. These are areas open to the public but without the attending surveillance given a public street by passersby and police . The crimes that occur in these interior public spaces are the most fearful types of crimes, involving acts of personal confrontation such as robbery, assault, and rape . Limiting access to these spaces through the use of a doorman or intercom/door lock system can be of substantial benefit, Lobby visibility discourages a number of different kinds of crime. Crimes of personal confrontation may be deterred primarily because the potential victim can readily perceive and avoid a suspicious person in the lobby The potential criminal must also fear the possibility that another tenant or the police may be viewing the crime in the well-lit open area .
Mailbox crime - generally the theft of checks - can be deterred when mailboxes are located in a highly protected area of the lobby. This protection can consist of placing the mailboxes behind an intercom or in a locked mailroom . It is essential that the mailboxes be visible from as many different viewpoints as possible . Improved visibility in this context can be a significant deterrent to crime. Some managers designate an area of the lobby as a legitimate resting place, where chairs and other lounging items are provided . Lounging may aid security, particularly if the building includes a high proportion of elderly. The best locations for such seating are areas with high visibility. Often tenant patrols use this space as a station and provide still another dimension of security. A bulletin board is an inexpensive device that can improve lobby security by providing a diversion . If, for example, a tenant enters the lobby and sees someone she doesn't recognize waiting for an elevator, she may need a reasonable excuse for not taking the same elevator. The bulletin board provides the tenant with a natural excuse to pause and survey the situation . The area around the main entry to a multifamily building should be clearly distinguished from the public walkway which leads to it . A person entering through the main door should feel distinctly that he is entering a space controlled by the residents of the building . The main entry should be well lit and clearly visible from outside . Entry doors should be constructed of a transparent material covering as large an area as possible . In vandalism-prone areas, the main entry doors should be made of unbreakable glass or other similar, very sturdy transparent material . Because of the need for good visibility, replacing glass panels with metal or other material should be avoided . For window walls and doors where the incidence of vandalism is extreme, glass panels less than 2 feet from the ground and higher than 7 feet from the ground may be replaced by solid materials .
Fire Doors and Fire Stairs Secondary exit doors are the weakest link in security of buildings . An ideal secondary exit door would be one that allows exit but not entrance . Unfortunately, there is no acceptable emergency exit system that allows egress only. In the design of any security system there is a continuing clash between the need for security against crime and the need for safety in case of fire . Fire doors are frequently used for entry and exit by criminals. Installation of panic hardware and the absence of exterior hardware sometimes prevent criminal use. These measures will not suffice, however, where tenants do not cooperate in avoiding use of secondary exits and ensuring they are kept closed . To a large extent, the design and location of secondary fire exits determine tenant attitudes about the exits. For example, a building's main entry may face the street, but the parking lot may be to the rear of the building . If the secondary exit is also at the rear and close to this destination, the temptation to use the fire door as an entry or exit will be difficult to resist . Similarly, security is decreased in buildings where the main entries face the interior of the project while the fire doors face the surrounding streets with their parking and shopping facilities . Where the fire exit does not represent any shortcut or improved convenience to the tenant, it is far more likely to remain closed . A securely designed building is one in which the fire door exits to an area that is less convenient or desirable than the area outside the main door. In cases of persistent breaks in security of secondary exits, it is possible to modify the building plan at the ground level and open a new doorway in a better location . However, this improvement is costly and can only be done where architecturally possible . Another architectural modification to improve security involves making a fire exit into a legitimate secondary entry and developing a security system that protects both the main and secondary entries. If a fire door exits to a
977
Specialties SECURITY General Control Guidelines; Doors and Hardware parking area, for example, this modification may be more successful than efforts to prevent tenants from using that exit . If the main entry is equipped with an intercom system, the secondary entry should be similarly equipped and made easily surveillable through the use of lighting and windows . Other mechanisms can be used to limit access to and prevent circulation through the emergency exit system . A fire exit passageway, for example, can be modified by installing a second door inside the building a short distance from the existing exterior door. Both doors should be equipped with hardware so that they can be opened only from the inside . The point of this system is that it is unlikely that both doors will be propped or jammed open at the same time . A tenant entering an open exterior fire door which leads only to the locked second door will have to exit and use another door. A few experiences of this kind will convince most tenants that it is probably more convenient to go directly through the main entrance . This double-door system generally does not conflict with fire codes . An extension of this concept is to have the fire door on each floor above ground level openable from the corridor only. Thus, once someone has gone into a stairwell he can only exit at the ground level . This system may be somewhat inconvenient to tenants accustomed to moving easily between floors, but it does create roadblocks for anyone attempting to enter the building from the ground-level exit door. The improvements outlined above are generally applicable to all dwellings . In buildings which have such security personnel, additional measures are possible . A doorman or security guard can only be effective if he controls all access to the building, including access through fire doors . In a well-designed building, the doorman can see the fire doors from his position at the main entry. Where this is not possible, an inexpensive and effective solution is to install panic hardware with an alarm, and make sure the doorman can hear and respond to the alarm . Where the doorman or guard has access to closed-circuit TV, this may be used to monitor the fire doors . If the doorman can also be given a device for controlling the secondary door, it becomes very difficult for a criminal to use the fire entry. Elevators There are virtually no structural modifications that can improve security within elevators . The only possible improvements are use of mirrors, communication devices, emergency buttons, or an electronic surveillance system . Security modifications to other areas of a building improve security within the elevator. If the elevator waiting area and the elevator cab are a visible extension of the lobby, the residents are afforded some protection . Similarly, if the fire door and fire stairs are secure, there is less chance of a criminal entering the elevator on an upper floor. In this sense, the safety of the elevator is dependent upon the general security of the building .
SECURING THE DWELLING Illegal entry into dwelling units is traditionally prevented by use of hardware . However, there are building design features which in themselves limit access, improve surveillance, and promote neighbor recognition . Windows Ground-level windows are generally most vulnerable to illegal entry and breakage . (All windows whose lower ledges are less than 7 feet off the ground should be considered ground level .) There are three ways to discourage criminal entry through ground-floor windows : design ground-floor areas which need few windows ; house activities on the ground floor which hold no interest to the burglar ; and assign the grounds immediately adjacent to the building for the use of the neighboring resident and fence off the grounds for his protection . Elaborate architectural details-protruding ledges, for example - often increase the vulnerability of lower windows . Fences, garbage containers, and parked cars, when located near windows, are used as stepping stones to an otherwise inaccessible window. Care should be taken to prevent this type of situation . Most windows above the ground floor are relatively inaccessible, with very important exceptions . Fire escapes make windows accessible . Little can be done to modify fire escapes, except in terms of hardware, because of fire safety and fire codes . One solution is to ensure that the ladder from the lowest fire escape is at least 12 feet above the ground . The ground area under the fire escape should be highly visible . Another point of entry to the fire escape is the roof, which can be secured with panic hardware and possibly patrolled . The roof also provides possible entry to windows or balconies on the top floor. Therefore, security of the roof is quite essential, particularly to top-floor residents . Other accessible windows are those located diagonally across from a stairwell window. The criminal can open a stairwell window and cross from the stairwell into the units . It is not advisable to board up stairwell windows, as they provide the security of visibility to the stairwell and may have a fire safety function . Accessible windows are also those located above or near door canopies . Criminals can reach the canopy by climbing onto it from the ground or from a stair or hall window. Doors Security of doors, beyond the hardware aspect, depends upon surveillance and neighbor recognition . An experienced burglar needs just a few seconds to enter a locked apartment door equipped with minimal hardware. Within this interval, the crucial factors are : Will the intruder be seen or heard by tenants, will the viewer perceive that the potential criminal is in fact an intruder, and will the viewer respond by calling authorities or in some way challenge the criminal? Physical design can directly influence the opportunity for surveillance of doors . Cor-
riders that are open to view, either single loaded or with windows, are more easily surveillable by residents and police . Thus the opportunity for the criminal to attempt entry undetected is reduced . In most single-family homes (detached or row) where the entrance door is on the street, the only means of improving surveillance is to avoid placing trees and shrubs where they hide the doors and windows, and to locate lighting to improve visibility around these openings . In multiple-family dwellings, the apartment doors, located on interior corridors, are generally difficult to keep under surveillance . Any windows, mirrors, or lighting that allow someone inside an apartment or outside the building to view the hallway and doors can be helpful . HARDWARE This section describes hardware devices that secure the individual residential dwelling and the multifamily dwelling . Much of this material is intended to prevent burglary. However, some of the measures, particularly those directed at multifamily dwellings, will also deter forcible entry, robbery, and vandalism . THE RESIDENTIAL DWELLING Door Materials The major security tests of door material are its ability to withstand efforts to force entry by brute strength and its ability to retain securely the locking devices attached . Materials most commonly used for doors are wood, aluminum, steel, and glass, often in combination with hardboard, fiberboard, asbestos, and plastic . The two most common door designs are panel and flush . Panel doors consist of vertical and horizontal members framing rectangular areas in which opaque panels, panes of glass, or louvers are located . Flush doors consist of flat panels running the full height and width of the door (See Fig . 2 .) Solid-steel flush doors, although most secure, are rarely used except in very highsecurity areas such as banks and prisons . Steel-clad doors, which are flush doors constructed of 24-gauge sheetmetal facing bonded to a nonresinous, kiln-dried wood interior, provide an optimum weight-strength situation for ordinary residential use . Hollow steel doors (13/4-inch flush type) are satisfactory in multiple-dwelling buildings . Aluminum doors can provide sufficient protection but may be comparatively expensive . While less strong than steel-clad doors, wood doors can be secure . All exterior wooden doors should be of solid-core construction with a minimum thickness of 1 3/4 inches . Although flush doors provide better security, if panel doors are desired for aesthetic reasons, the panels should have a minimum 1/2-inch thickness (see Fig . 3) . Both hollow-core wood doors and thin-wood panel doors are unacceptable where security is a factor
Specialties SECURITY Doors and Hardware Door Frames The sides and top of a doorway are provided with a door frame which holds the door in position . The side members of the door frame are called jambs ; the top member is called the head (see Fig . 4). The strike is the portion of the jamb which is cut out or drilled out to allow installation of a metal plate, which accepts the latch or bolt from the door lock (see Fig . 5) . Wooden frames provide an unacceptable
level of security unless they are at least 2 inches thick . Metal-covered wood frames provide an optimum cost-security investment when used in combination with metalcovered wood doors . If a hollow steel frame is used, the residual air space behind the frame should be filled with a crush-resistant material such as cement grout, especially in the area of the strike (see Fig . 6) . This will prevent an intruder from wedging a crowbar between the door and frame and crushing
the frame to free the lock . For doors swinging in, rabbeted jambs should be used . These are jambs containing a metal extension that protrudes beyond the edges of the closed door, thus preventing tampering in the area of the strike (see Fig . 7). For doors without rabbeted jambs, an Lshaped piece of angle-iron at least 2 feet long, mounted in the area of the strike, gives extra protection (see Fig . 8) . The iron acts as a lip which protects the strike from attack .
Specialties SECURITY Doors and Hardware For doors opening out, a flat metal plate, called an escutcheon plate, can be mounted to the face of the door in the area of the lock . This plate, which extends beyond the edge of the door and fits flush with the jamb when the door is closed, will protect the lock from attack in the area of the strike (see Fig. 9) . All plates located on the outsides of doors should be attached with tamper-resistant connectors such as round-headed carriage bolts or one-way screws . Door Hinges and Closers
Spring hinges close the door automatically by using spring force. A spring hinge prevents a
criminal from slipping in behind a resident who has neglected to close the door immediately upon entering . Also, spring hinges prevent the resident from leaving the door open when he exits. Door closers (see Fig. 10) serve the same purpose. These are for more heavy duty and are commonly used in lobbies and commercial facilities . Hinges should be mounted on the inside of the door so that burglars cannot remove the door from the hinges to enter. If hinges must be placed on the outside, they should have nonremovable pins . Pins can be made nonremovable by peening the straight end or by drilling and tapping a machine screw into the
middle portion of each pin from the inside of the open hinge (see Fig. 11). Doors with outside hinge pins can also be protected by screwing two screws halfway into the jamb edge of the door. One screw is placed near each hinge, and a receiving hole is drilled into the jamb for each screw. These protruding screws hold the door when it is closed, even if the hinge pins are removed.
Specialties SECURITY Doors and Hardware
Door Locks Locks must withstand or seriously delay not only a simple forced entry but also sophisticated criminal attack . Locks may also guard against window entry-door exit crimes . Parts of the a lock are defined as follows : Cylinder: A cylinder is that part of the lock into which the key is inserted . If the proper key is used, the cylinder will allow the key to turn, thus moving a bolt or latch. Deadbolt: A deadbolt (or bolt lock) is a heavy metal bar which moves horizontally into the strike of the doorjamb, thus locking the two together. It is called a deadbolt because it cannot be pushed back unless the knob is turned by the correct key. Latch: A latch (or spring lock) is the part of the lock that keeps the door in a closed position by extending into the strike automat ically when the door is closed . The latch is most often operated by the doorknob . Most latches can be pushed back by external pressure without having to turn the doorknob . Deadlatch : In a deadlatch, the latch is positively held in the projected position by an automatic mechanism which is depressed against the strike plate (see Fig. 12) . Strike : The strike is the portion of the jamb where a metal plate has been placed to receive the deadbolt and/or the latch (see Fig. 5) . Stopworks: Stopworks consist of two buttons located under the latch. Pressing the top button in allows the doorknob to turn freely and operate the latch, from both inside and out. Pressing the lower button in allows the inside doorknob to operate the latch, but 'freezes' the outside doorknob. Throw: The throw of a lock is the length (in inches) that the deadbolt extends beyond the face of the lock . Primary locks Primary locks operate in conjunction with the latch . There are two major types : mortise locks and cylindrical or bore-in tubular locks (commonly called key-in-theknob locks). Mortise locks (see Fig. 13) are more common than key-in-the-knob locks and will provide good security. All mortise locks with latches should contain a deadbolt with at least a 1-inch throw constructed of casehardened steel, brass or zinc alloy, or bronze . Federal FF-H 106a heavy-duty series 86 mortise locks or 185 latch and 190K modified deadbolts are recommended . The deadbolt and latch should be key-operated from the exterior and operated from the inside by a device not requiring a key. Mortise locks with latches used in residences should not contain an automatic spring latch with stopworks . Although stopworks prevent the outside knob from being turned, they leave the premises open to easy entry because they do not prevent the latch from being pushed back . An intruder need only insert a credit card into the strike area, push back the spring latch, and open the door (called 'loiding' or 'shimming' the lock). In locks without stopworks, the deadbolt (which cannot be loided) must be thrown by the key of the resident . Eliminating the stopworks prevents the resident from relying on the stopwork and latch mechanism alone. Key-in-the-knob locks (see Fig . 14) are less secure than mortise locks. Although inex-
pensive due to easy installation, key-in-theknob locks can be easily gripped by a tool and twisted until they break. A key-in-the-knob lock can include a deadbolt, at a comparable to slightly higher price than a mortise lock . Secondary locks A secondary lock (rim lock) operates independently of the latch . 'Secondary' is perhaps a poor name, since this type of lock is essential for good security. Secondary locks are usually mounted above the primary lock at shoulder level . They are operated by a key from the outside, and by a turnbolt from the inside . Both mortise and secondary locks may require keys to open them from inside and outside - useful where access to premises may be gained through a small opening other than the door (window transom), since this will prevent the thief from using the door to remove large objects or to escape . There are three major types of secondary locks : spring bolt, horizontal deadbolt, and vertical deadbolt . The spring bolt lock operates much the same as the primary door latch. Because the bolt must be spring loaded and bevelled to allow automatic latching, the bolt can be easily opened . A button (slide stop) may be set to deadlock the bolt. However, the button must be set from the
inside and can only be used when another means of egress is available . The spring bolt is not recommended as a secondary lock (see Fig. 15). Horizontal bolt rim locks operate much the same as deadbolts on primary locks. While horizontal deadbolts afford much better protection than spring bolts, they still can be easily overcome . By inserting a crowbar between the door and the jamb, the intruder can pry them apart to release the bolt from the strike . For this reason, the longer the throw of the deadbolt, the greater protection it affords. However, throws of over 1 112 inches may have excessive cantilever. The recommended minimum throw is 1 inch (see Fig. 16). Vertical bolt deadlocks should be used as secondary locks wherever possible . These utilize two deadbolts that fit vertically into eyeholes or sockets attached to the jamb . This creates a firm bond between the door and the jamb . The vertical bolt deadlock made by Segal is highly recommended, both for its pressed-steel construction and for its ability to hold up under heavy use (see Fig . 17). For additional security, a pick-resistant cylinder should be installed in a good vertical deadbolt body. This combination provides excellent security. 981
Specialties SECURITY Doors and Hardware
Specialties SECURITY
Doors and Hardware The locks discussed so far rely on the rigidity of an existing door frame to resist attacks on the lock . Since older buildings may contain weak door frames, a buttress-type door lock is advisable . Locks of this type include a bar set against a plate on the door and into a receptacle in the floor, thus forming a triangular buttress (see Fig . 18) . Most of these locks can be operated only by a key from the outside . The Magic Eye Company buttress lock can be operated from the outside by a key and from the inside by a turnbolt to prevent accidental locking (see Fig . 19) . One model contains a heavy-duty deadbolt as well as the buttress bar, and affords still further protection (see Fig . 20) . The double-bar lock may also be used to increase the strength of a door, by means of two steel bars that extend up to 21/2 inches into each side of the jamb (see Fig . 21) . The cyclinder is protected on the outside by an escutcheon plate to prevent forcible removal . A pick-resistant cylinder can be installed for added protection . The Fox Police Lock and the Fichet Locking Bar are examples of high-quality double-bar locks . Cylinders Regardless of the type of lock purchased, the cylinder is critical in providing protection . It must withstand efforts by sophisticated criminals such as lock pick experts . The cylinder is the part of the lock into which the key is inserted . The most common type of cylinder is the pin tumbler which operates as follows : As the key is inserted, spring-loaded pins are raised to the proper position to allow the barrel and the key to turn ; the turning causes the bolt or latch (or both) to move . If the wrong key is used, the pins will line up incorrectly and prevent the barrel from turning (see Fig . 22) . Recently, cylinders have become available which utilize special keyways and keys to make the cylinder pick proof or pick resistant (see Fig . 23) . Medeco, Illinois Duo, Sargent, Keso, Eagle Three Star, Mela, Fitchet, and Miracle Magnetic are highly pick resistant . Such cylinders provide improved security, but may require registered keys that can be duplicated only at the factory upon receipt of a signed request . A compromise is the use of a key type whose blank is not available normally, but for which spare blanks are kept for replacements . Of all cylinders on the market, Medeco has proven most difficult to overcome . Medeco utilizes twisting tumblers operated by a key with angular or criss-cross cuts . Only if the proper key is inserted will the pins twist the exact amount needed to allow the barrel to turn . If special keyway cylinders are deemed unnecessarily secure or costly (Medeco cylinders cost about two times the next adequate), the cylinder used should be of solidbar-stock bronze and machined for a tight fit . The cylinders of a master-key system of locks are constructed so that individual keys fit only one lock, but a single master key can open all locks in the system . Use of a masterkey system makes maintenance and other authorized access simpler, but the dangers of improper use of a lost or stolen master key far outweigh the benefits . From a security standpoint, a cylinder should have at least six pins . This often results in the cylinder being longer than the no12
Specialties SECURITY Doors and Hardware thickness of the door In mortise locks (which are recessed into doors), a six-pin cylinder often extends slightly beyond the surface of the door, thus making it susceptible to forcible removal by use of a gripping tool . To prevent use of such a tool, protruding cylinders should be protected by one of the following : Spinner ring . A hardened steel ring that forms a collar around the cylinder and which spins freely around the cylinder when gripped (see Fig . 24). Bevelled-ring cylinder guard: A casehardened steel ring that prevents the cylinder from being gripped by a tool because of its bevelled shape (see Fig. 25) . Scotsman makes a flat, very secure, cylinderguard ring . Escutcheon plate : A metal plate mounted to the door, which covers all of the cylinder except the core (the part where the key is inserted), thus protecting the cylinder from attack . The escutcheon plate should be constructed of malleable cast iron and attached to the door with one-way screws . Machine bolts should not be used to mount escutcheon plates on mortise locks, as the increased pressure can have an adverse effect on the mechanism (see Fig. 26). Sliding Doors Sliding doors opening onto a ground-level patio or accessible balcony (on the first floor or top floor, or adjacent to other balconies) should be constructed so the movable section of the door slides on the inside of the fixed portion . Sliding doors should be break resistant (plate glass) and equipped with a vertical-bolt Segal lock (see Fig. 27), which uses a hook-type bolt to grip door and frame together, or a Loxem Sli-door lock that hoods at top and bottom (see Fig. 28).
Specialties SECURITY Doors and Hardware
Doors with Large Glass Panels Exterior doors containing panes of glass are not recommended for security. French doors that open out should have hinges with nonremovable pins . The vertical stile incorporating the lock should withstand a concentrated horizontal load of 300 pounds . The doors should contain a mortise-type lock that is key operated from the inside and outside . The lock should contain a pin-tumbler cylinder with at least six pins (a pick-resistant cylinder can be used for extra protection) . Even when fitted with key-operated locks inside and outside, doors with large panes of glass are a security problem . Use of break-resistant glass substitutes is one modification . Bars or metal grilles, while providing good security, may be aesthetically unacceptable . Alarms may also be used on these vulnerable doors . Double Doors On double doors, the active leaf should be equipped with a mortise-type lock . The inactive leaf should be equipped with flush bolts with at least a 3/4-inch throw at head and foot (see Fig . 24) . Private Garage Doors Many rolling overhead doors operated by electric motors offer adequate security because the motors are controlled by a key switch inside the garage or by a low-power radio transmittor Manually operated doors should be provided with slide bolts on the bottom bar (see Fig . 30) . Chair-operated doors should be provided with a cast-iron keeper and pin for securing the hardenedsteel chain . Door Interviewers Interviewers are devices installed on an opaque door to allow residents to see and hear who is outside the door without opening it .
Specialties SECURITY Doors and Hardware ; Windows and Hardware
An optical interviewer (peephole) should be installed on each door that provides entry into private dwellings . Many types of interviewers are available, ranging in diameter from two-tenths of an inch to 3 inches . Optics of the interviewer include one-way glass, plastic, and wide-angle glass. Interviewers with openings of over onequarter of an inch are not recommended. Larger interviewers can easily be punched out to allow insertion of tools to open the door from the inside . Someone also may stick a knife, wire, or gun through the hole while the person is looking through it . Interviewers are located approximately 4 feet 9 inches from the floor (see Fig . 31). The best interviewers contain a double glass for safety. Wide-angle glass allows maximum visibility. Although a wide-angle lens does produce a curved, 'fisheye' image, clarity of the image is not impaired . If wide-angle glass is not used, the person outside cannot be seen unless he is standing in adirect line with the interviewer (see Fig . 32) Instead of an optical interviewer, a casehardened steel chain which fits into a horizontally mounted slide track on one end of the door jamb may be installed (see Fig . 33). The chain allows the door to open slightly (preferably not more than 2 inches) to permit easy conversation without fully unlocking the door These chains should be used for interviewing only, not to protect a locked door. The swing of the door, even if only 2 inches, allows the criminal to exert strong force with momentum, which breaks most chain devices. The interviewing space also allows insertion and use of tools. Some slide chains have a locking mechanism which prevents use of a thumb tack (or piece of tape) and rubber band to pull back the slide mechanism and remove the chain from the track . Even when equipped with a locking mechanism, steel chains and slides are readily overcome by simple tools and brute force. Window Materials Because windows contain large sections of glass, they naturally impose a security problem. Windows most vulnerable are those on the first floor (or otherwise accessible from the ground) and those leading to fire escapes . Less vulnerable, but still easily reached, are windows over a canopy (as above a main entrance), windows adjacent to stairwell windows, and windows on the top floor. Window Locks Among the common window locks are the crescent sash lock, often standard on residential windows; various friction or pressure devices, such as the thumb-screw latch ; pintype latches, such as the simple steel pin-inthe-hole device ; and the slide-bolt latch. All of these devices can easily be overcome, especially if an intruder is willing to risk the noise of breaking a small section of the glass. (See Figs . 34, 35, 36, and 37 .) Normal windowpane glass is approximately one-eighth of an inch thick, estremely brittle, and breaks easily Plate glass is usually one-quarter of an inch thick and tempered to withstand an accidental knock. Plate glass is used forlarger areas because of its greater strength and because the initial cost is worth the extra protection . Tempered
Specialties SECURITY
Windows and Hardware glass has a thin, hardening coating and, while no stronger than plate glass, will not cut someone who breaks it . Several companies have developed unbreakable, transparent polycarbonate materials which look like glass but are very difficult to break . GE's Lexan, for example, is guaranteed unbreakable . It costs two to three times as much as glass and has low resistance to scratching . An improved material, Lexan MR-4000, is slightly more expensive but is much less easily scratched . These polycarbonate materials have not yet been extensively used for private dwellings . Another type of durable 'glass' is fabri-
cated much like the safety glass used in automobiles : two layers of high-quality glass are bonded together with a layer of tough vinyl between . This is sold by one company as Secur-lite . While Secur-lite can eventually be broken, the noise and trouble required to do so are considerable deterrents . Oversized glazed areas should be avoided . Anything beyond standard size (6 feet by 8 feet for glass, for example) is expensive and may be difficult to obtain . The only reliable devices are those with a key-operated locking mechanism . Yale and Ideal Security manufacture a window lock which is a modification of the pin-type lock . It
can be locked in either of two positions, one of which allows the window to be open slightly at the bottom for ventilation (see Fig . 38) . Fox makes a window lock combining a pin-type lock and a hasp and padlock . Although somewhat unsightly, it provides excellent protection . Ideal Security manufactures a modification of the crescent sash lock which requires a key to operate . All of these devices provide adequate security for normal residential use . A set of keys should be convenient to the window for use in emergencies but far enough away so that a burglar cannot reach them .
Specialties SECURITY Windows and Hardware
Window Bars, Grilles, and Gates
Where tighter security is desired, metal bars, grilles, and gates have proven most reliable . If a wire mesh grille is used, the metal should be at least one-eighth of an inch in diameter and the openings should not exceed 2 inches (see Figs . 39 and 401. The grille should be attached to the window frame with machine or roundhead bolts which cannot be removed from the outside. If bars are used, they should be placed not more than 5 inches apart. The bars should have a diameter of at least three-quarters of an inch and be set at least 3 inches into the masonry. Sliding gates afford excellent protection and can be pushed aside or opened for emergency exit . The gates should be set in tracks on the top and bottom to prevent them from being pulled or pried away from the window (see Fig. 41). Protect-A-Guard gates are highly recommended for residential and commercial use. All of these devices should be installed inside the window for maximum security. Skylights
The best protection for skylights is installation of metal bars, grilles, or mesh . Bars should be made of steel not less than three quarters of an inch in diameter and should be placed not more than 5 inches apart (see Fig. 42) . If mesh is used, it should be at least one-eighth of an inch thick and the spaces should not be greater than 2 inches . Mesh should be secured firmly by machine or roundhead bolts that cannot be removed from the outside. If metal is undesirable, a securely fastened hasp and padlock will discourage entry and exit through the roof, if the glass is not removed . Both hook-in-eye and sliding-bolt devices are unacceptable security measures for skylights .
Specialties SECURITY
Doors and Hardware; Elevators MULTIFAMILY DWELLINGS Lobby Doors and Walls All lobby entrance doors should provide maximum visibility of the lobby This often requires large glass areas in the lobby doors. Where there is a high degree of vandalism and crime, use of Lexan is recommended. In all cases, oversized glass sheet should be avoided. Glazed areas should be divided so that sheets larger than 6 by 8 feet are not needed . The doorframe should be constructed of rugged, heavy-duty metal. The vertical jamb incorporating the lock should withstand a concentrated load of 500 pounds and be a minimum of 5 inches thick so that it can receive heavy-duty mortise lock sets . The main outer lobby door should have a key-operated lock with a pin-tumbler cylinder containing at least six pins . The key for this lock should not open any other door (such as an apartment door) as this makes the lobbydoor cylinder susceptible to picking. An antifriction latch (see Fig . 43) and a sturdy door closer should be used in conjunction with the lock . Lobby doors, especially if locked or equipped with intercoms, should open out for fire safety and to reduce vandalism (tenants who have misplaced their keys can kick an in-swinging door hard enough to breakthe locking mechanism) . Secondary Exits
In multifamily dwellings, exit doors leading to fire stairwells on each landing should have self-locking deadlatches to allow free egress while prohibiting entry. The stairside surface of the door should be free of hardware to prevent access to one floor from another via the stairwell . Hardware should limit access to the roof or ground-floor exits via the stairwell . Panic hardware, if required, should be in the form of vertical-bolt latches on the top and bottom of the door. This hardware makes the door more sturdy and makes entry from the outside difficult (see Fig . 44). Doors leading into the buildings from garage areas should have self-locking deadlatches with a minimum throw of one-half inch that allow free egress but require a key for entry into the building . The door should be protected in the area of the strike . All exit doors should be equipped with a self-closing apparatus that can be adjusted to the desired tension. Since fire doors are required by law to be operable from the inside, they are often a means of escape . Exit alarms (see Fig . 45) bring immediate attention to fire doors that are opened when there is no apparent fire . A panic bar or other device simultaneously opens the door and sounds a local alarm . However, effectiveness of the alarm as a security measure depends upon the speed and consistence of response to the signal . Exit alarms on fire exits leading to roofs keep burglars from using the roof for escape or for access to top-floor apartments . However, the alarm may prove more a nuisance than a good security measure if teenage vandalism is prevalent. Teenagers often set off the alarm to harass the local official, who must respond to the signal and reset the alarm.
Elevators In most middle-income multifamily dwellings, vandalism of elevators is relatively rare . However, in many high-crime areas and lowincome housing developments, this vandalism is reaching a critical level. In New York City Housing Authority projects, vandalism to elevators and elevator equipment is responsible for almost 60 percent of elevator outages . Parts of the elevator most commonly vandalized are the hall buttons, indicator lights, hatch door glass, hatch door interlock, and buttons located inside the cab, especially the emergency and light switches . Hall buttons are most commonly vandalized because of their accessibility. Impatient tenants push the buttons excessively and often kick or smash them in frustration. To prevent damage to the button and the electrical contacts inside, a stainless steel mushroom-type button should be used (see Fig. 46). The shape of the button prevents the contacts from being damaged by the button's being pushed too heavily against them . Another stainless steel button has been devel-
oped on the same principle, except that the stopper is inside the mechanism so that the button has the more familiar stunted-cone appearance . Use of indicator lights for the lobby, the cab, and the other floors should be decided by the management . In some projects, indicator lights are so vandalized that it is easier to eliminate them . In other developments, indicator lights dampen user impatience and the result is less wear and tear on the buttons . If indicator lights are used, they should be protected by a heavy-duty plastic shield . There are two types of elevator doors : swing and slide. This nomenclature refers to the doors on each floor; the cab door is always a slide door. Slide doors, which are automatic, are becoming increasingly popular despite higher initial cost, because they increase protection against vandalism . Swing doors are inconvenient and more subject to vandalism (short-circuiting of door interlocks, jamming of closing mechanisms, and joyriding on top of cabs).
Specialties SECURITY Elevators In many older elevators (especially the swing-door type), the hatch and cab door contain small glass windows which allow people to see inside before entering and allow passengers to see what floor they're passing . In high-crime areas, this glass has proven more dangerous than helpful . Vandals smash the glass readily, even if wire glass is used . The opening left when the glass is broken presents a very dangerous situation . Hatch door glass should be eliminated by welding or bolting a piece of metal over the opening. Where this is prohibited by a strict building code, a variance is often granted in a high-crime area . A less desirable modification is to install a heavy steel grille over the opening and replace the glass with Lexan .
Interlocks are more commonly vandalized on swing-door elevators. Causes of damage are excessive pulling on the elevator door while the cab is at another floor and short circuiting due to water or urine damage . The latter problem can be solved by installing interlocks with hydrophilic (non-water-absorbing) contacts . When damaged, this type of interlock requires replacement of only the contact plates rather than the entire mechanism . Damage caused by excessive pulling may be alleviated by signs cautioning tenants against such pulling . Closing mechanisms (keepers) can be made to fit more securely when the bolt is in place to prevent too much play in the door. The emergency stop button presents a
problem because it is often misused. The button may be activated to stop the elevator between floors to commit crimes such as mugging, rape, and drug abuse. Because every elevator has several automatic safety mechanisms that prevent if from falling freely down the shaft, the stop button is primarily a psychological comfort to passengers. Wherever possible, the stop button should be eliminated . The building code requirement for stop buttons is being challenged in New York and several othercities. If code change is unlikely, a variance should be applied for where elevator crime is common . A constant-pressure alarm switch is also somewhat better than the conventional toggle switch .
Specialties
SECURITY
Elevators
Secer Light and Kendall are among the manufacturers of elevator dome lights that are highly vandal resistant (see Fig. 47). They are constructed of durable steel and contain a shatterproof plastic plate to protect the bulb . Where use of these lights is economically prohibitive, Lexan or an equivalent should be used to protect the light bulb . Aside from vandalism, joyriding on top of elevator cabs is becoming prevalent in highcrime areas. Injury occurs most often when children are struck by the counterweight when the cab and counterweight pass each other. In other cases, children are crushed between cabs, struck by dividing beams, or squashed under a cab in the pit . There are numerous means of access to elevator roofs and shafts : door interlocks are jammed by using simple household tools ;
emergency stop switches are abused, and roof escape hatch doors are forced . Once on top, children often abuse passengers inside the cabs and interfere with normal elevator operation. It is difficult to prevent crime by modifying elevator equipment. Restricted access to the building through the use of a buzzer-reply system, tenant patrol groups, or doormen is more likely to be effective . Closed-circuit television and audio-intercom systems mounted on elevators are other possible crime control devices. A common device used to increase visibility in an elevator is a convex mirror placed in the upper back corner of the elevator This allows a person to see if anyone is waiting inside the elevator before he walks into a possible assault situation (see Fig. 4%
An elevator modification that may deter crime is the up-discharge, down-collect system. When controlled in this way, an elevator will only stop for a person who has selected 'up' (discharge) at the ground-floor level. Passengers on the upper floor can only enter the elevator on its way down (collect) . The advantage is that a person entering the elevator on the first floor can be assured that the elevator will not stop at another floor to allow a suspicious person to enter. Such a system may be inconvenient for residents-a person wishing to go from the fifth to the seventh floor would have to travel down to the ground floor and then up again. The system is far from foolproof, as criminals can operate in other ways ; but the modification is inexpensive and may deter crime in buildings without security personnel.
Specialties SECURITY
Garages, Secondary Entries, and Mailbox Rooms Garage Doors and Secondary Entries Doors to interior garages provide a means of entry that circumvents many security 'precautions . If access to the building is to be limited, entry through the garage door must be carefully controlled . The most practical solution is to have a locked door which tenants can open but which automatically closes behind them, usually within 15 seconds. A large number of manufacturers provide such self-closing doors. The major variation is the means for opening the garage door. Radio-controlled devices, requiring each auto to have a transistor, are expensive and tar from foolproof. If a device is stolen from one car, all the devices should be replaced (an expensive procedure) . A convenient and less elaborate system has a key-operated switch mounted on the driver's side of the garage, allowing the driver to use a key without leaving his car Despite these controls, the garage door should be monitored by tenants, security personnel, or electronic equipment if a build-
ing is to retain a high level of security. A door leading directly from a parking area to the building interior must be treated the same as a main entry Such a door will be used continually, and requires equivalent security measures . The secondary lock recommended for storage rooms containing valuables is the Fox double-bar lock . Mailboxes and Mailbox Rooms Mailboxes are a major target for criminals within multifamily dwellings, particularly in low-income communities. The mail includes welfare, social security, and veterans' checks as well as others . These checks are particularly vulnerable because they arrive on set days of the month. The bank of mailboxes should be located in the most secure and easily surveyed space available . Some brands of mailboxes do provide security, but any mailbox can be opened in the 10 minutes required to force open the door If there is any control of
access to the building l intercom or doorman), mailboxes should be located inside the protected area . Mailboxes may be located in a locked room . Such a room must contain a large window to make it visible from the lobby, and be lighted 24 hours a day to reduce its potential as a location for muggings and other crimes . The door to a mailbox room should have sturdy self-locking hardware . Where back-loading mailboxes (generally secure) are used, a separate mail-loading room is often provided (see Fig. 49) . The better mailboxes are constructed of 16-gauge metal. The doors are tightly fitted and without holes to prevent prying them open and to prevent matches from being dropped in . The metal may be corrugated for additional strength . Cylinder locks with at least five pins should be used . Door size should be kept to a minimum to further limit the possibility of prying doors open (see Fig. 50). American and Gorth manufacture such mailboxes .
Specialties SECURITY Lightn
LIGHTING Good lighting in a residential development permits adequate visibility and surveillance . Generally, the higher the lighting level, the better the security. An appropriate level of lighting should be provided in each area ; the light should be without excessive glare and generate no heavy shadows ; and lighting should be resistant to vandalism and easy to maintain . Fluorescent lamps are tubular glass lights that require special current-control devices called ballasts . Operating costs of fluorescent lamps are significantly lower than for incandescent bulbs : fluorescent tubes typically produce 3 to 4 times as much light per watt and operate 7 to 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs (due in part to lower operating temperatures). Interior Lighting Lobbies, elevators, stairwells, and corridors must be well lit . Interior lighting normally requires only conventional incandescent bulbs, but low-glare or 'frosted' incandescent or fluorescent luminaries are preferable . Low wattages of 25 to 200 watts generally suffice . It is usually desirable to install low-wattage fixtures at close intervals to minimize shadows and glare. The most common problem of interior
lighting is vandalism . Naked bulbs provide maximum illumination at minimal installation cost, but they are so often and so easily broken that maintenance costs are very high, and crime is encouraged by lack of lights . Recessed lighting suffers less from accidental breakage and vandalism . Transparent bulb protectors allow nearly total passage of light, but since the bulb can be seen, a vandal will likely try to break it . Translucent bulb covers are therefore preferable, even though some of the light is blocked by the cover. Secer and Kendall have developed fixtures that are vandal resistant . They are made of plastic and come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Exterior Lighting All heavily used spaces such as paths, entries, and parking areas should be lit by 5- to 10-foot candles. Higher fixture locations have a variety of advantages . As a general rule, the useful ground coverage of an elevated light fixture is roughly twice the height of the fixture . Thus, a 150-watt incandescent lamp mounted 8 feet above the ground can provide adequate light for 16 feet along a walk . Higher luminaries are safer from vandalism . However, lighting fixtures mounted higher than the second floor may create a feeling of being in a 'compound .'
A variety of specialized, high-intensity light sources can illuminate large outdoor areas such as recreation facilities and parking lots . Mercury-vapor and sodium-vapor lamps are available in sizes up to 1500 watts; the eerie bluish light of early mercury-vapor lamps may be avoided by selecting one of the newer 'color-corrected' models . Once again, the point is to provide an appropriate level of light without creating glare or shadows. Lamp and fixture breakage can be controlled in part by installing fixtures of tough, break-resistant plastic . The spherical, white glass fixtures so common today are less vulnerable, though not as tough as the more expensive plastic models . A final comment on lighting is specifically relevant to a building or residential development inhabited primarily by the elderly. The pupil in the human eye gradually decreases in size due to advancing age. As a result, about twice as much actual brightness is required to create the same degree of brightness on the retina of a 60-year-old as on the retina of a 20-year-old (the ratio reaches 3 by age 75). Therefore, lighting levels in residences for the elderly should be well in excess of conventional standards and much higher than what seems adequate to a (younger) management staff.
Specialties SECURITY Electronic Systems
Electronic security equipment includes alarms designed to detect unauthorized entrance ; closed-circuit television systems, apartment-to-lobby intercom locks, and various audio equipment. While the initial cost of many of these systems is high, each could reasonably be installed in moderate-income residential complexes and could prevent future need for more costly measures . ALARMS An alarm performs two functions : it detects the presence of an intruder, and it reports the intrusion . The quality of an alarm mechanism is measured by its ability to perform these two functions . A wide range of devices detect intrusion of a criminal into a building . These fall roughly into two categories : contact devices and motion-detection devices . Contact Devices
Contact devices are mechanical switches that detect movement or perhaps the breakage of glass. A common type consists of a contact on the door (or window) and a contact on the frame. When the door is closed, the two contacts form part of an electrical circuit. When the door is opened, the contact is broken, the ciruit is opened, and the alarm circuit is activated (see Fig. 51). A similar device, called a string-pull alarm, employs a slight variation in that the opening of the door pulls a string, which closes a switch that trips the alarm. Many contact devices are purely mechanical (as just described), while others include magnetic and mercury switches . Usefulness of a contact depends upon its sensitivity (how much the device can be jarred without being activated) and its reliability Most situations call for a device sufficiently sensitive that a skilled burglar cannot enter without setting off the alarm, but not so delicate that an innocent jostling will disturb it . Foil strips are a related mechanism used primarily to detect breakage of glass in windows and doors. A delicate strip of metal foil is glued or taped to the glass. The foil strip acts as one long, continuous electrical circuit. If the glass is broken, the foil is broken, which interrupts the circuit and activates the alarm . Foil can be circumvented if it is possible to break the glass or release a lock without breaking the foil . Primarily because of their unattractiveness, foil strips are seldom installed in residences. Contact devices can be made part of a lock mechanism (see Fig . 52). This type of alarm is set off whenever an attempt is made to force or pick the lock . Contact devices themselves are very inexpensive; a simple magnetic contact pair costs about $2 . But each contact device can protect only one opening; therefore, even a single-family house requires several devices to protect all points of entry. In addition, it is often expensive to install the alarms and connect them to an alarm-reporting device . Contacts may be hidden so criminals cannot locate and dismantle them easily. Hiding an alarm system lessens its value as a deterrent, but increases the criminal's chances of being apprehended while com-
Specialties SECURITY Electronic Systems mitting a crime. Since deterrence is the primary goal of residential security efforts, it is quite common to advertise the existence of an alarm without revealing the location of the mechanisms . This advertising is sometimes done where no alarm system exists . Considering the minimal expense involved in such a ruse, it may be worth the cost, but even very unsophisticated criminals can pick out such fake systems. Heat-sensitive devices are sometimes combined with contact switches to provide an inexpensive fire-security alarm system . Motion-Detection Devices These devices detect the motion of an intruder as he moves about the protected space. This detection can be accomplished in a variety of ways . Seismographic devices are turned on by vibrations or weight upon the floor (these devices have been perfected so they are not triggered by a passing truck). Photoelectric cells ('seeing-eye' mechanisms) use a beam of light to detect any motion across a protected span . Ultrasonic devices send inaudible sound waves through a room (see Fig. 53). Movement by an intruder changes the pattern of reflected sound waves and thus triggers an alarm. Increased sensitivity improves the effectiveness of each of these systems, but also raises their costs . Motion detectors are far more expensive than contact devices, but one motion device can protect an entire area, regardless of the number of points of entry. Installation costs are often minimal, as the detection device need not be connected to any part of the structure . Motion detectors are most useful in spaces not used during scheduled periods of time, such as in commercial establishments which are totally empty at night and in homes left empty during vacation . More expensive motion-detection devices can protect limited areas, such as a single door or window. Alarm Reporting Systems The term 'alarm-reporting system' describes the mechanism that receives the message of an intrusion and reacts . Essentially there are only two kinds of alarmreporting systems : Intrusion is reported either by a loud alarm on the premises (called a local alarm) or via wires to a security force which is prepared to react when notified (called a central alarm or silent alarm) . A local alarm has a bell or buzzer connected to the intrusion device which produces a loud audio signal on the premises when the alarm is activated. This is the simplest type of alarm and can be installed readily. The deterrent effect is dependent upon the burglar's being intimidated and driven off immediately by the noise. Noise of the local alarm can also stop a crime in progress and aid in apprehension if someone responds to the alarm. Local alarms are often operated by batteries (see Fig . 54) . Instead of an alarm being sounded, lights in the building can be turned on by an alarm system, or lights and alarm can both be activated. This local system also protects people sleeping in a house by alerting them that a break-in is being attempted . Generally, keys are required to shut off local alarms
A central alarm-reporting system sounds an alarm at a remote point usually connected to the detection device by wires (telephone lines are used in many cases) . The remote point is sometimes the residence of the owner of a protected business establishment and sometimes the local police station ; but generally, it is the headquarters of a private protective agency These agencies have guards stationed at this headquarters who will respond to the alarm signal . Usefulness of the alarm system is dependent upon the speed and reliability of the response . A local alarm signal is often activated at the same time as a central alarm, thus simultaneously frightening the criminal and alerting the authorities . If only a central alarmreporting system is activated, the criminal is not warned that an alarm has been sent . This system (called a 'silent' alarm) increases the possibility of apprehension while eliminating the possibility of driving the intruder off with noise . A variation on this central-alarm arrangement is to utilize regular city police to respond to the central alarm . In high-income, low-density, high-burglary-risk communities, the city police allow alarms to be hooked up to the police headquarters, where the dispatcher serves as monitor. Another arrangement is for the detection device to trigger a tape-recorded message that is automatically telephoned to the police, telling them the location of a burglary in progress . The single major problem of all alarm systems is the possibility of false alarms . They can be caused by defects in the intrusion-detection device or the reporting system. False alarms diminish the credibility of the entire system . If neighbors experience repeated false alarms, if security guards are called out unnecessarily, or if police are accidentally telephoned a tape-recorded message, response by all of these persons slows dramatically and will eventually cease. Thus, the intrusion device must be designed so that it is not accidentally activated by noncriminal occurrences. Related to the false alarm issue is the question of how the alarm is turned off. The most common method is for the alarm to operate after a 20-second delay; that is, the alarm will not sound for 20 seconds after a contact is broken or motion detected, allow-
ing the resident a brief period in which to switch off the entire system . The switch can be simply a button located in a hidden place. A key-operated switch is more secure, but the possibility of false alarms increases because residents often forget or cannot locate their keys . However, the turnoff mechanism should not be so simple or accessible that the criminal can activate it . Selecting Alarm Systems
The security alarm business is large and complex. It is therefore impossible to specify manufacturers or even types of alarm systems for general use. The quality of installation and the maintenance program that backs up the system are crucial elements that should outweigh initial price in the selection of equipment. The best advice is to deal with firms that have a verifiable history of quality installation, a reliable guarantee/warranty record, and an established repair and maintenance program. The concept of a consistent 'level of security' avoids excessive expenditures for one piece of equipment while other means of entry are unprotected. Equipment characteristics should fit specific installation situations . It is often difficult to install contact switches in older houses because window frames often have warped or buckled. Stringpull devices have to be set from the inside and therefore cannot be used for a normal exit door. Selection of alarm equipment should be based on specific system characteristics desired : Is deterrence of crime or apprehension of criminals the primary goal? Should the system be visible to deter attempted burglary, or should it be hidden to increase the likelihood of apprehending a burglar? CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION When used in residential settings, closedcircuit television (CCTV) is intended to provide 'electronic windows', that is, a visual surveillance where physical design has obviated unaided surveillance . The purpose is to create an environment in which residents know that normal restraints of surveillance by citizens and their authorized agents exist, albeit aided by electronics . While initially costly, CCTV often reduces security personnel requirements or obviates the need for expensive redesign of existing structures .
Specialties SECURITY Electronic Systems Electronically aided surveillance is not equal to personal surveillance . A corrective response to a detected crime is obviously a step further away if the viewer sees the crime on a TV receiver rather than on the spot . The deterrent of having a policeman or other person on hand is lost . There is also the possibility of equipment malfunction . But CCTV has a quality of its own : being watched while unable to ascertain who, if anyone, is doing the watching is somehow unnerving, and definitely is a deterrent. A remotely controlled surveillance camera can be fitted with an automatic panning device so that the camera swings from side to side continuously, even when no one is monitoring the system . CCN System Requirements In general, a CCTV system should perform at approximately the same level as commercial broadcast receivers. Specific equipment and the quality of image needed are determined by characteristics of the area under surveillance, schedules of operation, makeup of the monitoring staff and their expected responses to emergencies, and use of special equipment. American and foreign manufacturers have TV cameras suitable for security work . All equipment should meet the standards of the Electronic Industries Association for CCTV. Service and maintenance are generally more difficult and expensive than installation ; therefore, the capability and reputation of a local supplier is crucial . City police or traffic departments often have had experience with manufacturers, suppliers, and maintenance operations . To encourage reliance on the system by users, and to prevent criminals from taking advantage of a lapse, the CCTV system should break down as infrequently as possible and be repaired quickly in the event of a breakdown . Picture resolution depends primarily on camera quality and lighting levels : Higher lighting levels permit the use of less sensitive, less expensive cameras. The entire system should operate unattended . This requires electronically stable equipment, meaning, for example, that no one should be required to constantly adjust the lens of the camera . It is difficult to project costs of CCTV systems because of the variety of system sizes and configurations and the range of equipment costs. Camera prices start as low as $200, but more sophisticated models, such as those sensitive to very low light levels, cost up to $10,000 each . Complicated accessories including zoom lenses, remote pan (side-to-side movement) and tilt (up-anddown movement) mechanisms, and lowlight equipment can increase installation and maintenance costs tremendously. The cost of monitoring equipment can be as lowas the cost of a conventional television receiver, but more specialized and sensitive equipment is far more expensive . Camera Locations
Locations of a CCTV camera and the light level at that point are key cost-effectiveness factors . A camera's location defines the area to be observed by the camera, and the nature of the location greatly influences the camera's vulnerability to theft and vandalism .
Available lighting dictates the type of camera needed to produce a final image of adequate quality Of course, supplemental lighting may be provided at additional cost . The camera must be able to view an area that is significant in terms of crime control . Wide-angle or other special lenses should be avoided by choosing a different camera location . Most importantly, the camera itself must be protected from theft and vandalism . This means that the body and lens of the camera should be in an inaccessible place. A mirror is often used to reflect the image into the lens, so that the expensive lens will not be broken by pointed instruments, thrown objects, or bullets (see Fig. 55). All interior cameras should be placed inside sturdy housings which are installed with tamperproof connectors . Cameras must be accessible for maintenance and repair, however. A number of locations meet all of these requirements . An elevator in a high-rise building is often protected by CCTV. The camera is generally mounted on the outside of the elevator cab wall so that the image passes via a mirror in a corner of the elevator to the protected lens . In case of camera failure, the elevator must be stopped so that the camera maintenance man can step onto the top of the cab and reach over the side to repair the units. This is not overly inconvenient for repairmen, but it does make access to the camera more difficult for a potential thief. Building lobbies are another common location of interior cameras. Lobby cameras are commonly hung from the ceiling or recessed into the ceiling . The elevated locations require that the repairmen use a ladder. Use of a ladder, however, would make a thief very conspicuous . Outdoor locations usually depend upon inaccessibility to protect equipment from theft and vandalism . Cameras are located atop steel poles or on poles extending from roofs or walls. An alternative is to place the camera in a wall or window of an accessible apartment. Lighting for
CCN Systems
Lighting plays a key role in the cost and effectiveness of a CCTV system For camera locations inside buildings, it is almost always less expensive to raise the light level than to use low-light-level equipment. The required
lighting level is only slightly higher than normal for building interiors, can be achieved without glare, and has an intrinsic value as a crime deterrent. Exterior lighting can be very expensive . Cameras used outdoors are almost always more flexible and sensitive, being capable of adapting to full sun, cloudiness, and dusk . But as indicated earlier, camera costs rise dramatically for low-light-level equipment. While increasing of lighting levels is also expensive, well-designed extra lighting again has an intrinsic value as a crime deterrent. Monitoring of
CCN Systems
Effectiveness of CCTV depends on the nature and quality of monitoring . Many people may be used as monitors : city police, project security personnel, members of organized tenant patrols, tenants acting as individuals, and various combinations of these groups . The choice depends principally upon availability of personnel and their monitoring costs. City police will monitor CCTV systems only if they believe it is the most efficient use of manpower. Thus an area being surveyed must suffer large numbers of crimes to warrant hiring a policeman or civilian whose function is simply sitting, watching, and adjusting. Crime reduction or criminal apprehension through CCTV monitoring would have to be substantial to justify continued use of such manpower. Police use of CCTV systems is generally limited to shopping districts and city-center areas. Police normally monitor large systems that include several cameras (each equipped with pan, tilt, and zoom capability) and a monitoring console, so that the viewer can watch activity in several places at once and adjust his equipment to concentrate on a particular place, incident, or individual . Commercial and industrial facilities often hire private security personnel to monitor CCTV systems. Guards are used less frequently in residential complexes. The major advantage of use of guards is that a single guard can control several entrances to a building or complex of buildings. Usually the guard can see all entrance doors, the lobby, and the elevator interiors on the monitor screens. He can be given audio contact with the lobby area . With the use of an intercom
Specialties SECURITY Electronic Systems
system, he can also control garage and front door entrances. He can also be given the ability to stop the elevator in midflight . Thus the security guard can see and hear every person entering the premises ; he can prevent them from entering ;and he can even exert some control after they enter. It is also possible to staff a monitoring panel with members of tenant patrols . Use of volunteer personnel eliminates payment of guard salaries . Because they are personally acquainted with the project residents, tenant monitors can easily pick out strangers and perhaps distinguish a minor argument among friends from an impending fight. But, there are serious drawbacks in using tenant monitors . It is difficult to guarantee the performance of unpaid people . The novelty of working with TV monitors will wear off quickly, and declining interest increases the likelihood of patrol members simply not showing up . Additionally, tenant patrol members are not equipped or empowered to take much action . The tenant monitoring the CCTV has no real authority over police or security personnel . Finally, there is the problem of tenant patrol members using their position to harass or intimidate other tenants. An alternative is in-apartment tenant monitoring . Tenants of a building or housing project can monitor CCTV on their home TV screens . By connecting CCTV equipment to a master antenna within a building, tenants can have the option of tuning into unused TV channels to monitor lobby, elevator, playground, or parking lot activity. Tenants may watch CCTV when they are expecting someone to arrive, or when a child is playing within viewing range of a camera in a playground area . Older people may watch for less specific reasons. Obviously, this does not assure continuous monitoring, but if one or more of 200 tennats is watching, it would be risky for intruders to take chances. An in-apartment tenant monitoring system requires that a cable TV or master antenna system be in operation in the building . CCTV is clearly most suited to large, high-rise dwellings. Picture quality of the CCTV systems should be comparable to that of commercial broadcasting to promote tenant usage. While some picture disintegration may be acceptable in a conventionally
monitored CCTV system, there should be no distortion in a system designed for in-apartment monitoring . It is desirable (and generally not expensive) to install a microphone system so that sound accompanies the TV picture, which makes the system more interesting and enjoyable. It is possible to organize a voluntary inapartment monitoring program to improve coverage . A tenant organization could arrange for persons to watch CCTV in their homes during specified hours . Such a scheduled system would promote better coverage and facilitate participation because there would be no requirement that residents leave their apartments . Also, CCTV monitors should be placed where responsible individuals, such as management staff and patrolling guards, are at work or pass by continually.
outside the lobby door differs from a conventional panel in that it is supplied with a telephone receiver, and the list of residents has a three-digit number next to each name . A person wishing to enter the building dials the appropriate three-digit number, which makes the phone of the tenant buzz (not ring) . The tenant then speaks with the person over the phone. If recognition is established, the tenant dials '4' to open the front door. If a tenant is speaking on the phone when the buzzer sounds, he can depress the receiver once, speak to the person in the lobby, buzz him in by dialing '4;' and then depress the receiver again to return to his initial telephone conversation . For tenants without telephones, a special unit that can be used only for the intercom can be installed. Fees for installation and service are billed by the phone company and added to the tenants' monthly rent .
INTERCOM SYSTEMS Most urban multifamily dwellings are equipped with buzzer-reply systems to limit access to the building to tenants and to people who have been interviewed by tenants on an intercom system . A typical buzzerreply intercom system in an apartment building functions as follows: A panel located outside the lobby entrance door lists the names and apartment numbers of all tenants in the building . Next to each tenant's name is a call button that when pressed rings a bell or buzzer within that tenant's apartment. The tenant responds to the call by walking to a panel mounted on the wall of his apartment and speaking via an intercom system to the person outside the door. When identification is satisfactorily established, the tenant pushes a button on the panel which momentarily allows the entrance door to be opened without a key. Because the costs involved in installing wiring for such a system in an existing building are very high, buzzer-reply systems should be installed in all new buildings during the construction phase. A modified version of the traditional buzzer-reply system has recently come into use. Local telephone companies install and service front-door intercom systems that use existing telephone wires instead of a separately wired system . The panel mounted
ELEVATOR AUDIO SYSTEMS Use of audio systems in elevators is rapidly increasing . An elevator audio system is an uncomplicated sound-transmission installation consisting of a microphone and speaker located in the elevator cab and connected to similar devices near the elevator doors on each floor. The system allows someone inside the elevator to speak to anyone standing in the elevator waiting area, and vice versa. In office buildings or high-income residential buildings, an additional connection is made so that a doorman, guard, or maintenance man can respond to persons inside the elevator. In low-income housing, the equipment in the cab is simply connected to the elevator on each floor. Some systems are designed to remain on at all times, but most require the person in the cab to push a button before he can talk to the outside location . A continuous voice relay system reassures the elevator rider that he can communicate with the outside if any trouble arises, whereas the need to push a button limits the usefulness of a noncontinuous audio system in crime situations . Any elevator audio device is useful when breakdowns occur and someone is trapped inside the cab.
Specialties
COLOR THEORY
Primary colors The longest extended slices on the color wheel (Fig . 1) show the three primary colors - red, yellow, and blue . They're called primary because all the other colors come from combinations of these three colors . Secondary colors Mix any two primary colors and you get the secondary colors : Orange (red and yellow) Violet (red and blue) Green (blue and yellow) Tertiary colors All of the other six colors on the wheel are called tertiary, or intermediate, colors . They are a mixture of the primary colors plus an adjacent secondary color. Thus : Yellow orange (yellow and orange) Yellow green (yellow and green) Blue green (blue and green) Blue violet (blue and violet) Red violet (red and violet) Red orange (red and orange) Color has three dimensions : the hue, distinguishing one color from another- such as red, green, blue, etc. ; the value, denoting lightness or darkness ; and the tone or intensity, which is the brightness or dullness . These hues, values, and intensities can appear to change when different ones are used together. Two or more light values combined afford little contrast ; nor will darker values in combination provide much interest . But, when a light value is used with a dark, the light appears lighter while the dark appears darker. White is the lightest of all colors, and values range from it through varying gradations of gray to black. Colors that are nearer white in value are called tints and colors that are closer to black in value are called shades . Intensities or tones also have similar effects. A brightly upholstered chairwill appear brighter and will stand out when used with a carpet of dull color, as it will produce a spot of interest . In contrast, a few dull-colored pieces of furniture will sink into the background if the room contains brighter-colored rugs, draperies, and other furnishings. Contrasting or opposite hues will emphasize one another. Red with green will make the red look redder and the green appear more orange, while the red-purple will take on a bluish tone . There are many ways of combining colors for interest . Related color schemes such as reds, purples, and blues together can produce very pleasing effects. Contrasting hues, such as blueswith oranges, can also be combined to give more vibrant results . Some people enjoy excitement . Warm colors such as yellow, orange, and red are exciting because they are associated with things like sunshine, fire, heat, and even blood. Warm colors tend to 'advance ;' and a predominantly warm-colored wall will seem to come forward . They are especially effec-
tive in rooms that are on the east or north side of a house, because light entering from those directions seems to be a cool light. The warm colors and cool light complement each other and make the room seem cozier and warmer. Cool colors are those associated with water, verdure, and the sky-blues, greens, and violets . These tend to 'recede;' and under most conditions, light, cool-colored walls will create an illusion of greater space . They are good choices for rooms on the south and west side of the house, since these areas receive a lot of sunlight all year around . Theirs is a cooling effect in the warm-light areas, another complementary association . Black, white, gray, and brown - and the tones of the latter two, known as griege and beige - are not considered to be colors so much as neutrals . In practice, they are the 'no-color' colors, which are used with other colors to modify them or to contrast with them . But they are far from being negative . As you work with color, you will find that all colors are influenced by the company they keep . This is particularly true of the tints, shades, and so-called neutral colors . A juxtaposition of two muted colors, such as a gray and a tan, will bring out latent greens, lavenders, and pinks you did not see before . Colors also have visual weights. Dark and bright appear heavy, while light or dull seem to weigh less . Remember that a dominant color is the one that 'controls' a room, while the others are accents. Basic Color-Scheme Planning Successful decorating often depends on how well the total effect is anticipated. Here are four types of schemes that professional decorators have in mind when they start to plan a job. They are no guarantee of perfect results, but they do make an unwieldy subject easier to handle . Monochromatic This scheme is built around one color, using it somewhere in its full intensity, and then varying it with a number of shades, and tints of the same color. For example, in a monochromatic scheme of yellow, the range could be from dark shades of gold, through clear yellow, to light, paleyellow tints. A monochromatic color scheme can be restful, create a feeling of spaciousness, and provides a good background for art objects, collections or similar decorations. But generally, when employing a monochromatic colorscheme, the interest of the room comes through by using a variety of textures and patterns . Analogous or related Because it's the easiest color scheme to work with, an analogous scheme is the one that enjoys the greatest popularity at the present time . It is based on two or three colors, such as yellow, yellow orange, and red orange, that lie close to each
other on the color wheel, with 'relief' provided by tints and shades of the same that have been tinged with adjacent greens or vermilion. The analogous color scheme is restful and refreshing also, and the colors are more interesting because of their variations in intensity and value. It is the kind of color scheme that is easily changed; a slight shift of emphasis here and there is all that is necessary to completely change the character of the room . Complementary or contrasting This scheme, which is rapidly coming into favor, uses colors that are opposite each other on the color wheel - blue and orange, red and green, yellow and violet . One color is usually a primary color and the other a secondary color Using such contrasting colors will give a lively and vibrant room, but it is a color scheme that must be used with caution . One color should always dominate, with the others being primarily dramatic accents . The 'shock' impact of a complementary color scheme can be softened by selecting unexpected shades and tints of the two colors . That is, a vivid color and its complement can be quieted, if you prefer, by graying them, or reducing their values . Employing a pair of opposites in this manner means that there will be both cool and warm colors in a room, which makes a mutually complementary association . A complementary color scheme tends to make a room seem smaller. Accented This is a combination of adjacent, related, or analogous colors - call them what you will - accented by a bold touch of color from the opposite side of the wheel . An example would be a scheme ranging through a number of strong, soft, and grayed yellows, spiked with purple or violet . There are also other color schemes, such as triad and split-complementary that you can adapt from the color wheel, but the four suggested above are the easiest to visualize and to carry out. In whatever basic scheme you use do not forget the neutrals : black, white, the grays, and browns - to which you might add metallic gold and silver. Since they will appear, of themselves, in the wood and metal of your furnishings, they must at all times be considered for the part they play in the total effect . If you wish, the neutrals can constitute a fifth, and very sophisticated, color scheme of their own! But usually they must be more or less just 'accepted ;' and played up or played down by the colors you combine them with . Incidentally, some black and white is an asset to almost any color scheme, but too many and indefinite neutrals, used with stronger colors, tend to compromise a color scheme and make it look confused or merely drab . It is best to think of any neutral as a distinctive note of color, whether it is the fieldstone of a fireplace or a hardwood floor.
Specialties COLOR THEORY
Fig. 1 The basic wheel with a three-dimensional projection of the attributes of color-hue, value, and intensity-as shown in their relation to oneanother. The circular band represents the hues : G, green; B, blue ; P, purple ; R, red; and Y, yellow. The uprightcenter axis is the scale of value. Paths leading from the center indicate color intensity.
Specialties COLOR THEORY
Color Schemes and Combinations
DIRECTIONS FOR USING COLOR COMBINATION CHARTS COLOR WHEEL NUMBER 1 Illustrates color corabinotions In -blob the three primaries ore used together, or the three secondary colors, or three tertlery colors . The three points of each triangle link the colors used In this TRIAD COLOR SCHEME . The rule for success is to use only one of them in o strong, bright tone, In small areas, with the other two In softened (or grayed) tones . COLOR WHEEL NUMBER 7 Illustrates the color pairs which are effective together through contrast . This Is called the COMPLEMENTARY COLOR SCHEME . As the arrows Indicate, the palms ore exactly opposite each other on the wheel one should be used In a bright tone for smatter areas, the other In grayed tones and larger areas. COLOR WHEEL NUMBER 3 Illustrates the use of a color with the two which ere next to Its opposite on the wheel, one on each side . This SPLIT COMPLEMENTARY COLOR SCHEME follows the rule for complementarles, and may Include the direct controsl color also, If desired. For example, yellow may be used with blue-violet, and red-violet, with or without the true violet shade which comes between them .
To avoid confusion, not all of the triangles are Indicated. Cut a piece of Paper The size of the triangle and lay it with Ike top point at any color you choose . The other points will most on the correct colors . COLOR WHEEL NUMBER 4 Illustrates how an ANALOGOUS COLOR SCHEME Is developed by using colors which ore related because they are side by side an Me wheel. Any group can be used, all around the wheel, as Indicated by the dotted tines . For an accent color you can use a contrast color opposite any one of year group . For Instance, In the yellow-orange to red group, complementary blue could be used for accent Ishown on color wheel 21 . Black, white, gray and other definitely neutral tones can be used with anycomblnation ofcolors.
BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR WORKING OUT A COLOR SCHEME 1. DOMINANT OR CONTROLLING COLOR Decide on your dominant or controlling color, which may dominate by cover. Ing a targe area or by strength of color In a smatter area. Decide whether your foundation or background color Is to be the dominant or a secondary color. Pion to use a large amount of quiet background color, a small amount of bold, strong color. All targe foundation areas should be In tight or grayed tones. 2. GRAYING Clear colors are gayer, more cheerful, but grayed tones are more restful, their harmonies more subtle . Mixing gray with bright colors brings them Into relation with other colors In the room . Am . . . red and yellow In bright lanes seem to clash. Mixed with gray, they become rose and tan and go very well together . Use this principle also In buying materials . Avoid too much graying . It gives muddy tones, dirty grays, flat croons. A little gray goes far. 3. RELIEF AND CONTRAST COLORS Decide on relief and contrast colors and bring them Into all parts of the room composition . Remember the order In the amount of space allowed each one-loundalion, then relief, then contrast . All colors-Including background colors-should be keyed to the dominant color. Soften strong contrast colors
with white . Contrast Is loop In tighter tints . Soften darker contrasts with grey, 4. ACCENT COLORS Use pure bright Intense colors only in accesseries, etc. Distribute them se they wilt nor be spotty . The smaller the area the brighter the color may be . Thp larger the ores the mollet the tone should be. Don't use targe omounts et pure bright color . S. KEYING This is another means of creating harmony. A key color is the one about which the color scheme Is built-the dominant, or controlling color. Ali other colors In the room must be 'keyed' with It-harmonized . Two colors In which any part of a third color Is present wilt be linked together. Example. To key rod and yellow to each other, mix them both wish a little of IN. third primary hus-blue. Yield and green will result, and these ore harmonious to use with your strong tones. Remember this principle in buying as welt as mixing colors . A lovely print or art object wilt have these tones keyed for you, and you cam use them for your own compeslllon . The sale rule is to ovoid too many colors and too strong tones except In accents, etc . Most colors will 'go together It you soften them .
Specialties COLOR THEORY Terminology and Combinations
WHAT DECORATORS MEAN WHEN THEY USE THESE COLOR TERMS
HUE . Each section in the color wheel Is called a hue . Ta change o bust, another color not black, white or Pure gray) must be added to it. Every hue has a different wave length from every other hue . Mixed with Its complement equally it produces gray . PRIMARY COLORS . Also called 'normal,' else 'fundamental.' Primaries are the three plgment colon which cannot be produced by any mixture of other pigments . Them are red tike that of a geranium flower, yellow tike that of ripe lemons, blue tike the deep clear hue of a sunny southern sky . SECONDARY COLORS . Secondaries ore the three colors which are produced by mixing two of the three primaries In equal amounts Red + yellow = orange; red + blue = purple (or violat yellow + blue = green .
TERTIARY COLORS . Tertlories are the colors produced by mixing a primary with a secondary, the exact shade depending upon the proportion, Red + orange producer shades such as russet, burnt orange, coral, etc . Red + purple-mul-ber y, amethyst, orchid,etc.Blue+ purple-hel olrope, periwinkle,lavender, etc . Blue + green-lurquotm, aquamarine, bottle green, etc. Yellow + arcnge-molae, primrose, flame etc . Yellow + green-lode, Nile, olive, chartreuse, etc . Mixtures of complem.ntorles not Included because them produce shades of gray- neutral . Some authorities conoldor aim, the shades produced by mixing Iwo secandarles as lortlarles, ouch as state, citron, buff, most, etc. COMPLEX COLORS . All colors which are made up of more complicated mixtures than those producing secondary and tertlory colors are called complex.
NEUTRAL COLORS . Black and white are considered neutral . also all those tints and hades in which tones of gray or brawn predarnlnate . TINTS, The tight toner resulting when white Is mixed with a color. Much white makes a color cold . SHADES, The dark tones resulting when black is mixed with a color. Much block deadens the color . TONE . Each hue has many tones. By tone-or tonal value-we mean the relative strength of the hue as it approaches black or while at the opposite and, of the value scale. Mixed with whit ., a color Is 'pale' In loner mixed with black, it is 'dark' In too* . The upper and tower extremes of any color would be while (or very pole gray), and black. CHROMA, This term Is used Interchangeably with value, tonal valu., and Intensity . The chromo of a color such as yellow Is 'light-, the chroma of a color such as Navy blue Is 'dark .' When a color fados, It loser chroma . LUMINOSITYi This term Is used ta describe o quality of warm clear colors In light . reflecting tones and finIshes, such as tight golden-yellow . Clear whit. Is also luminous. Literally 'luminous' are only metals In gold, silver, platinum, or clear Plastics .
SUGGESTED COLOR GROUPS TO USE WITH IT
COLOR
RED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grwn, gray, blue (for occont SCARLET . . . . .,-,--,-- 001e - 001e ,- 001e001e001e ,Light blue, ecru (or Navy and )steps/ CRIMSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pearl .cry, mauve GARNET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sapphire blue, mauve, pearlgray CARDINAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morlrse blue, turquoise, $say WINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 001e001e001e001e . 001e001e --,Black, old blue, belge ROSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 001e . 001e . 001e001e001e001e Flesh, light blue, green OLD ROSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blue In various shades CEDAR ROSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Btu-, aeons PINK . . . . . . . . ., . 001e001e -,-, .--,- 001e - 001e001e Green, orchid, blue for accent ORANGE . . . . . . 001e - 001e -,- 001e001e ,-- 001e001e001e Violet, tight blue, Indigo for accent BURNT ORANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,Electric blue, tight brown SALMON . . . . . . . . . . ., ., . 001e -,- 001e -,----Turquoise, lavender HENNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . 001e , . . 001e ,- .Peacock green, royal blue, gray PEACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rust, blue, tan MAIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Powder blue, pink YELLOW . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Violet, blue, green PRIMROSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .lavender, dusty rose, soft green SOFT YELLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Brown, French blue GOLD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Soft gray-green deep red DARK GREEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brown, beige (or sop. green and gold MYRTLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Heliotrope, yellow SOFT GREEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rosewood, deep victor TARRAGON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Heliotrope, pearl gray CHINESE JADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ross, Ivory NILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cornflower, orange LIGHT GREEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rose, dark green, mauve BLUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Yellow, sand, orange far accost COPENHAGEN BLUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Burgundy, gray FLEMISH BLUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Olive-green, cardinal LIGHT BLUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Orchid, champagne DEEP PURPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Orong ., gray VIOLET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Green, Ilghi and dark sgados LAVENDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Green, mauve, gray HELIOTROPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Light blue, cream HYDRANGEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Old as., primrose yellow MAUVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Emerald green, dark red, brown BROWN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orono*, tan, cardinal for accent GRAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., ., .Violet, crimson, lavender .
COLOR AREAS AND SAMPLES POINTS TO REMEMBER IN MATCHING SAMPLES FOR COLOR Use larger Mol if passible, especially In patterned materials, but keep appr.almale Il of chart . Sises are determined oscording tg area and Inierest . Colline and floor areas, for example, are equal-bur Boor inter st e realer,hancethelargo'.Pt .If several Items are the some color add them lo mote on* sample 2 . Make allowance for texture . Soft rough surface In point, paper, or fabric makes colors appear darker . Hard glossy surfaces appear tighter . a . Make allowance far distance . Colors took brighter when they are close ; farther away they seem softer, grayed by atmosphere . Colors which match *.city 1 ft . away may seem quite different at IS it . This Is Important In a targe high-cellIngod room .
Make allowance for proximity . When side by side, Complementary colors brighten each other) related colors, when both tight or both dark, deaden each cher) nautral colors brighlon clear colors, but pure strong primary colors deaden neutrals such as grays, browns, arc .) tight and dark lanes brighten each other, especially while for dark colors and black far light tones) one color may seem ta change another'& hue as when a strong clear color gives a tinge of Its complementary to a neutral --red, for example, may give a g .. ish coast to aroy unless a little red has be. mixed with the pray . S . Make allowance for proportion . The larger the area the darker the color will appear . Ch-m a watt color slightly lighter than you realty want It . Don't decide exact shade of o painted watt until all other materials have been chosen . It Is sasl.r to match paint to fabric and pape, than the other way around .
Specialties COLOR THEORY Munsell System of Color
One of the best-known and widely respected systems of color standardization used in the United States today is that developed by Albert H . Munsell. He became greatly interested in the practical application of colorand was disturbed by the fact that the popular names for colors did not describe them adequately for professional purposes . They are named after flowers or plants, such as violet, indigo, old rose, primrose ; after fruits, such as peach, pomegranate, grape, avocado, plum ; after places such as french blue, naples yellow, or prussian blue ; or after persons, such as Davy's gray or Hooker's green . Essentially the system consists of an orderly arrangement of colors in the shape of a three-dimensional color solid . The system is based on a color circle of ten major hues made up of five principal hues, red, yellow, green, blue, and purple, and five intermediate hues, yellow-red, green-yellow, blue-green, purple-blue, and red-purple . Each hue is indicated by a symbol as follows: Red : R Yellow : Y Green : G Blue : B Purple : P Yellow-red : YR Green-yellow : GY Blue-green : BG
Purple-blue : PB Red-purple : RP Each of the above major hues has been given a value of 5 in the inner scale around the hue circle (see Fig. 2, hue symbols), i .e ., 5R,5YR,5Y,5GY,5G,5BG,5B,5PB,6P and 5 RP Between each of the major hues are values of 2.5, 10, and 7 .5 for rough indication of hue . The outer scale of the hue circuit is divided into 100 segments to provide greater accuracy for indicating hue where needed . In the Munsell color tree each hue (H) is allotted ten segments of the hue circle, making 100 hues, and these hues form the horizontal center, or equator, of the color solid. The center segment of each color is considered the true color, and the remaining segments in each hue section vary according to their proximity to adjoining colors ; for example, as red gets closer to yellow it contains more yellow, and this is indicated by the numerical designation . The value (V) notation denotes the lightness or darkness of a hue, which is determined by a neutral core at the center of the hue circle . The core contains ten gradations from a supposedly perfect white (one having 100 percent reflectance) at the top to 0, a perfect black (having 0 percent reflectance) at the bottom . The chroma (C) notation indicates the
saturation of the hue, or the strength of the color. The chroma scale extends outward from the central core or axis, and the increments vary from 0 at a neutral gray to as high as 16, according to the amount of saturation produced by a given hue at a given value level. Since colors vary in chroma, or saturation, some colors extend farther from the neutral axis than others, and the solid is therefore not symmetrical, Pure red, with a chroma of 14, for instance, extends farther than blue-green, with a chroma of only 6 (see Fig. 1) . A Munsell notation indicating hue, value, and chroma (H V/C) might be given as follows : Vermilion : 5R 5/14 Rose : 5R 5/4 With this information it is possible to describe exactly any given hue and to locate its place in the color solid. Furthermore, as Munsell stated, one can 'select one familiar color, and study what others will combine with it to please the eye;' by the use of three typical paths: one vertical, with rapid change of value ; another lateral, with rapid change of hue; and a third, inward, through the neutral center, to seek out the opposite color field. All other paths are combined by two or three of these typical directions in the color solid.
Specialties COLOR THEORY Color Families : Red
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Specialties COLOR THEORY
Reflective Values; Safety Color Guides TABLE 1
Reflective Values Co l or
White, dull or flat White, gloss
Light tints Cream or eggshell Ivory Pale pink and pale yellow Light green, light blue, light orchid Soft pink, light peach Light beige, pale grey Medium tones Apricot Pink Tan, yellow gold Light greys Medium turquoise Medium light blue Yellow green Old gold, pumpkin Rose Deep tones Cocoa brown, mauve Medium green, medium blue Unsuitable dark colors Dark brown, dark grey Olive green Dark blue, blue green Forest green Natural wood tones Birch and beech Light maple Light oak Dark oak, cherry Redwood Bl ack walnut, mahogany
Approx . percent of reflection 75-85 85-90 79
75 75-80 70-75 69 70 56-62 64 55 35-50 44 42 45 34 29 24 21 20
10-15 12 5-10 7 35-50 25-35 25-35 10-15 10-15 5-15
Recommended ceiling values should be in the range of 60-90% . Floor reflection values should be in the range of 15-35% . Overall reflection values of a room should be in the 35-60% range.
Safety Color Guides Physical hazards: Red: Fire protection equipment and apparatus ; danger ; stop Orange : Dangerous parts of moving machinery Yellow : Physical hazards that might cause stumbling, falling, etc. Green: Safety - first-aid dispensary or kits, stretchers, safety deluge showers, etc. Blue : Caution against movement or use of equipment being worked on such as elevators, scaffolding, etc. Black and White: Traffic direction, sanitation Equipment in industrial plants : Red: Fire protection systems and equipment Orange : Dangerous materials, nonflammable, such as acids, alkalis, toxic materials, gases, oxygen Yellow: Dangerous materials, flammable, such as fuel oil, gasoline, kerosene, alcohol, propane, butane, acetylene, hydrogen, and solvent Green : Safe materials, such as drinking water, service water, brine Blue : Protective materials Violet : Valuable materials Black: Electrical conduit
Specialties COLOR THEORY Color Effect
TABLE 2
Color Effects of White Fluorescent Lamps Cool' White
Deluxe' Coot While
Warmt White
Deluxet Warm White
Daylight
White
Soft White _-Natural
Lamp appearance ; effect on neutral surfaces
White
White
Yellowish white
Yellowish white
Bluish white
Pale yellowish while
Pinkish white
Effect on 'atmosphere'
Neutral to moderately cool
Neutral to moderately cool
Warm
Warm
Very coot
Moderately warm
Warm, pinkish
Colors strengthened
Orange, yellow, blue
All nearly equal
Orange yellow
Red, orange, yellow, green
Green, blur,
Orange, yellow
Red, nr .u1ge
Colors grayed
Re
None appreciably
Blue
Red, orange
Red, green, blue
Green . blue
Remarks
Blends with natural daylight
Best overall color rendition ; simulates natural daylight
Excellent color tendition ; simulates incandewenl light
Us(wlly replaceable with CW
Usually replaceable with (_)AI or WW
Usually replaceable wills CWX or WWX
__
- Red, _ green, blue Blends will, incandescent tight
Color Effects of Mercury and Filament 1.11111)5
White Mercury
Mercury
ColorImproscd Mer(tin
Deluxe White Mercury
tilarnem
Lamp appearance ; effect on neutral surfaces
Greenish blue while
Greenish white
Yellowish white
W111ty
Yellowish while
Effect on 'atmosphere'
Very cool, greenish
Moderately cool, greenish
Warm, yellowlO
Moderately coot
Warm
Yellow, green, blue
Yellow green, blue
Yellow, green
Orange, yellow, blue
Rod, orange, yellow
Blue
Green
Blue
Color render ing often acceptable, hot nfrl cllual 111 all y 'Nile l11noelcenl
Cotorrondering good ; compart ' s favorably with C -WX fluore,(ent
fsl, 'Illv,l color rendering
___ Colors strengthened __ Colors grayed
Remarks
-
_-
_-
Red orange Poor overall color rendering
Red, orange
. .
Greater preference at higher levels . i Greater preference at lower levels .
. .
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Window Types Windows are available in many types, each having advantages . The principal types are double-hung, casement, stationary, awning, and horizontal sliding . They may be made of wood or metal . Heat loss through metal frames and sash is much greater than through similar wood units. Glass blocks are sometimes used for admitting light in places where transparency or ventilation is not required . Insulated glass, used both for stationary and moveable sash, consists of two or more sheets of spaced glass with hermeticallysealed edges. This type has more resistance to heat loss than a single thickness and is often used without a storm sash . Wood sash and door and window frames should be made from a clear grade of allheartwood stock of a decay resistant wood species or from wood which is given a preservative treatment . Species commonly used include ponderosa and other pines, the cedars, cypress, redwood, and the spruces . Double-Hung Windows The double-hung window is perhaps the most familiar window type . It consists of an upper and lower sash that slide vertically in separate grooves in the side jambs or in fullwidth metal weatherstripping . This type of window provides a maximum face opening for ventilation of one-half the total window area . Each sash is provided with springs, balances, or compression weathers tripping to hold it in place in any location . Compression weatherstripping, for example, prevents air infiltration, provides tension, and acts as a counterbalance ; several types allow the sash to be removed for easy painting or repair. Thejambs (sides and top of the frames) are made of nominal 1-inch lumber, the width provides for use with dry-wall or plastered interior finish . Sills are made from nominal
2-inch lumber and sloped at about 3 in 12 for good drainage . Sash are normally 13/8 inches thick and wood combination storm and screen windows are usually 11/8 inches thick. Sash may be divided into a number of lights by small wood members called muntins. A ranch-type house may provide the best appearance with top and bottom sash divided into two horizontal lights . A colonial or Cape Code house usually has each sash divided into six or eight lights . Some manufacturers provided preassembled dividers which snap in place over a single light, dividing it into six or eight lights . This simplifies painting and other maintenance. Assembled frames are placed in the rough opening over strips of building paper put around the perimeter to minimize air infiltration . The frame is plumbed and nailed to side studs and header through the casings or the blind at the sides. Where nails are exposed, such as on the casing, use the corrosionresistant type . Hardware for double-hung windows includes the sash lifts that are fastened to the bottom rail, although they are sometimes eliminated by providing a finger groove in the rail . Other hardware consists of sash locks or fasteners located at the meeting rail . They not only lock the window, but draw the sash together to provide a 'windtight' fit. Double-hung windows can be arranged in a number of ways -as a single unit, doubled (or mullion) type, or in groups of three or more . One or two double-hung windows on each side of a large stationary insulated window are often used to effect a window wall . Such large openings must be framed with headers large enough to carry roofloads. Casement Windows Casement windows consist of side-hinged sash, usually designed to swing outward
because this type can be made more weathertight than the inswinging style. Screens are located inside these outswinging windows and winter protection is obtained with a storm sash or by using insulated glass in the sash . One advantage of the casement window over the double-hung type is that the entire window area can be opened for ventilation . Weatherstripping is also provided for this type of window, and units are usually received from the factory entirely assembled with hardware in place. Closing hardware consists of a rotary operator and sash lock . As in the double-hung units, casement sash can be used in a number of ways -as a pair or in combinations of two or more pairs . Style variations are achieved by divided lights . Snap-in muntins provided a small, multiplepane appearance for traditional styling . Metal sash are sometimes used but, because of low insulating value, should be installed carefully to prevent condensation and frosting on the interior surfaces during cold weather. A full storm-window unit is sometimes necessary to eliminate this problem in cold climates . Stationary Windows Stationary windows used alone or in combination with double-hung or casement windows usually consist of a wood sash with a large single light of insulated glass . They are designed to provide light, as well as for attractive appearance, and are fastened permanently into the frame. Because of their size (sometimes 6 to 8 feet wide), 1 3/4-inchthick sash is used to provide strength . The thickness is usually required because of the thickness of the insulating glass .
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Window Types
Specialties
WINDOW TREATMENTS
Window Types
TYPE
DESCRIPTION
SIDE HINGED CASEMENT
materials use operation
CASEMENT-HOPPER
materials ' use ' operation ' note ' '
CASEMENT-COMBINATION
' wood, steel, aluminum ' common in residences and apartments ' rotary crank or lever operators hold the vent open to desired position, up to 180°, but usually 90° note ' available also as a single vent ' generally allow exterior of glazing to be cleaned from inside when outswinging . ' provide 100 percent opening in .the ventilation area ' will be subject to wind pressures when opened .
wood, aluminum especially appropriate for high-rise, life safety installations sophisticated hardware no protection from rain when open available to limited extent as 'tilt and turn' type which acts as a bottom hung window in normal use, but which can be converted by use of secondary hinges into a side-hung, inswinging type, allowing for easy cleaning .
materials use operation
' wood, aluminum, steel in varied quality grades ' commonly known as the 'classroom window' ' combination of in-swinging hopper and out-swinging casement vents offer flexibility for ventilation control
materials use
' wood, aluminum and steel ' where vent will not interfere with interior conditions ' lower cost utility quality is commonly used for residentia basements ' no protection from rain when open
BOTTOM HI NGED HOPPER
note
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Window Types DESCRIPTION
TYPE '_18OTTOM HINGED, continued
' steel, stainless steel ' in commercial and industrial buildings where appearance is not of major importance and resistance to forced entry is ' to prevent forcible exit, sometimes called 'guard' windows operation ' combined with fixed lights or with projecting vents above, which offer high and low openings that are best for natural-a circulation (due to principles of stratification) ' separate vent frames usually swing in as hoppers ' jalousie-like vents also available ' frames often reinforced with steel rods notes ' vents limited in size ' muntins usually separate openings of 88 inches square materials use
materials use note
materials use
operation
' steel ' in housing for mental patients, to provide protection against exit while minimizing appearance of restraint ' vents have a maximum clear opening of about 6 inches
' wood, steel, aluminum ' multiple assemblies are used mostly in steel for industrial buildings ' separate units are commonly combined with fixed lights, or with hoppers for maximum stratification ventilation (These are available also in wood and aluminum .) ' are out-swinging projected windows that create a 'canopy' against rain penetration ' when in multiple, vertical stacks, the mechanical operation will allow for the bottom vent to open before the other vents, which will then open in unison
materials ' steel or aluminum use ' medium quality grade is called 'intermediate and is commonly used in commercial, institutional and industrial type buildings ' architectural windows are frequently used for schools, hospitals, office buildings, etc . operation ' similar to awning windows but with optional fixed glass lights andior hoppers
materials use operation note
' wood, steel, aluminum ' primarily for sunrooms, porches, and the like where protection from the weather is desired with maximum fresh air ' multiple vents combine unobstructed vision with controlled ventilation ' the louvers are fully adjustable and can be set in any position ' can be fitted with storm sash on the inside to provide more weather tightness ' screens, interchangeable with storm sash, are furnished ' various types of glass, including obscure and colored, often are used for pri vacy or d ecor ation
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Window Types
TYPES
DESCRIPTION
GLIDING materials
' wood, aluminum, steel in different designs and weights to meet various service requirements for all types of buildings use ' with combination of fixed windows for maximum window openings ' use in buildings other than residential and light commercial has been declining operation ' top and bottom openings optimize natural stratification ventilation note ' also available in single-hung (only one sash operating) and triple hung (three operable sash)
materials use operation
' ' ' '
materials use operation
' aluminum ' mostly in hospitals ' essentially two sets of double-hung sash---air circulates through the bottom outer sash and then through the top inner sash ' provides ventilation while protecting from rain and drafts ' check cost
wood, aluminum (with various coatings and claddings) mostly in residential buildings provide only one half of opening for ventilation ; sash height to width ratio should not exceed 1 to 2 for good operation note ' sash usually removable for cleaning and may be very large
note
materials ' wood, aluminum and steel use ' mostly in air conditioned buildings operation ' consists of large vent, usually pivoted in the center of the head and sill of the main frame, which rotates 180° or 360° around its vertical axis for cleaning note ' not primarily designed for ventilation, although may be held open up to 4' with special hardware (unless unlocked by maintenance personnel)
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Window types DESCRIPTION
TYPES PIVOT, continued
operation ' similar to vertically pivoted but rotates around a horizontal axis
materials use
a
steel, aluminum often used horizontally and vertically to form entire walls ' lower cost for use in industrial and utilitarian buildings note ' mechanical operators are available
materials use
a
operation note
a
steel ' for top lighting and ventilation in monitor and sawtooth roof construction ' hinged at the top to the structural-steel framing members of the building and swing outward at the bottom ' two-floor lengths are connected end to end on the job ' mechanical operators may be either manual or motorpowered
materials ' wood and steel use ' schools, hospitals and other institutional buildings ' upper and lower sash counterbalanced on arms pivoted to frame ' upper and lower sash operate simultaneously note ' difficult to screen, shade or curtain
materials use operation note
' wood and steel ' residential and industrial buildings ' similar to double-hung in appearance, but may be tilted for better control of ventilation, or reversed for cleaning ' not universally available
materials ' aluminum, steel, stainless steel use ' special types for windows in houses of worship, mausoleums, and memorial buildings operation . various arrangements available
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Window Types
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Window types
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS
Window Types : Projected and Stationary
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Window Types: Double-Hung and Casement
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS
Window types: Double-Hung and Casement
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Window Types Wood Trim The casing around the window frames on the interior of the house should be the same pattern as that used around the interior door frames . Other trim which is used for a double-hung window frame includes the sash stops, stool, and apron (Fig . 7A). Another method of using trim around windows has the entire opening enclosed with casing (Fig . 7B). The stool is then a filler member between the bottom sash rail and the bottom casing . The stool is the horizontal trim member that laps the window sill and extends beyond the casing at the sides, with each end notched against the plastered wall . The apron serves as a finish member below the stool . The window stool is the first piece of window trim to be installed and is notched and fitted against the edge of the jamb and the plaster line, with the outside edge being flush against the bottom rail of the window sash (Fig . 7A). The stool is blind-nailed at the ends so that the casing and the stop will cover the nailheads . Predrilling is usually necessary to prevent splitting . The stool should also be nailed at midpoint to the sill and to the apron with finishing nails . Facenailing to the sill is sometimes substituted or supplemented with toenailing of the outer edge to the sill (Fig . 7A). The casing is applied and nailed as described for doorframes, except that the inner edge is flush with the inner face of the jambs so that the stop will cover the joint between the jamb and casing . The window stops are then nailed to the jambs so that the window sash slides smoothly. Channel-type weather stripping often includes full-width metal subjambs into which the upper and lower sash slide, replacing the parting strip . Stops are located against these instead of the sash to provide a small amount of pressure . The apron is cut to a length equal to the outer width of the casing line (Fig . 7A). It is nailed to the window sill and to the 2- by 4-inch framing sill below. When casing is used to finish the bottom of the window frame as well as the sides and top, the narrow stool butts against the side window jamb . Casing is then mitered at the bottom corners (Fig . 7B) and nailed as previously described .
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Curtains/Draperies CURTAINS Curtains are soft window coverings that generally are shirred (gathered onto a rod) or have headings attached to solid-wood rods, round or oval metal rods, or café rods rather than cord-operated traverse rods . Curtains may be either stationary fabric panels or slid open and closed by hand . They are flexible in that they can be short or long, layered or tiered, or used alone or in combination with other soft, or with hard treatments . Curtain is traditionally a term for informal treatments, such as cafe curtains . However, curtains also may be quite formal, as are shirred and elegant tied-back fabric treatments . Even though curtains are generally thought to be shirred treatments, other headings might be included in this category Indeed, there is a crossover of terminology between draperies and curtains . Generally draperies are installed on cord-operated traverse rods, although they may be stationary pleated panels . Curtains may be installed on traverse rods (as in a pleated café curtain, for
example), and headings such as the pencil pleat ; drawstring pencil pleat ; shirred, spaced pencil pleat ; alternate pencil pleat ; ruffled shirring tape heading ; and smocked heading may be called either curtain or drapery treatments . DRAPERIES Draperies are made with pleats . They are hung with drapery hoods onto carriers of conventional, architectural, or decorative traverse rods or into the rings of wood rods or café curtain rods ; or they may thread onto spring-system traverse rods . Generally draperies are either hung straight to the floor or tied back . Thus they operate, or 'draw,' by opening and closing with a cord or a wand or by hand . The exception is tied-back draperies, which sometimes are let down at night . However, tied-back draperies are trained to tie back at an angle and therefore should not be handled to any extent . Draperies draw in a pair and meet in the center
(center-meet) or draw one way from left to right or from right to left . One-way draw draperies require one-way traverse rods . Draperies that hang at a doorway rather than at a window are called portières . They may be pleated in any fashion or shirred . They may be placed on a traverse rod, but historically (and they were used extensively in the Victorian era), they were tied-back stationary panels made of a heavy fabric that were let down when privacy or insulation was needed . Draperies can be made of any fabric . The selection will depend on the style, use, and needs . Sheer fabrics do best as diffusers of glare and as providers of daytime privacy. Medium- to heavyweight fabrics are excellent choices for overdraperies and plain tieback draperies . Lining fabrics are the right weight for privacy liners or underdraperies . If a drapery is given a ruffled edge or a banding, that trim should be a lightweight, semi-crisp, flexible fabric, not a heavy, stiff fabric or a sheer, slippery fabric .
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Curtains/Draperies TABLE 1
Draperies
Period style
Fabric
Colors
Design
Upholstery fabri cs
Full-bodied crimson, green, and yellow
Large bold patterns : tree branch, fruits, flowers, oak leaf, animals, heraldic designs
Tapestry, leather, needlework, velvet, brocade
Crewel, embroideries, hand-blocked linen, silk and worsted damask, velvet, brocade, India print
Full-bodied crimson, green, and yellow
Large bold patterns : tree branch, fruits, flowers, oak leaf, animals, heraldic designs
Tapestry, leather, needlework, velvet, brocade
Crewel, embroideries, hand-blocked linen, silk and worsted damask, velvet, brocade, In dian print
Full-bodied crimson, green, and yellow
Jacobean motifis, classic medallions and garlands
Tapestry, leather, needlepoint, velvet, brocade
Late Georgian Adam Hepplewhite Sheraton Empire Federal
Brocade, damask, chintz, taffeta, satin, toile de jouy
Delicate subdued hues of rose, yellow, mauve, green, and gray
Classic designs, small in scale: garlands, urns, floral, animals, etc.
Damask, brocade, velour, satin, petit point, leather in libraries
Louis XIV Louis XV Louis XVI
Silk, satin, damask, taffeta, muslin, brocade, toile de jouy
Delicate powder blue, oyster white, pearl,'rose, pale greens, mauve, yellow
Stripes sprinkled with ribbons, flowers, medallions, lyres, and other classic motifs
Petit point, satin, moire, velour, chintz, damask, brocade, tapestry
Spanish renaissance
Velvet, damask, crewel, India print, printed and embroidered linen
Rich vigorous colors, red, green, and gold
Bold patterns in classic and heraldic designs; also arabesques
Leather, tapestry, velvet, linen, brocatelle
Early colonial
Crewel, embroideries, hand-blocked linen, silk and worsted damask, velvet, brocade
Full-bodied crimson, green, and yellow
Large bold patterns : tree branch, fruits, flowers, oak leaf, animals, heraldic designs
Tapestry, leather, needlepoint, velvet, brocade
Early American
Toile de jouy, damask, chintz, organdy, cretonne
All colors, but more subdued than in early period
Scenic, birds, animals, floral
Haircloth, mohair, linen, chintz, velours
Modern
Textured and novelty weaves, all fabrics
All colors, bright to pastel
Solid colors, modern designs, stripes
All fabrics, novelty weaves, pl asti cs
French provincial
Chintz, cretonne, handblocked linen, velvet
Subdued colors, pastel shades
Screen prints, block prints
Solid colors, textured weaves, tapestry
Victorian
Velvet, brocade, damask
Turkey red, other rich colors
Solid colors, formal patterns
Haircloth, needlework
Early English Tudor Jacobean Charles II
Crewel, embroideries, hand-blocked linen, silk and worsted damask, velvet, brocade
Anglo-Dutch William & Mary Queen Anne Early Georgian Chippendale
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Curtains/Draperies of Colonial and Federal Periods
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS 'Curial ns/Draperles of Georgian and Directoire Periods
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Curtains/Draperies of Victorian Period
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Curtains/Draperies ol 1940s
Specialties
WINDOW TREATMENTS Curtains/Draperies
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS CurlaIns/Draperies
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Curtains/Draperies
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Curtains/Draperies
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Curia Ins/Draperies
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Curtains/Draperies
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Curtains/Draperies
Specialties
WINDOW TREATMENTS Curtains/Draperies
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Curtains/Draperies
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Curtains/Draperies
Specialties
WINDOW TREATMENTS Headings
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Headings
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Tiebacks and Holdbacks
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Tiebacks and Holdbacks
Specialties
WINDOW TREATMENTS Mounts, Brackets, and Couplers
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Finials, Rings, and Hooks
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Rods
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Traverse Rods
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Guidelines for Fabric Panel Widths and Rod Lengths
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Shades
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Shades
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS
Shades
Fig . 8 Woven wood blinds . These blinds have horizontal or vertical reeds - long slats of wood from Ya to 1 inch width - that are held together by decorative vertical yarns . They range in designs from those that are made mostly from exposed wood to those that are mainly yarns of several colors creating various interesting effects . Woven wood blinds can be used with many window treatments including draperies and café curtains, and such shade types as Roman-fold, spring-rolls, cord and pulley, and duo-fold . Top treatments include canopies, valances, and arches, while scallops, fringes, and trims are suitable for the bottom . Because woven wood blinds add color and texture to a window, they are particularly adaptable to the 'natural' look in decorating .
Specialties
WINDOW TREATMENTS
Shutters
Fig . 9 Inside shutters can be used next to windows in place of curtains . Some are put under curtains or draperies ; others are used café style either above or beneath café curtains . Shutters may be made from wood or metal . Natural wood tones are often used to enhance the beauty of the shutters . ThE inside section may be made from any of the following materials : fabric mesh, cane, grill cloth, or screening .
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Shutters
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS Shutters and Venetian Blinds
Specialties
WINDOW TREATMENTS Guidelines
DECORATIVE RODS
Layered Treatments
Measuring for Most Windows
Decorative traverse rods are often used for overtreatments . If the undertreatment is inside mounted or is an outside mounted mini-blind, pleated shade, Romanette woven wood or a cafe curtain, set the brackets for maximum clearance . Drapery returns will be 41/2'. If you are using an undercurtain, you will want a utility curtain rod. It comes with its own bracket-supports . If you are using underdraperies, double brackets are available . They hold both rods and automatically align the headings . Overdrapery returns will be 6' to 7' . If using a decorative rod over an outside mounted vertical blind or a woven wood shade other than Romanette, special brackets are available . Overdrapery returns will be 6' to 7' .
. II Outside mount Decorative rods should be mounted on the wall Measure width of glass ; if total glass exposure is desired, add for stackback (see Table 4) . Rods should be hung so that drapery headings (pleated tops of panels) are at least 4' above the glass, so they can't be seen from the outside. Figuring Stackback Stackback is the amount of wall space needed if open panels are to clear the glass completely. This dimension, added to the window opening, gives you the proper rod length . Begin by measuring the window opening, then consult Table 4. Find your opening measurement and read across for the right rod length .
Measuring for Most Windows
Outside mount Measure width of opening. Add at least 11/2' on each side for overlap . Measure from top of frame to sill or 1112' below opening if there is no sill . (If brackets are to go above window frame, add an extra 1112' for bracket bases.) Ceiling mount Measure desired width and length of blind. Overlap window openings by at least 1112' on each side .
Measuring for Special Windows Multiple shades At very wide or sectioned windows and at sliding doors, it's wise to use two shades hung from one headrad . Make a drawing of the window ; include measurements of glass, woodwork and overall size . Your dealer will do the rest .
Sliding doors Measure as for outside mounted rod . Convert rod from two to oneway draw. Corner and bay windows Decorative rods may be used at these windows. However, it is best to consult your dealer or designer about the measuring.
Pleated shades are most often used with an undertreatment . If inside mounted, no extra projection is needed for the overtreatment. If outside mounted, the overtreatment must have a clearance of 2112' to clear the headrad A cornice used over pleated shades should have a 41/2' return .
PLEATED SHADES
Inside mount Measure width at top, center and bottom . Use narrowest measurement . Shades will be made narrower to slip inside easily. Measure length from inside top of opening to sill . A 1 5/8' deep recess is needed for flush mounting . 21/4' for Duette in s/4 .
Measuring for Special Windows
Layered Treatments
Outside or ceiling mount Conventional rods may be mounted on the wall or ceiling . Measure the width of glass; if total glass exposure is desired, add for stackback (see Table 4). Rods should be hung so that drapery headings (pleated tops of panels) are at least 4' above the glass, so they can't be seer. from the outside. Figuring Stackback Stackback is the amount of wall space needed if open panels are to clear the glass completely. This dimension, added to the window opening, gives you the proper rod length . Begin by measuring the window opening, then consult Table 4. Find your opening measurement and read across the right rod length .
Corner windows Inside-mounted shades need no special measuring instructions . If outside or ceiling-mounted shades are used, they can be overlapped . Make a drawing of the windows ; include measurements of glass, woodwork and overall size . Your dealer will do the rest . Other special windows Bays and other unusual windows can frequently be fitted for pleated shades . Make a drawing of the window, include measurements of glass, woodwork and overall size . Or ask your dealer to do the measuring for you
Measuring for Special Windows Sliding doors Measure as for outside mounted rod. Use a one-way draw rod .
Specialties WINDOW TREATMENTS
Guidelines
Corner and bay windows Measure each window as if it were set flat into the wall . At corners, run one rod into the corner and butt the other into it . At bays, butt all rods . Use either one or two-way draw rods for corners. For bays, use three two-way rods or two oneways with a two-way in the center.
Ceiling mount Measure desired width and length of verticals ; deduct at least 3/4'for floor clearance . Cirmosa 2000 Ask your designer, decorator, or store to measure for you . Measuring for Special Windows
Layered Treatments Conventional traverse rods come in sets specifically for layered treatments . If you are using an undercurtain, you will want a traverse and plain rod set ; both rods are on one set of brackets . Overdrapery returns will be 4'/2' to 5'/2' . If you are using underdraperies, use a double traverse rod set . Again, one set of brackets holds both rods . Overdrapery returns will be 5th' to 6%2'. If the undertreatment is inside mounted or is an outside mounted mini-blind, pleated shade, Romanette woven wood or a cafe curtain, use a single rod and set the brackets for maximum clearance . Drapery returns will be 4%2'. If the undertreatment is an outsidemounted vertical blind or a woven wood shade other than Romanette, special extender plates for brackets and supports are available . Overdrapery returns will be 5%2' to 61/2' . Remember, whenever you change the clearance of the brackets, you also change the drapery return .
Inside mount Measure width at top, center and bottom . Use narrowest measurement . Verticals will be made slightly narrower to slip inside easily. Measure length from inside top of opening to sill . A minimum 3 1/4' recess is required for track ; 41/2' if open vanes are to be flush with front of opening . Outside mount Measure width of opening . Add for stackback (see Tables 6 and 7) . Measure from a point 2 112' above top of frame to sill or floor ; deduct a/4' for clearance . Minimum projection of front of vane from wall is 5' ; maximum is 6 1/2' . Minimum clearance of back of vane from wall is 1', maximum is 2112' .
Sliding doors Use a one-way draw. Measure width from trim to trim . Add to this measurement desired extra width for overlap beyond door. If total glass exposure is desired, also add for stackback isee Tables 6 and 7) . Measure from a point 21/2' above door trim to floor ; deduct 3/4' for clearance . Layered Treatments When layered, verticals are most often used as an undertreatment . If inside mounted, no extra clearance is needed for the overtreatment . If outside mounted, the overtreatment must have a clearance of 6' to clear the open vanes . A cornice used over verticals should have a 6' return . Figuring Stackback Stackback is the amount of wall space needed if open verticals are to clear the glass completely. This dimension, added to the window opening, gives you the proper track length . Begin by measuring the window opening, then consult Table 6 or 7 for the type of treatment you desire - one- or two-way draw. Find your opening measurement and read across for the right track . (Note : Stackback figure for two-way draw is total stack ; one-half of this is on each side of the window.) If your window opening is somewhere in between the measurements in the tables, go to the next smallest opening . Add the stackback listed there to your opening dimension .
MINI BLINDS Measuring for Most Windows Inside mount Measure width at top, center and bottom . Use narrowest measurement . Blinds will be made slightly narrower to slip inside easily. Measure length from inside top of open to sill . A 1Ye' deep recess is needed for flush mounting of Mono-Rail minis ; however, a difference of 114' is not objectionable . Outside mount Measure height and width of area to be covered . It is recommended that blinds overlap window opening by at least 1 1/2' on each side . Measure from top of frame to sill or 11k' below opening if there is no sill .
Ceiling mount Measure desired width and length of blind . Overlap window openings by at least 116' on each side .
Specialties ELEVATORS Elevator Types and Planning ELEVATOR TYPES Hydraulic : For low-rise buildings speeds up to 200 ft/min . Ideal where design limitations preclude overhead supports and machine rooms . Economical to install and maintain ; no penthouse or load-bearing walls required . Geared traction : For low- to mediumrise buildings - speeds up to 400 ft/min . Recommended for all types of buildings where higher speeds are not essential . Gearless traction : Recommended for high-rise applications requiring the ultimate in service -speeds of 500 fVmin and up. ELEVATOR PLANNING Starting Point Recommendations for All Types of Buildings When preparing schematics for a particular type of building, select the quantity, capacity, and speed from one of Tables 1 to 4 and keep in mind that generally speaking : ss Passenger elevators should be wide and shallow with center-opening or single slide doors . n Service elevators should be narrow and deep with two-speed doors . as Combination passenger/service elevators should be almost square with either center-opening or two-speed center-opening doors . Freight elevator size and shape should be determined bythe dimensions of goods to be carried and by the loading/unloading methods used . Doors should be of the vertical bi-parting type . The data contained in Tables 1 to 4 are based upon the following criteria . Office buildings 100 square feet per person ; an interval of 30 sec . ; net rentable area = 80% of gross area ; 5 minute carrying capacity of 12% of building population ; typical floor heights were estimated at 12' and the main floor at 18'. When the building exceeds 250,000 square feet total, it is suggested that consideration be given to the use of separate freight elevators which are not included in Table 1 . Hospitals 5 minute vehicular demand = .04 x the number of beds ; interval of 35-50 seconds for vehicular traffic ; visitor and staff population = 3 x number of beds ; 5 minute carrying capacity equal to 12% of building population . Hotels Registration during conventions = 1 .5 x the total number of rooms ; maximum 1 hour peak is 1 .15 x total registrations ; 5 minute carrying capacity = 10% of total 1 hour peak load . Apartments Population est . (6t 2 persons per bedroom ; 5 minute carrying capacity of 7% ; maximum waiting interval of 60-90 seconds ; average of 9'0' floor height . Further, Table 4 applies only for average or middle income apartments . For applications beyond the scope of the table such as local-express arrangements, luxury apartment buildings and other considerations, please consult your local elevator company representative . Note : If a restaurant or general assembly area is located in your building ion any but the main floor) and is not served by a separate elevator, the information contained in Tables 1 to 4 may not apply.
Specialties ELEVATORS Low-and Mld-Rise Elevators HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS Ideal for use in buildings up to six floors . Supported and raised by a powerful hydraulic plunger, the Oildraulic is renowned for smooth performance, quiet operation, and accurate floor leveling . And since it's supported from below, no vertical load is placed on the building . That means hoistways can be of lighter construction and no penthouse is needed . The machine room can be located nearly anywhere to let you maintain a flat roof line and save money on construction
POWER UNIT (MACHINE) LOCATION : The most desirable machine room location is on the lowest floor, adjacent to the elevator hoistway It may, however, be located remote from hoistway if necessary. Typical size for one-car installation 7' 10'x5'-6' x 8'-0' high, for two cars 10'-9' x 6'-6' x 8'-0' high Enclosure to meet local code requirements must be provided A soundisolated machine room is recommended for quietest operation Adequate heating and ventilation of machine spaces must be provided
Specialties ELEVATORS
High-Rise Elevators TRACTION ELEVATORS For use in buildings over six floors . They can serve up to 27 landings and can be used in office buildings, apartment complexes, dormitories, hotels, and other structures . These elevators can travel up to 1000 ft/min and are ideal for high-rise buildings of all kinds .
Specialties ELEVATORS High-RIse Elevators
Specialties ELEVATORS Passenger Elevator Door/Entrance Details
Specialties ELEVATORS Barrier-Free Considerations Floor plan of elevator cars The floor area of elevator cars shall provide space for wheelchair users to enter the car, maneuver within reach of controls, and exit from the car Acceptable door opening and inside dimensions shall be as shown in Fig. 1 . The clearance between the car platform sill and the edge of any hoistway landing shall be no greater than 1'/4 in (32 mm). Illumination levels The level of illumination at the car controls, platform, and car threshold and landing sill shall be at least 5 footcandles (53 .8 lux). Car controls Elevator control panels shall have the following features : 1 . Buttons. All control buttons shall be at least 3/4 in (19 mm) in their smallest dimension . They may be raised or flush. 2. Tactile and visual control indicators . All control buttons shall be designated by raised standard alphabet characters for letters, arabic characters for numerals, or standard symbols as shown in Fig. 3(a), and as required in ANSI A17 .1-1978 and A17 .1a-1979 . The call button for the main entry floor shall be designated by a raised star at the left of the floor designation [see Fig. 3(a)] . All raised
designations for control buttons shall be placed immediately to the left of the button to which they apply. Applied plates, permanently attached, are an acceptable means to provide raised control designations . Floor buttons shall be provided with visual indicators to show when each call is registered . The visual indicators shall be extinguished when each call is answered . 3 . Height . All floor buttons shall be no higher than 48 in (7220 mm), unless there is a substantial increase in cost in which case the maximum mounting height may be increased to 54 in (7370 mm), above the floor. Emergency controls, including the emergency alarm and emergency stop, shall be grouped at the bottom of the panel and shall have their centerlines no less than 35 in (890 mm) above the floor [see Fig. 3(a) and (b)j . 4. Location . Controls shall be located on a front wall if cars have center opening doors, and at the side wall or at the front wall next to the door if cars have side opening doors [see Fig . 3(c) and (d)j . Car position indicators In elevator cars, a visual car position indicator shall be provided above the car control panel or over the door
to show the position of the elevator in the hoistway. As the carpasses or stops at a floor served by the elevators, the corresponding numerals shall illuminate, and an audible signal shall sound. Numerals shall be a minimum of 112 in (13 mm) high . The audible signal shall be no less than 20 decibles with a frequency no higher than 1500 Hz . An automatic verbal announcement of the floor number at which a car stops or which a car passes may be substituted for the audible signal . Emergency communications If provided, emergency two-way communication systems between the elevator and a point outside the hoistway shall comply with ANSI A17 .1-1978 and A17.1a-1979 . The highest operable part of a two-way communication system shall be a maximum of 48 in (1220 mm) from the floor of the car. It shall be identified by a raised or recessed symbol and located adjacent to the device . If the system uses a handset, then the length of the cord from the panel to the handset shall be at least 29 in (735 mm). The emergency intercommunication system shall not require voice communication .
Specialties ELEVATORS Barrier-Free Considerations
Specialties ELEVATORS Typical Section of Escalator
Specialties
ELEVATORS Wheelchair Lifts
Fig . 4 Wheelchair lift. In certain installations where ramps may be impossible due to space limitations, small mechanical wheelchair lifts can be installed to overcome level changes . Manufactured lifts have a lift range from two to several feet and are either electro-mechanical, hydraulic, or pneumatically operated . Lifts can be semi-enclosed and equipped with entrance interlocks for safety, and either key-operated for limited use or button-type . 'Dead-man' controls are recommended for safety.
Specialties INDOOR RECREATION Basketball
Fig . 1 NCAA basketball . The color of the lane space marks and neutral zone marks shall contrast with the color of the bounding lines . The midcourl marks shall be the same color as the bounding lines . All lines shall be 2 in wide (neutral zone excluded). All dimensions are to inside edge of lines except as noted . Backboard shall be of any rigid weather-resistant material . The front surface shall be flat and painted white unless it is transparent . If the backboard is transparent, it shall be marked with a 3-in wide white line around the border and an 18 x 24-in target area bounded with a 2-in wide white line . [High school recommended court is 84 x 50 ft with a 10-ft unobstructed space on all sides (3 ft minimum). Collegiate recommended court is 94 x 50 It with a 10-it unobstructed space on all sides (3 ft minimum) .]
Fig . 2 AAU basketball court . All dimensions are to inside edge of lines except as noted . All lines to be .05 m (2') wide . Backboard shall be of any rigid weather-resistant material . The front shall be flat and painted white unless it is transparent. If the backboard is transparent, it shall be marked with a .05-m-wide white line around the border and a .45 x .59-m target area bounded with a .05-m-wide white line .
Specialties INDOOR RECREATION One-, Three-, and Four-Wall Handball
Fig . 3 One-wall handball . Playing court is 20'0' wide by 34'0' long plus a required 11'0' minimum width of surfaced area to the rear and a recommended 8'6'minimum width on each side . Courts in battery are to be a minimum of 6'0' between courts . Court markings: 11 1h-in-wide lines painted white, red, or yellow .
Fig . 4 Handball court layout - four-wall . All court markings to be 1 /1 2 in wide and painted while, red, or yellow.
Fig . 5 Handball court layout-three-wall . All court markings to be 11/2 in wide and painted white, red, or yellow. Playing court is 20'0' wide by 40'0' long plus a minimum 10'0'to the rear of the three-wall court . Overhead clearance required is 20'0' minimum .
Specialties INDOOR RECREATION Gymnasium
Specialties INDOOR RECREATION Tennis and Paddle Tennis
Fig. 7 Tennis court. All measurements for court markings are to the outside of lines except for those involving the center service line which is equally divided between the right and left service courts . All court markings to be 2 in wide .
Fig. 8 Paddle tennis court. All measurements for court markings are to the outside of lines except forthose involvingthe center service line, which is equally divided between right and left service court. All court markings to be 11/2 in wide .
Specialties
INDOOR RECREATION Badminton and Volleyball
Fig . 9 Badminton court . All measurements for court markings are to the outside of lines except for those involving the center service line which is equally divided between right and left service courts . All court markings to be 11/2' wide and preferably white or in color. Minimum distance between sides of parallel courts to be 5'0' .
Fig . 10 Volleyball court . All measurements for court markings are to the outside of lines except for the centerline . All court markings to be 2 in wide except as noted .
Specialties INDOOR RECREATION Shuffieboard
Fig . 11 Shuffleboard court. All dimensions are to centers of lines and to edge of court . Maximum line width 1Ys in, minimum 3/. in . Playing court is 6'0' x 52'0' plus a recommended minimum of 2'0' on each side or 4'0' between courts in battery.
Speciatties ACCESSORIES Letter Boxes
Specialties ACCESSORIES Mail collection Boxes
Specialties
ACCESSORIES Mail Drops
Specialties ACCESSORIES
Mall Chutes, Parcel Lockers, and Key Cabinets
Specialties ACCESSORIES Telephone Boolhs
Specialties ACCESSORIES Types of Grilles
Specialties
ACCESSORIES Types of Grilles
Fig . 2 Stamped metal grilles are produced in a great variety of designs, metals, thicknesses, and sizes . Percentage of free area of stamped grilles may vary from about 25% to over 70%, with a great many designs in the 55% to 65% range . Margin widths can be made to accord with requirements of particular installations, consideration being given to duct openings and overall dimensions . Metal may be steel, painted or otherwise finished, bronze, aluminum, monel metal, or other nonferrous metals, in thicknesses from 16 gauge to Yi' .
Specialties
ACCESSORIES Types of Grilles
Fig . 3 Perforated metal grilles maybe obtained in several designs and are produced o119 gauge steel in sheets of standard sizes . Sheets maybe cut to any size and placed in frames of metal or other material . Perforated metal grilles are used for vent openings, panels, covers, shelves, partitions, cabinets, metal furniture, boxes, machinery guards, enclosures and many other purposes . They are also available in many other patterns in any ferrous or nonferrous metal that can be perforated, and in thicknesses from about 24 gauge in the smaller perforations to 1/a' or 3/e' in the larger perforations .
Specialties
ACCESSORIES Types of Grilles
Fig . 4 Design of wrought metal grilles includes the use of other metal forms, such as sheets, extruded mouldings, castings, and stampings . Thus, in addition to plain bar sections and forged items, use is made of the unlimited number of extruded mouldings in non-ferrous metals ; stamped leaves, rosettes, and ornaments of many kinds; cast iron, bronze, nickel silver, and aluminum items of every character; and rolled or drawn sections of many shapes .
Specialties
ACCESSORIES Types of Grilles
Fig . 5 Window grilles are of plain construction when used for protection only, and when used for ornamental effect, may be designed with many unique and interesting ideas . Window grilles may be set in the masonry openings or on the face of the wall, with either plain or ornamental brackets or supports . They may also be attached to window frames, or may be arranged to swing, with hinges and locks . Material sizes in window grilles may vary according to the degree of protection required, and in proportion to the size of the grille .
Specialties
ACCESSORIES Grille Fastening Methods
Fig . 6 Methods of fastening grilles . Cast and stamped metal grilles may be fastened by screws or hinges and locks to walls of wood, plaster, marble, or other material in a variety of ways, depending upon the type of the grille, the type of framing to be used around the grille, and the appearance or effect desired . These methods show a number of ways in which cast and stamped grilles may be fastened . In selecting the method desired, consideration should be given to whether or not the grille will require frequent removal . The size and weight of the grille will have a bearing upon the size of frames, screws, and hinges .
Specialties ACCESSORIES Grille Fastening Methods
Specialties ACCESSORIES Protection Guards
Specialties ACCESSORIES
Vinyl Wall Protection Guards
Specialties ACCESSORIES Handrails
specialties ACCESSORIES Chalkboard Details
Specialties ACCESSORIES Column Covers
Specialties ACCESSORIES Column Covers
Specialties ACCESSORIES
Column Covers
Specialties ACCESSORIES Column Covers
Specialties ACCESSORIES Column Covers
Specialties ACCESSORIES Column Covers
Specialties ACCESSORIES
TUrnsfites
Specialties ACCESSORIES Turnstiles
Specialties
ACCESSORIES lbrnsfites
Specialties ACCESSORIES Water Coolers
Specialties ACCESSORIES Water Coolers
Specialties ACCESSORIES
Accessible Drinking Fountains
General Reference Data Space planning Human factors Floor and wall covering Fabric Electrical Columns, capitals, and entablatures Nails, screws, and bolts Mathematical data and formulas
1106 1110 1122 1130 1132 1135 1136 1139
General Reference Data INTRODUCTION
This section provides a variety of time-saving reference material in the form of tables, charts, formulas, and planning guidelines . Included are area requirements for the preliminary space planning of various building types and human factors data related to anthropometrics, space, and acoustics . Also included are a number of tables for determining carpet and wall covering
yardage quantities . In addition, a series of tables dealing with electrical data provides typical amperage ratings for office and electronic equipment and for residential appliances . Still other tables and chart. contain mathematical data relative to functions of numbers, metric system conversions, and areas of plane figures.
General Reference Data SPACE PLANNING Area Requirements By Use The first portion of Table 1 shows some of the planning guidelines for several types of office use. Of course, usable areas per employee vary greatly depending on the type of work performed and types of support space and common areas required, such as file rooms, data processing, conference rooms, and so forth. Rules of Thumb Office use: 125 to 150 net sq . ft . area per person . Retail space: 30 net sq . ft. per person on ground floor; 50 net sq . ft . per person on upper floors . Classrooms : 20 net sq . ft . per pupil. TABLE 1 Space Planning By Building Type Building/Use Type Office buildings, all types Work station, minimum clerical Work station, clerical with VDT Work station, with visitor space Work station, supervisor Manager, private office Law firm Law firm library Law firm conference Insurance company, branch Insurance company, branch Total, includes common areas and circulation Energy company Conference and dining rooms
Sq. Ft . per Unit 100-250 40 55 65 100 150-225 450 25-30 25-30 100 average 155-165
net person person person person person attorney attorney attorney work station employee
usable usable usable usable usable usable total usable usable usable usable total usable
255 15
employee person
total usable net
Restaurants Dining areas (includes dining room but not waiting, coat room, etc.) Banquet 10-15 seat Cafeteria, college 12-15 seat 16-18 seat Cafeteria, commercial Counter service 18-20 seat Table service, hotel or restaurant 15-18 seat Table service, minimum 11-14 seat Kitchens Type
Meals per Hour
< 200
Area Basis
200-400
400-800
7 .5-5 .0 4.0-3 .5 Cafeterias 5 .0-4.0 7 .5-3 .0 Hotels 18 .0-4.0 6 .0-3.0 5.0-3 .6 Restaurants 7.0-4 .0 5.0-3.6 Serving and service areas 6 person Cafeterias Restaurants 5 person Add to totals space for food storage, administration, waiting .
net net net net net net
800-1300 3.5-3 .0 4.0-3 .0 5.0-3 .0 net net
General Reference Data SPACE PLANNING Area Requirements By Use
TABLE I Space Planning By Building Type (Continued) Building/Use Type Night clubs Bars Hotel 1 .5 persons per room without extensive conferencing facilities Large stores
Sq . Ft . per Unit
Area Basis
25 18
person person
net net
550-600
room
gross
Retail 30-50
person
net
0.08 20-35 100 50 15
bound vols . user staff person person person
net net net net net
7.5 15 8-12
seat seat seat
net net net
100%
seating area
3 30%
person seating area
Cultural Public library Stack space Reading rooms Staff space Overall Museums, exhibition areas Theater and assembly areas Seating area, fixed seats Seating, movable seating Theaters, fixed seating (Does not include stage, lobby, etc.) Stage/backstage Performing arts theater Lobbies Lobbies
net
Educational Elementary
The following figures are based on the number of students in the particular space listed . Small classrooms 20-30 student net Library 40 student net Art room 40 student net Secondary The following figures are based on the number of students in the particular space listed . Cafeteria 12-15 student 1/3 of total Small classrooms 20-25 student net Large classrooms 15 student net Art classrooms 50-60 student net Home economics 50-60 student net Laboratory classrooms 55-70 student net Library 40 student 20% of total Music rooms 30-35 student net Physical education 125 student net Shops/vocational rooms small 50 student net Shops/vocational rooms wood, metal, etc. 120-140 student net University Classrooms, small 20 student net Classrooms, large 12-15 student net
General Reference Data SPACE PLANNING Area Requirements By Use TABLE 1
Space Planning By Building Type (Continued) Sq . Ft . per Unit
BuildinglUse Type Lecture halls Dormitory, no dining Dormitory, no dining Dormitory, dining Food service, table service Food service, cafeteria Laboratories Laboratory storage Library Book stacks, less than 300,000 volumes Book stacks, 300,0001,000,000 volumes Book stacks, over 1,000,000 volumes Reading, study (provide stations equal to Total service space
Area Basis
9-12 160 210-240 235-260 18-26 14-19 34-45 6-10
seat student student student seat seat student student
net net gross gross net, all areas net, all areas net net
0.10
volume
net
0.7-0.8
volume
net
0.5 volume 25-35 station 25% to 40% of student population) : 6.25-10 student 25% of reading
net net net net
Residential Apartments Senior citizen housing Living units Living units Living units Dining, lounge, lobby, administration, etc.
250
Occupant
net
300-380 350-425 400-600
1-person unit 2-person unit unit
net net gross
33%-45% of living unit space, gross area Health Care Facilities
General hospital Medical center
1000 1100
bed bed
gross gross
The above figures are based on usable square footage, which In the language of leasing includes the area within the boundaries of the leased space. Most building owners lease space based on the rentable area, which includes a tenant's prorated share of common areas such as toilet rooms, elevator lobby, public corridors, and so on. The multiplying figure can be obtained from the building owner, or a figure of 1 .1 to 1 .15 can be used as an estimated multiplying factor. TABLE 2
Gross to Net Ratios for Common Building Types
Building Type
Multiplying Factor
Building Type
Multiplying Factor
Office Retail Bank Restaurant, table service Restaurant, cafeteria Bars, nightclubs Hotel Public library Library stack space
1 .25-1 .35 1 .35 1 .4 1 .4-1 .5 1 .5 1 .3-1 .4 1 .4-1 .6 1 .25-1 .3 1 .1-1 .3
Library reading space Museum Theater School, classroom School, dormitory School, laboratory School, gymnasium Apartment Hospital
1 .5 1 .2 1 .3-1 .7 1 .5-1 .65 1 .5-1 .8 1 .7 1 .4-1 .45 1 .25-1 .5 1 .5-1 .85
General Reference Data SPACE PLANNING Library Area Requirements LIBRARY PLANNING
TABLE 3
Libraries represent a unique building type in that a majority of space is devoted to housing books and not people . The number of volumes to be housed becomes the primary planning parameter, rather than numbers of people . For a detailed layout of book stacks, you can use the figures given in Table 3 . For preliminary planning, the following general guidelines are useful .
(Standard stack section 3 ft wide x 7'/2 ft high with 7 shelves)
Rules of Thumb Public library : 12 -18'/2 volumes per sq . ft . Law library: 5-7 volumes per sq, ft . To stack space, add a 'configuration loss' of from 6% to 20%, to account for inefficiencies in stack layout . Minimum aisle between open stacks . 3 ft . 0 in . Staff spaces : 100 net sq . ft . per person . Reading room seating . 15-35 sq . ft . per person plus 6% configuration loss . Net/gross multiplier : 1 .25. Maximum of 15,000-20,000 sq ft . per floor. Example A 100,000 volume public library is planned . How much space should be devoted to open stacks? Plan about 15 volumes per sq . ft . (100,000 15 - 6667 sq . ft .) . Add a configuration loss of 10%, to give a total area of 6667 + 667. or 7333 sq . ft . of stack space.
Library Shelving - Volumes per Linear Foot of Shelf Based on Subject
Subject Art (excluding oversize) Circulating, nonfiction Economics Fiction General literature History Law Medical Periodicals, bound Public documents Technical and scientific Average for overall estimating
Volumes per foot of shelf
Volumes per single face section
7
147 168 168 168 147 147 84 105 105 105 126
8 8 8 7 7 4 5 5 5 6
125
These figures should be reduced by at least 10% to avoid overcrowding and to allow for expansion
General Reference Datl HUMAN FACTORS Anthropometrics
APPROPRIATENESS It is essential, due to the many variables involved, that the data selected be appropriate to the user of the space or furniture to be designed . It becomes necessary, therefore, for the intended user population to be properly defined in terms of such factors as age, sex, occupation, and ethnicity. If the user is an individual, or constitutes a very small group, it may, in certain situations, be feasible to develop your own primary anthropometric data by actually having individual body measurements taken . Surely, if one is prepared to take the time to be fitted for a dress or a suit, one should be willing to spend the time to be fitted for an interior environment or components of that environment, particularly since, in most cases, the latter will reflect a far greater financial investment . The measurements, in the event individual data are generated, should, however, be taken with proper instruments by a trained observer. In situations where specific body dimensions or other data for a particular user population are unavailable, and both time and funds prevent undertaking sophisticated studies, an engineering anthropometrist can be consulted to discuss the statistical methods of obtaining the necessary information . 'AVERAGE MAN' FALLACY As suggested previously, a very serious error in the application of data is to assume that the 50th percentile dimensions represent the measurements of an 'average man' and to create a design to accommodate 50th percentile data . The fallacy in such an assumption is that by prior definition 50 percent of the group may suffer. There simply is no 'average man .' Depending on the nature of the design problem, the design should usually be conceived to accommodate the 5th or the 95th percentile, so that the greatest portion of the population is served . Dr H.TE . Hertzberg, one of the country's most distinguished research physical anthropologists, in discussing the so-called average man, indicated, 'there is really no such thing as an 'average' man or woman . There are men who are average in weight, or in stature, or in sitting height, but the men who are average in two dimensions constitute only about 7 percent of the population ; those in three, only about 3 percent; those in four, less than 2 percent. There are no men average in as few as 10 dimensions . Therefore, the concept of the 'average' man is fundamentally incorrect, because no such creature exists . Work places to be efficient should be designed according to the measured range of body size .' REACH, CLEARANCE, AND ADJUSTABILITY The selection of appropriate anthropometric data is based on the nature of the particular design problem under consideration. If the design requires the user to reach from a seated or standing position, the 5th percentile data should be utilized . Such data for arm reach indicates that 5 percent of the population would have an arm reach of short for shorter) dimension, while 95 percent of the population, the overwhelming majority, would have longer arm reaches. If the design
in a reach situation can accommodate the user with the shortest arm reach, obviously it will function for the users with longer reaches as well ; it is equally obvious that the opposite is not true, as shown in Fig. 1(a) . In designs where clearance is the primary consideration, the larger or 95th percentile data should be used . The logic is simple . If the design will allow adequate clearance for the users with the largest body size, it would also allow clearance for those users with smaller body size . Here, too, it can be seen from Fig . 11b) that the opposite is not true . In other situations it may be desirable to
provide the design with a built-in adjustment capability. Certain chair types, adjustao-e shelves, etc., are examples of such . The range of adjustment should be based on the anthropometrics of the user, the nature of the task, and the physical or mechanical limitations involved . The range should allow the design to accommodate at least 90 percent of the user population involved, or more . It should be noted that all the foregoing examples were used primarily to illustrate the basic logic underlying the selection of ttse body dimensions involved and the particutar percentiles to be accommodated . Whereve' possible, however, it is naturally more des+r-
General Reference Data HUMAN FACTORS Anthropometrics
General Reference Data HUMAN FACTORS Anthropometrics able to accommodate the greatest percentage of the user population . In this regard, there is no substitute for common sense . If a shelf can just as easily be placed an inch or two lower, without significantly impacting on other design or cost factors, thereby accommodating 98 or 99 percent of the user population, obviously that is the correct design decision . The clearances shown in Fig. 3 are intended to introduce general guidelines for barrier-free design . While we have utilized the wheelchair as our design subject, it does not represent the largest number of disabled . However, it is usually the most demanding for which to design To provide practical limits for this design, we have chosen to plot the range of reach for the short female to the tall male . The overlapping areas of ability for the handicapped and the non-handicapped demonstrate the field of good design practice common to both . When planning for accessibility, it is important to consider the attitude at which the wheelchair approaches the object desired. Reach limits differ for frontal and side reach. Because of this, range of reach is plotted for each . The elevation targets represent the maximum height at which controls requiring manual dexterity should be located. Wheelchairs vary in size . They are fitted to their users in much the same manner as clothing is . A range of sizes is given, with the dimensions for the 'typical' collapsible, manual chair indicated. Electrically powered wheelchairs require more space . Further, the wheelchair must be considered in its 'occupied' state, as the user imparts additional space requirements with arms and feet as well as basic maneuvering space. We consider the basic space requirement for an occupied wheelchair to function to be 3 ft wide by 4 ft deep . This same space will accommodate most people who use canes, crutches, and walkers . Blind people using the cane technique for perceiving obstacles can also be accommodated in this space . For a person in a wheelchair to make a complete turn, an area of approximately 5 ft by 5 ft is required . As the elevations of surrounding surfaces change, so do the space requirements . The length of time that one is confronted by close quarters also affects the required clearance. An opening through a wall maybe 2 ft 8 in clear as it represents only a short time involvement . As travel distance and traffic increase, passage width must also . The complexity of space also affects minimum clearance. To make a simple 90° turn, adjoining passages 3 ft wide are required (and 3 ft 6 in preferred if a normal walking is to be maintained). A 180° turn around a fixed partition requires more space. As clearances relate to general circulation requirements, space needs again increase with traffic speed and volume . Narrow corridors (4 ft) should be restricted to basically short, one-directional traffic patterns . Generally, maintain at least 5 ft clearances or more as determined by code .
General Reference Data HUMAN FACTORS Anthropometrics
General Reference Data HUMAN FACTORS Wheelchair Dimensions
General Reference Data HUMAN FACTORS Floor Space for Wheelchairs
General Reference Data HUMAN FACTORS Wheelchair Clearances at Doors
Pull Side
Push Side
~
, . . 001e001e . . .' .',
pn tD
18 mini, 24 nr hmrd 455
o a
(VOTE: x - 12 in (305 mm) closer and latch
door has both a
If
(a) Front Approaches - Swinging Doors Pull Side
$4mln ' .7774. . . . .
. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . ,~
É
> âg
NOTE x = 36 in (915 mm) minimum if y = 60 in (1525 mm) ; x = 42 in (1065 mm) minimum if y = 54 in (1370 mm) .
Push
Side
a
NOTE : y = 48 in (1220 mm) minimum if door has both a latch and closer.
(b) Hinge Side Approaches - Swinging Doors X 24 min sto
Putt Side
X 24min 1 -
1
61o
Push
C~
>co-
Side
1 :YC14 V4
(VOTE : y = 54 in (1370 mm) minimum If door has closer. NOTE y = 49 in (1720 mm) minimum if door has closer.
(c) Latch Side Approaches - Swinging Doors NOTE : All doors in alcoves shall comply with the clearances for front approaches
54 min 137.0
l (e) Slide Side Approach - Sliding Doors and Folding Doors
(d) Front Approach - Sliding Doors and Folding Doors
X , 24 min s Né
0
(f)
Latch Side Approach - Sliding Doors and Folding Doors NOTE : All doors in alcoves shall comply with the clearances for front approaches Fig . 7
Maneuvering clearances at doors .
General Reference Data HUMAN FACTORS Wheelchair Clearances at Doors
General Reference Data HUMAN FACTORS Telephone Mounting Heights; Control Reach
General Reference Data HUMAN FACTORS Space TYPES OF SPACE Besides needing enough space in order to move about and perform various tasks, people react to space in a variety of ways . Several researchers have defined the space surrounding the individual in terms of the limits within which people categorically respond (see Figs . 11 and 12). Intimate space is that area in which a person tends not to allow anyone to intrude unless intimate relationships are expected . Personal space is that area within which a person allows only selected friends or fellow workers with whom personal discussion is mandatory. Social space is that area within which the individual expects to make purely social contacts on a temporary basis. And, finally, public space is that area within which the individual does not expect to have direct contact with others . Obviously, the more intimate the spatial relationship becomes, the more people resist intrusion by others . Personal space factors are important in establishing the privacy requirements for architectural design .
General Reference Data HUMAN FACTORS Space
TYPICAL SUBJECTIVE RESPONSES TO SELECTED SPATIAL FEATURES Although few research data have been gee; erated with regard to how people respond to specific spatial factors (at least in terms of being able to prescribe precise, quantitative guidelines), it is important for the designer to reflect on potentially negative reactions that often result when a given space is not made compatible with what the user expects in terms of the size, shape, organization, color, and illumination of a particular space. The considerations listed in Table 4 are suggested as a checklist for the designer.
TABLE 4 Space Characteristic Size (generally volume)
Shape (generally proportion)
Color and illumination
Windows
Space organization
Probable Response If the space is too small for the number of people, furnishings, equipment, or other objects that occupy it, people will consider it to be crowded. Although they may accept a crowded condition on a temporary basis. they will object to living or working in such a space for extended periods of time. If the space is too large for the people, furnishings, equipment, or other objects that occupy it, people wilt consider it 'unfriendly,' inconvenient. and/or overly demanding in terms of communicating, travel distance. maintenance. etc. Although they may accept the 'barnliké' atmosphere for temporary periods, they wIll object to living or working in such a space for extended periods of time. If the space is out of proportion (too narrow, wide, long, high, etc .) lot the intended use, people will consider it awkward and often distracting or oppressive . Although they may accept proportional distortion on a short-term basis (i.e ., as they pass through briefly), they will object to living or working in such a space for extended periods of time . If the space contains such distortions as alt curved surfaces . acute wall junctures, and too many projections or surface
changes, people wilt consider it confusing and difficult to maneuver in and/or furnish . Although they may accept such distortions (or even consider them interesting) on a temporary or one-time basis, they will object to living or working in such a space for extended periods of time. It should also be noted that blind people depend on the constant proportions of right-angle corners to aid them in negotiating a space; such individuals are easily confused by curved surfaces, walls that are not at right angles, and periodic projections that imply they may have reached a turning point. When a ceiling is extremely high relative to the lateral dimension of a space, people feel as though they are working in a pit and that the walls are closing in on them . When a ceding is extremely low and the space in front of the observer is very long, people feel as though the room is 'endless' or as if they will hit their heads unless they duck . If a space is dark (unless thIs is required for a particular operation, such as a motion picture presentation), people tend to become lethargic and less active, or they may feel anxious . As a rule, the less bright a room is, the less cheerful it seems. A small space will seem even smaller . It a space is too bright, people will leel overly exposed, or they will complain of glare or thermal discomfort (even though actual glare in terms of accepted light levels or inappropriate thermal conditions for comfort are not present) . If there are too many different colors, too large expanses of very saturated color, or too many and too 'busy' patterns of color within a space, most people become irritated after more than a brief exposure to the space. It there is too little color, no visual pattern, or no other decorative 'break' in the visual environment people will find the space monotonous, boring, and eventually irritating to the point of wanting to escape . Although isolated points of highly reflective surface provide interest, all-rnetalhc and highly reflective surface treatments create both subjective and directly objective interference for most people who have to work in the space . Generally, most people do not like to live and work in a space that is devoid of windows. First and foremost, people seem to need visual contact with the outside world. Too many windows, on the other hand, can cause the following possible negative reactions : too much glare, too much exposure (fishbowl effect). lack of protection from outside elements, true anxiety (caused by floorto-ceiling glass at high elevaliors) . The internal components within a space and the traffic corridors and entrance and exit locations will seem either well organized or badly organized . The furnishings, partitions, decorative objects. etc., will appear as being either organized or disorganized, depending on the observer's ability to comprehend what things are and where they are with respect to his or her vantage point Key behavioral response issues are: apparent capability to find one's way to specific locations, apparent ease for interacting and communicating with others with whom the individual must associate, apparent privacy provisions
necessary to perform Individual tasks . Although these are sometimes conflicting needs, the people who use a space will perform on the basis of how well each of these factors has been executed for them, not for the designer or the boss . The organization of internal space components obviously interacts with all the other space characteristics . I.e ., the Individual perceives and reacts to the combined effects of size, shape, color and illumination, windows, and organization simultaneously . A significant behavioral response wilt be an individual's interpretation of whether sufficient options are available for local modification of his or her own portion of the space . Even though people may never require a modification, they react to
Furnishings
their own space in terms of permanently established restrictions that eventually elicit the feeling that the space is too small, the wrong shape, too dark, or isolated from the rest of the world, for example . As a general rule, people are sensitive to improperly proportioned furniture, i.e., furniture that is too targe, too small, or the wrong shape for the space in which It is placed . Although the designer normally tries to select furnishings that are property proportioned for the space he or she has created, this may ultimately restrict the efficiency of the individual (e .g., a desk or storage cabinet may be too small), Thus, although the general visual proportions of furniture in relation to space must be taken into account to avoid negative observational responses, shortchanging the individual in terms of specific furniture and use requirements soon stimulates an even stronger negat i ve respon se.
General Reference Data HUMAN FACTORS Acoustics TABLE 5
Comparison of Sound Pressure Levels and Loudness Sensations
Sound Pressure Level (decibels-A scale)
Source
130
Jet Aircraft at 100' Bass Drum at 3' Auto Horn at 3'
120
Physical Pain
Thunder, Artillery, Nearby Riveter
110
Deafening
Elevated Train Discotheque
100
Loud Street Noise Noisy Factory
90
Very Loud
Truck Unmuffled Police Whistle
80
Cocktail Party Noisy Office Average Street Noise
70
Loud
Average Radio Average Factory
60
Noisy Home Inside General Office
50
Face to Face Conversation Quiet Radio
40
Quiet Home Private Office
30
Moderate
Faint
Empty Auditorium Quiet Conversation
20
TABLE 6
Sensation
10
Rustle of Leaves Whisper Soundproof Room
0
Threshold of Audibility
Very Faint
Speech-Interference Levels that Barely Permit Reliable Conversation
Distance between talk er and listene r, ft 0 .5 1 .0 2.0 30 4.0 50 6.0 12 .0
Normal 71 65 59 55 53 51 49 43
Speech-i n terference level, dB Rais ed 77 71 65 61 59 57 55 49
Very loud
Shouting
83 77 71 67
89 83 77
65 63 61 55
73 71 69 67 61
TABLE 7 Speech Interference Levels (SIL) and Noise Criteria (NC) Recommended for Rooms
Type of room Secretarial offices, typing Coliseum for sports only (amplification) Small private office Conference room for 20 Movie theater Conference room for 50 Theaters for drama, 500 seats (no amplification) Homes, sleeping areas Assembly halls (no amplification) Schoolrooms Concert halls (no amplification)
Maximum permissible level (measured in vacant rooms SIL 60 55 45 35 35 30 30 30 30 30 25
NC 50-55 50 30-35 30 30 20-30 20-25 20-25 25 15-20
General Reference Data FLOOR AND WALL COVERING
Length and Width of Carpet Roll Converted to Area
TABLE 8
Length, ft 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Length and Width of Carpet Roll Converted to Area Width of carpet ro ll
ft 2 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81
90 99 108 117 126 135 144 153 162 171 180 189 198 207 216 225 234 243 252 261 270 279 288 297
9 ft
yd2
2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
306 34 315 35 324 36 333 37 342 38 351 39 360 40 369 41 378 42 387 43 396 44 405 45 414 46 423 47 432 48 441 49 450 50
m2
ft'
ydz
m2
ft 2
1 .67 2 .51 3 .34 4.18 5.02 5.85 6.69 7 .52 8.36 9.20 10 .03 10 .87 11 .71 12 .54 13 .38 14 .21 15 .05 15 .89 16 .72 17 .55 18 .39 19 .23 20 .07 20 .90 21 .74 22 .57
24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192 204 216 228 240 252 264 276 288 300 312 324
2.67 4 5.33 6.67 8 9.33 10 .67 12 13 .33 14 .67 16 17 .33 18 .67 20 21 .33 22 .67 24 25 .33 26 .67 28 29 .33 30 .67 32 33 .33 34 .67 36 37 .33 38 .67 40 41 .33 42 .67 44 45 .33 46,67 48 49 .33 50 .67 52 53 .33 54 .67 56 57 .33 58 .67 60 61 .33 62 .67 64 65.33 66.67
2.23 3.34 4.46 5.57 6.69 7.80 8.92 10.03 11 .15 12 .26 13.38 14.47 15.61 16.72 17.84 18 .95 20 .07
30 45
23 .41 24 .25 25 .08 25 .92 26 .76 27 .59 28 .43 29 .26 30 .10 30 .94 31 .77 32 .61 33 .44 34 .28 35 .12 35 .95 36 .79 37 .63 38 .46 39 .30 40 .13 40 .97 41 .81
336 348 360 372 384 396 408 420 432 444 456 468 480 492 504 516 528 540 552 564 576 588 600
21 .18 22 .30 23 .41 24 .53 25 .64 26 .76 27 .87 28 .99 30 .10 31 .21 32 .33 33 .44 34 .56 35 .68 36 .79 37 .90 39 .02 40 .13 41 .25 42 .36 43 .48 4459 45 .71 46 .82 47 .94 49 .05 50 .17 51 .28 52 .40 53 .51 54 .63 55 .74
Wi dt h of carpet roll 15 ft
12 ft
60 75 90
105 120 135
150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 315 330 345 360 375 390 405 420 435 450 465 480 495 510 525 540 555 570
yd2
m2
3.33 5 6.67 8.33 10 11 .67 13 .33 15 16 .67 18 .33 20 21 .67 23 .33 25 26 .67 28 .33 30 31 .67 33 .33 35 36 .67 38 .33 40 41 .67 43 .33 45 46 .67 48 .33 50 51 .67 53 .33
2 .79 4 .18 5 .57 6.97 8.36 9.76 11 .15 12 .54 13 .94 15 .33 16 .72 18 .12 19 .51 20 .90 22 .30 23 .69 25 .08 26 .48 27 .87 29 .26 30 .66 32 .05 33 .44 34 .84 36 .23 37 .63 39 .02 40 .41 41 .81 43 .20 44 .59 45 .99 47 .38 48.77 50 .17 51 .56 52 .95 54 .35 55 .74 57 .13 58 .53 59 .92 61 .32 62 .71 64 .10 65 .50 66 .89 68 .28 69 .68
55 56 .67 58 .33 60 61 .67 63 .33
585 65 600 66 .67 615 68 .33 630 645 660 675 690 705 720 735 750
9 ft
70 71 .67 73 .33 75 76 .67 78 .33 80 81 .67 83 .33
Le ngth, ft 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
97 98 99 100
ft2 459 468 477 486 495 504 513 522 531 540 549 558 567 576 585 594 603 612 621 630 639 648
657 666 675 684 693 702 711 720 729 738 747 756 765 774 783 792 801 810 819 828 837 846 855 864 873 882 891 900
ydz
51
52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63
m2
ft 2
42 .64 43.48 44.31 45 .15 45 .99
612 624 636 648 660 672 684 696 708 720 732 744 756 768 780 792 804 816 828 840 852 864 876 888 900 912 924 936 948 960 972 984 996 1008
46 .82 47 .66 48 .49 49 .33 50 .17 51 51 .84 52 .68
64 53 .51 65 54 .35 66 55 .18
67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
56 .02 56 .86 57 .69 58 .53 59 .36 60,20 61,04 61 .87 62 .71 63 .55 64 .30 65 .22 66 .05 66 .89 67 .73 68 .56 69 .40 70 .23 71 .07 1020 71 .91 1032 72 .74 1044 73 .58 74 .41 75 .25 76.09 76.92 77 .76 78.6 79.43 80 .27 81 .10 81 .94 82 .78 83 .61
1056 1068 1080 1092 1104 1116 1128 1140 1152 1164 1176 1188 1200
12 ft yd2
68 69 .33 70 .67 72 73 .33 74 .67 76 77 .33 78 .67 80 81 .33 82 .67 84 85 .33 86 .67 88 89 .33 90 .67 92 93 .33 94 .67 96 97 .33 98 .67 100 101 .33 102.67 104
105.33 106.67 108 109.33 110.67 112 113.33 114.67 116 117.33 118.67 120 121 .33 122.67 124 125.33 126.67 128 129.33 130.67 132 133 .33
15 ft
m2
ft'
56 .86 765 57 .97 780 59 .09 795 60 .20 810 61 .32 825 62 .43 840 63 .55 855 64 .66 870 65 .77 885 66 .89 900 68 915 69 .12 930 70 .23 945 71 .35 960 72 .46 975 73 .58 990 74.69 1005 75 .81 1020 76 .92 1035 78 .04 1050 79 .15 1065 80 .27 1080 81 .38 1095 82 .50 1110 83 .61 1125 84 .73 1140 85 .84 1155 86 .96 1170 88 .07 1185 89 .19 1200 90 .30 1215 91 .42 1230 92 .53 1245 93 .65 1260 94 .76 1275 95 .88 1290 96 .99 1305 98 .11 1320 99 .22 1335 100.33 1350 101 .45 1365 102.56 1380 103.68 1395 104.79 1410 105.91 1425 107.02 1440 108.14 1455 109.25 1470 110 .37 1485 111 .48 1500
yd2
m2
71 .07 85 86 .67 72 .46 88 .33 73 .86 75 .25 90 91 .67 76.64 78.04 93 .33 79.43 95 96 .67 80 .83 82 .22 98 .33 83 .61 100 101 .67 85 .01 86 .40 103.33 87 .79 105 106 .67 89 .19 90 .58 108 .33 91 .97 110 111 .67 93 .37 94 .76 113 .33 96 .15 115 116.67 97 .55 98 .94 118.33 120 100.33 121 .67 101 .73 123.33 103.12 125 104.52 126.67 105.91 128.33 107.30 130 108.70 131 .67 110.09 133.33 111 .48 135 112.88 136.67 114.27 138.33 115.66 140 117.06 141 .67 118.45 143.33 119.84 145 121 .24 146.67 122.63 148.33 124.03 150 125.42 151,67 126.81 153.33 128 .21 155 156.67 158.33 160 161 .67 163 .33 165 166 .67
129.60 130.99 132 .39 133.78 135 .17 136.57 137 .96 139.36
General Reference Data FLOOR AND WALL COVERING
Covering Capacity of Wallpaper, Paint, and Tile
TABLE 9 Size of room, it 4x8 4 x 10 4 x 12 6 x 10 6 x 12 8 x 12 8 x 14 10 x 14 10 x 16 12 x 16 12 14 14 15 15
x 18 x 18 x 22 x 16 x 18
15 x 15 x 16 x 16 x 16 x 16 x 16 x 17 x 17 x 17 x 17 17 18 18 18
x x x x x
20 23 18 20 22 24 26 22 25 28 32 35 22 25 28
20 x 26 20 x 28 30 x 34
Paperhanging Walls and Ceilings 8 ft
TABLE 10
Height of ceilirr2 9 ft 10 ft
Single rolls for walls
Yards of border
Covering Capacity
Exterior Painting Priming paint
7 8 9 9 10
8 9 10 10 11
9 11 12 12 13
2 2 2 2 3
10 11 12 13 14
11 12 14 15 16
13 14 15 16 17
15 16 18 19 20
Stain
15 16 18 15 16
17 18 20 17 18
19 20 22 19 20
22 23 26 23 24
4 4 5 6 7
8 8 10 8 9
22 23 22 23 25
25 26 24 26 28
29 31 28 31 32
10 11 10 10 11 12 13 12 13 15
Priming paint Metal primer Undercoat (enamel) Flat Semigloss enamel Satin-gloss enamel Gloss enamel Floor enamel Aluminum paint
7 8 8 9
17 19 17 18 19 20 21 19 21 22 24 26 20 21 23 23 24 27
20 21 19 20 21
27 29 22 24 26
28 27 30
22 23 21 22 23
25 28 25 26 28
30 32 25 27 28
35 37 29 31 33 33 34 39
28 30 33
Flat house paint Oil paint
Spar varnish Clear gloss varnish Lacquer Interior stain
17 18 12 14 16 17 18 21
Flooring Tile
Tile size, in .
No . of pieces per 100 sq ft
No . of pieces per sq ft
6 X 6 6 x 12 9 x 9 12 x 12 12 X 24
400 200 178 100 50
4.00 2.00 1 .78 1 .00 0 .50
x x x x
45 34 23 11
0 .45 0 .33 0 .23 0.11
18 24 36 36
Wood Metal Over primer Finish coat Finish coat Finish coat Finish coat Floors Aluminum, first coat Aluminum, second coat Finishing woodwork Finishing woodwork Over stain Woodwork, first coat Woodwork, second coat Woodwork, third coat Miscellaneous
Barn red oil paint Rust inhibitor (zinc paint) Furniture sealer and stain
(Net covering capacity per 100 sq ft)
18 18 18 36
Wood Metal Over primer Repainting 1 coat Masonry Concrete Stucco (smooth) Stucco (rough) Wood shingle siding, first coat Wood shingle siding, second coat
Interior Painting
Allowance for waste is included in all figures . Deduct one roll for every 36 sq ft of openings . Deduct one roll for every 2 doors . Deduct for windows as area of each opening. One roll of wallpaper equals 36 sq ft (24 ft by 18 in .) .
TABLE 11
Surface or use
Material
Rolls of ceiling
Repaint barn Metal Unpainted furniture
Coverage per gallon, sq ft 450 500 500 400 300 250 200 150 150 200
500 600 400 500 450 450 400 500 600 700 600 600 450 500 600 700 450 650 600
General Reference Data FLOOR AND WALL COVERING Wall Areas of Rooms
TABLE 12
Wall Area of Rooms (8-1t ceiling), ft2 Feet
Feet
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
3 4 5 6 7
96 112 128 144 160
112 128 144 160 176
128 144 160 176 192
144 160 176 192 208
160 176 192 208 224
176 192 208 224 240
192 208 224 240 256
208 224 240 256 272
224 240 256 272 288
8 9 10 11 12
176 192 208 224 240
192 208 224 240 256
208 224 240 256 272
224 240 256 272 288
240 256 272 288 304
256 272 288 304 320
272 288 304 320 336
288 304 320 336 352
13 14 15 16 17
256 272 288 304 320
272 288 304 320 336
288 304 320 336 352
304 320 336 352 368
320 336 352 368 384
336 352 368 384 400
352 368 384 400 416
18 19 20 21 22
336 352 368 384 400
352 368 384 400 416
368 384 400 416 432
384 400 416 432 448
400 416 432 448 464
416 432 448 464 480
23 24 25
416 432 448
432 448 464
448 464 480
464 480 496
480 496 512
Feet
TABLE13
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
3 4 5 6 7
240 256 272 288 304
256 272 288 304 320
272 288 304 320 336
288 304 320 336 352
304 320 336 352 368
320 336 352 368 384
336 352 368 384 400
352 368 384 400 416
368 384 400 416 432
304 320 336 352 368
8 9 10 11 12
320 336 352 368 384
336 352 368 384 400
352 368 384 400 416
368 384 400 416 432
384 400 416 432 448
400 416 432 448 464
416 432 448 464 480
432 448 464 480 496
448 464 480 496 512
368 384 400 416 432
384 400 416 432 448
13 14 15 16 17
400 416 432 448 464
416 432 448 464 480
432 448 464 480 496
448 464 480 496 512
464 480 496 512 528
480 496 512 528 544
496 512 528 544 560
512 528 544 560 576
528 544 560 576 592
432 448 464 480 496
448 464 480 496 512
464 480 496 512 528
18 19 20 21 22
480 496 512 528 544
496 512 528 544 560
512 528 544 560 576
528 544 560 576 592
544 560 576 592 608
560 576 592 608 624
576 592 608 624 640
592 608 624 640 656
608 624 640 656 672
496 512 528
512 528 544
528 544 560
544 560 576
23 24 25
560 576 592
576 592 608
592 608 624
608 624 640
624 640 656
640 656 672
656 672 688
672 688 704
688 704 720
Feet
Wall Area of Rooms (9-ft Ceiling), ft2 Feet
Feet
Feet
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
3 4 5 6 7
108 126 144 162 180
126 144 162 180 198
144 162 180 198 216
162 180 198 216 234
180 198 216 234 252
198 216 234 252 270
216 234 252 270 288
234 252 270 288 306
252 270 288 306 324
3 4 5 6 7
270 288 306 324 342
288 306 324 342 360
306 324 342 360 378
324 342 360 378 396
342 360 378 396 414
360 378 396 414 432
378 396 414 432 450
396 414 432 450 468
414 432 450 468 486
8 9 10 11 12
198 216 234 252 270
216 234 252 270 288
234 252 270 288 306
252 270 288 306 324
270 288 306 324 342
288 306 324 342 360
306 324 342 360 378
324 342 360 378 396
342 360 378 396 414
8 9 10 11 12
360 378 396 414 432
378 396 414 432 450
396 414 432 450 468
414 432 450 468 486
432 450 468 486 504
450 468 486 504 522
468 486 504 522 540
486 504 522 540 558
504 522 540 558 576
13 14 15 16 17
288 306 324 342 360
306 324 342 360 378
324 342 360 378 396
342. 360 378 396 414
360 378 396 414 432
378 396 414 432 450
396 414 432 450 468
414 432 450 468 486
432 450 468 486 504
13 14 15 16 17
450 468 486 504 522
468 486 504 522 540
486 504 522 540 558
504 522 540 558 576
522 540 558 576 594
540 558 576 594 612
558 576 594 612 630
576 594 612 630 648
594 612 630 648 666
18 19 20 21 22
378 39S 414 432 450
396 414 432 450 468
414 432 450 468 486
432 450 468 486 504
450 468 486 504 522
468 486 504 522 540
486 504 522 540 558
504 522 540 558 576
522 540 558 576 594
18 19 20 21 22
540 558 576 594 612
558 576 594 612 630
576 594 612 630 648
594 612 630 648 666
612 630 648 666 684
630 648 666 684 702
648 666 684 702 720
666 684 702 720 738
684 702 720 738 756
23 24 25
468 486 504
486 504 522
504 522 540
522 540 558
540 558 576
558 576 594
576 594 612
594 612 630
612 630 648
23 24 25
630 648 666
648 666 684
666 684 702
684 702 720
702 720 738
720 738 756
738 756 774
756 774 792
774 792 810
Feet
General Reference Data FLOOR AND WALL COVERING Walt Areas of Rooms TABLE 14
Wall Area of Rooms (10-ft Ceiling), ft' Feet
Feet
Feet
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
3 4 5 6 7
120 140 160 180 200
140 160 180 200 220
160 180 200 220 240
180 200 220 240 260
200 220 240 260 280
220 240 260 280 300
240 260 280 300 320
260 280 300 320 340
280 300 320 340 360
8 9 10 11 12
220 240 260 280 300
240 260 280 300 320
260 280 300 320 340
280 300 320 340 360
300 320 340 360 380
320 340 360 380 400
340 360 380 400 420
360 380 400 420 440
13 14 15 16 17
320 340 360 380 400
340 360 380 400 420
360 380 400 420 440
380 400 420 440 460
400 420 440 460 480
420 440 460 480 500
440 460 480 500 520
18 19 20 21 22
420 440 460 480 500
440 460 480 500 520
460 480 500 520 540
480 500 520 540 560
500 520 540 560 580
520 540 560 580 600
23 24 25
520 540 560
540 560 580
560 580 600
580 600 620
600 620 640
620 640 660
Feet
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
3 4 5 6 7
300 320 340 360 380
320 340 360 380 400
340 360 380 400 420
360 380 400 420 440
380 400 420 440 460
400 420 440 460 480
420 440 460 480 500
440 460 480 500 520
460 480 500 520 540
380 400 420 440 460
8 9 10 11 12
400 420 440 460 480
420 440 460 480 500
440 460 480 500 520
460 480 500 520 540
480 500 520 540 560
500 520 540 560 580
520 540 560 580 600
540 560 580 600 620
560 580 600 620 640
460 480 500 520 540
480 500 520 540 560
13 14 15 16 17
500 520 540 560 580
520 540 560 580 600
540 560 580 600 620
560 580 600 620 640
580 600 620 640 660
600 620 640 660 680
620 640 660 680 700
640 660 680 700 720
660 680 700 720 740
540 560 580 600 620
560 580 600 620 640
580 600 620 640 660
18 19 20 21 22
600 620 640 660 680
620 640 660 680 700
640 660 680 700 720
660 680 700 720 740
680 700 720 740 760
700 720 740 760 780
720 740 760 780 800
740 760 780 800 820
760 780 800 820 840
640 660 680
660 680 700
680 700 720
23 24 25
700 720 740
720 740 760
740 760 780
760 780 800
780 800 820
800 820 840
820 840 860
840 860 880
860 880 900
General Reference Data FLOOR AND WALL COVERING Panel Conversion Chart TABLE 15 Standard Modular Panel Conversion Chart (For plywood, architectural woodwork, sheathing, plastic laminate, gypsum board, and other modular wall components) No .
Size (areas in square feet)
of
Size (areas in square feet)
units
4' x 8'
4' x 10'
4' x 12'
4' x 14'
units
4'x 8'
4' x 10'
4'x 12'
4'x 14'
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
320 352 384 416 448 480 512 544 576 608 640 672 704 736 768 800 832 864 896 928 960 992 1024 1056 1088 1120
400 440 480 520 560 600 640 680 720 760 800 840 880 920 960 1000 1040 1080 1120 1160 1200 1240 1280 1320 1360 1400
480 528 576 624 672 720 768 816 864 912 960 1008 1056 1104 1152 1200 1248 1296 1344 1392 1440 1488 1536 1584 1632 1680
560 616 672 728 784 840 896 952 1008 1064 1120 1176 1232 1288 1344 1400 1456 1512 1568 1624 1680 1736 1792 1848 1904 1960
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
1152 1184 1216 1248 1280 1312 1344 1376 1408 1440 1472 1504 1536 1568 1600 1632 1664 1696 1728 1760
1440 1480 1520 1560 1600 1640 1680 1720 1760 1800 1840 1880 1920 1960 2000 2040 2080 2120 2160 2200 2240 2280 2320 2360 2400
1728 1776 1824 1872 1920 1968
2016 2072 2128 2184 2240 2296 2352 2408 2464 2520 2576 2632 2688 2744 2800 2856 2912 2968 3024 3080 3136 3192 3248 3304 3360
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
1792 1824 1856 1888 1920
2016 2064 2112 2160 2208 2256 2304 2352 2400 2448 2496 2544 2592 2640 2688 2736 2784 2832 2880
General Reference Data FLOOR AND WALL COVERING
ESTIMATING THE AMOUNT OF HARDWOOD STRIP FLOORING REQUIRED An allowance for side-matching, plus 5% for end-matching and normal waste are incorporated in these percentages . Take the Square Footage and ADD the percentage below opposite the size strip flooring to be used . When using
3/4x1-1/2' Strip ADD 3/4x2' 3/4x2-1/4' 3/4x3-1/4'
55% 42-1/2% 38-1/3% 29%
3/8x1-1/2' 3/8x2'
38-1/3% 30%
1/2x2-1/2' 1/2x2'
38-1/3% 30%
Above percentages are for laying flooring straight across the room . Additional flooring should be estimated for diagonal applications and bay windows or other projections . ------------------------------------------------------------------CONVERTING SQUARE FEET OF FLOOR SPACE
To Board Feet of Str ip Floor ing Requi red . FLOOR SPACE Square Feet
BOARD FEET REQUIRED ( 5% Cutting Waste Inc lud ed) 3/4x2' 3/4x12' 3/4x34' 1/2x2' 3 /8x12'
General Reference Data
FLOOR AND WALL COVERING Carpet Construction
Carpets are manufactured in three different ways : woven, knitted, or tufted . Woven carpet The surface pile and backing of woven carpet are interwoven at the same time, creating a single fabric . Due to the interweaving, which locks all of the yarns together in the single woven fabric, the pile yarns cannot be pulled out. Some carpet weaves presently available are velvet, wilton, and axminster Velvet is best suited for solidcolor carpet, however, tweeds, stripes, and salt-and-pepper effects can be produced on velvet looms. The usual velvet is a solid-color carpet with smooth surface and even pile . Sometimes the pile is cut to produce a plushlike surface [see Fig. 14(a)] . It may also be had in loop pile, or twist. Milton weave comes in almost unlimited numbers of textures and sculptured effects,
as well as patterns . The pile is sometimes cut, sometimes left uncut; a combination of cut and uncut may also be obtained . In multicolor wiltons, one color may be seen on the surface pile, while other colors are hidden in the body of the carpet . Embossed and sculptured effects are also made by the wilton looms, and cut and uncut pile can be combined with cut pile for the top level with loops at other levels . Another variation is to have some pile yarn straight and others twisted Isee Fig, 14(0 . In the axminster weave, which is similar in appearance to handweaving, we find a complete flexibility in the use of color. In this method each tuft is inserted separately and while solid-color carpets can be made by this method, it is nearly always used for multicolored pattern carpet such as orientals, or
modern and geometric designs Isee Fig. 14(c)I Tufted carpet In the tufted process, which was only recently perfected, the tufts are attached to a previously made backing, as compared with the methods described above in which the backing and pile are integral . The tufts are held in place by a heavy coating of latex applied to the backing, which is usually cotton, jute, or kraft cord . By the use of this method, a wide variety of textures is possible . For example, the tufted pile can be made in several levels ; it can be cut or uncut; and carved or striated effects can be obtained . The pile can be looped or plush . Tufted carpets are made in multicolor patterns with an increasing number of textural effects and refinements [see Fig. 14(d)] .
General Reference Data FLOOR AND WALL COVERING Location of Door Hardware
General Reference Data FABRIC Characteristics and Suitability
HOME-DECORATING FABRIC CHART In the chart below am listed the fabrics usually classified as primarily decorating materIals. In addition to them, practically all dress materials may be used, and are often woven in extra widths for this purpose . Among these are, tight weight such cambric, challis, chambray, gingham, muslin, percale, poplin, all used for Informal draperies, bed coverings, dressing tables, cotton, seersucker, sllkoline as etc.; stiff fabrics such as buckram and crinoline, for Interlining curtain tops, valances, etc.; cottons such as Canton flannel used for Interlinings, and sateen for linings, heavy utility cottons such as cash, denim, drill, gabardine, pique, all suited to DESCRIPTION
FABRIC
SUITABLE FOR
ARMURE
Ribbed silk, cotton, rayon smetimes wool), fabric with small design on the surface.
Draperies. Medium-weight upholstery .
ARTIFICIAL
Available under many trade names. A woven cotton fabric, coated with nitrocellulose preparation and stamped surface to simulate different kinds of leather .
Medium-weight upholstery. Panels. Other decorative uses .
BATIK
Javanese process of coloring fabrics by blocking out various parts of the pattern with wax before dyeing.
Curtains and panels . Other decorative effects .
BOBBINET
Not with hexagonal openings. Originally handmade with a bobbin .
Glass curtains. Dressing table skirts, etc.
Rich, colorful fabric with embroidery effects on taffeta, twill, satin or damask weave background . Gold or silver metal threads sometimes Introduced in the figures . Brocade Is also the name designating a certain type of Jacquard weave .
Draperies. Medium-weight upholstery. Especially good for rooms of Queen Anne, Chippendale, Hepplewhite or Sheraton furnishings of 18th Century .
A heavy fabric with general characteristics of damask, but figures more raised and vet. vety in quality giving embossed effect.
Draperies on upholstery .
Brocade with small Floral pattern .
Lined or unlined draperies, Medium-weight upholstery.
BURLAP
Coarse, plain-weave fabric widths. Inexpensive.
Drapery or upholstery purposes .
CALICO
Light-weight cotton fabric in plain weave. May be printed, plain or patterned, in deep colors . Designs usually small . (Also for dresses.)
Curtains, draperies, bedspreads, comfortable$ . Excellent with Early American or French Provincial furnishings .
CANDLEWICK
Cotton yarn used for hand tufting on muslin sheeting . Yarn may be white or In color and design simple or elaborate.
bedspreads, draperies, and other decorative purposes.
CANVAS
A coarse, Firm cotton or linen material, rough finish, plain weave. May be bleached, unbleached, starched, dyed, or printed .
Awnings, couch covers, etc. ; also used for stiff interlining as of top of draperies .
CASEMENT CLOTH
Light, plain, and usually neutral in color. Made In cotton, linen, mohair, silk, wool or rayon. Sometimes comes in small Figures.
Fine for draw-curtains ; aim glass curtains in sheer textures.
CELLOPHANE
Glossy, transparent synthetic product woven on warp threads of cotton . Often woven in with other materials and used for many novelty effects .
Draperies in modern interiors . Trimmings, etc.
CHENILLE
Various types of fabrics woven with chenille yarn of silk, wool, mercerized cotton, or rayon.
Draperies. Yarn used For tufting, fringes, etc.
CHEVRON CLOTH
Fabric with broken twill weave forming chevron pattern.
Draperies, etc.
A Firm plain weave cotton fabric usually printed in gay pattern, but may be had in plain colors. May be semi-glazed or fully glazed . Some chintz has special finish so that it will retain glaze after washing . Glazed chintz is more resistant to dirt, white Its shiny surface and stiff texture adds to its charm. There are many grades of chintz, and many have soil-resistant special finish .
May be format or Informal In pattern . Suitable to any room according to pattern, quality and treatment. Used for draperies, upholstery, slip covers, tamp shades, etc .
Cotton or linen fabric named for French town of Cretan, with plain, rep or damask weave background printed In targe designs. Does not muss easily and can be washed often .
Draperies, upholstery, slip covers, bed coven, etc. Often more format than chintz .
A type of wool embroidery worked on unbleached cotton or linen ground In targe floral, bird, or tree designs .
Draperies and upholstery. Used extensively during Jacobean period .
DAMASK
The name originated with the beautiful silks woven in Damascus during the 12th Century. Damasks are now made of linen, cotton, wool, or any of the synthetic fibers, or combinations of the two. i n taffeta weave on satin ground, this fabric In flat woven pattern is usually reversible . Damask Is also the name given to a kind of Jacquard weave.
In silk or cotton It is used for draperies and upholstery. Appropriate for Queen Anne, Chippendale, Hepplewhite or Sheraton furnishings of 18th Century .
DRUID'S CLOTH
A fabric of loosely twisted cotton yarn, or cotton mixed with lute, in basket weave. Something tike monk's cloth but not as rough in texture.
Draperies. Couch covers .
DUCK
Heavy plain weave cotton fabric .
Outdoor cushions, etc.
FELT
A material mode by matting together, under heat or pressure, woolen Fibers, mohair, cowhalr, or mixed Fibers .
Upholstery and couch covers . Rugs.
LEATHER
BROCADE
BROCATELLE
BROCHE
CHINTZ
CRETONNE
CREWEL EMBROIDERY
130
; sheer cottons such as cheesecloth, . certain types of draperies, couch covers, 911c dimity, plain and dotted Swiss, lace, lawn, organdy, voile, all used for glass cur. tains, bed coverings, etc. ; pile fabrics such as corduroy, panne valet, velour, 'I . vet, velveteen, all excellent for upholstery, draperies, etc. ; silk fabrics such as faille, moire (watered silk), pongee and shantung, satin, taffeta, all used for draperies, bed coverings, slipcovers, sometimes upholstery ; sheer sliks such m chiffon for glass curtains, tamp shades, etc.
made of lute or hemp. Comes In variety of colors and
very
targe studio-size windows. Heavy-weight
General Reference Data FABRIC Characteristics and Suitability
HOME-DECORATING FABRIC' CHART FABRIC
CONTINUED SUITABLE FOR
DESCRIPTION
FILET NET
Cotton or linen net with square mesh . Hand netted filet has a knot at each corner of square mesh .
Curtains, tablecloths, scarves, etc .
FORTUNY PRINTS
Fabrics produced in Venice by a secret printing process which gives cotton cloth the effect of antique brocades and damasks . Comes in beautiful color combinations.
Draperies . Walt hangings, screens, etc.
FRIAR'S CLOTH
Like druid's cloth but with finer basket weave .
Same as druid's cloth.
FRISE
Uncut pile fabric of wool, mohair, cotton or linen . Patterns may be printed or produced by using yarns of different colors, or by cutting some of the loops to give sculptured effect . Very durable .
Upholstery .
GAUZE
Thin, sheer transparent fabric of plain weave, sometimes printed . May be all silk, or cotton, linen, wool, mohair, synthetic fibers, or combinations .
Glass curtains .
HAIR CLOTH
A fabric with warp of cotton, worsted, or linen, and horsehair weft, woven plain, striped or patterned . May now be obtained in colors and variety of woven designs .
Upholstery . Used extensively in England and America during middle of 19th Century.
HOMESPUN
Coarse hand-woven woolen, cotton or linen fabrics. Also trade name given to imitations made on power looms .
Curtains and upholstery in informal rooms. Bedspreads in cotton .
INDIA PRINTS
Printed cotton cloth with clear colors and characteristic designs of India or Persia . Handprinted with many colors on white or natural background .
Draperies . Watt hangings . Bed coverings, etc.
JASPE
Fabrics having warp threads of different colors giving material streaked or mottled effect, resembling jasper .
Draperies and other decorative effects.
LAME
A fabric with silk and metal threads in plain weave or with a woven pattern .
Drapery . Panels .
LAMPAS
A fabric similar to damask in appearance and brocatelle in weave . Generally all silk with multicolored pattern on plain background, often classic in design .
Used as damask is used .
MARQUISETTE
Shear cloth in gauze weave of cotton, silk, rayon, often with woven figure . It comes in wide range of colors, and may be dyed or printed .
Excellent for glass curtains . Fluffy, dainty, tailored spreads .
METALASSE
Fabric with brocaded pattern in raised, padded or blistered effect .
Draperies .
MOHAIR
Various types of fabrics made from the fleece of the Angora goat . Most durable of all textiles . Now woven in combination with cotton, linen, silk or wool into many types of plain, twill or pile fabrics .
Very durable and widely used for upholstery.
MONK'S CLOTH
Heavy cotton fabric of coarse basket weave .
Drapery material .
MOQUETTE
Pile fabric resembling frise, woven on Jacquard loom with small set pattern in differant colors .
Used for upholstery in mohair, wool, or heavy cotton .
NINON
A semi -transparent fabric of silk or rayon .
Glass curtains.
PLUSH
High pile fabric resembling fur, made of silk, wool, cotton or any synthetic fiber. Pit& may be cut or uncut.
Upholstery .
REP
Plain weave fabric of heavy rib made of silk, cotton or wool, or synthetic fibers . Unpatterned and reversible .
Draperies. Upholstery .
SAIL CLOTH
Stout, firm, plain weave cotton material similar to canvas in constructIon but tighter . Has a stiff, hard texture and is printed in gay, bright colors .
Draperies. Slip covers. Bedspreads, etc .
SLIPPER SATIN
Sleek, smooth very heavy satin in rayon or silk; may be slightly stiff because of thickness.
Drapery and upholstery, bed coverings, etc . Suitable In format and period rooms for draperies.
SCRIM
fabric of coarse two-ply yarns In plain, open weave . Often mercerized .
Curtains, bedspreads, etc.
STRIE
Term used to designate fabric with uneven streaked effect . This process gives two-toned appearance to taffeta, satin, etc.
According to fabric .
TERRY CLOTH
Light cotton fabric similar to bath toweling . Woven with uncut loops . May be dyed or printed, in designs of one or two colors . Rich texture and reversible .
Draperies . Draw-curtains .
THEATRICAL GAUZE
Loosely woven, transparent plain-weave fabric of cotton or linen . Obtainable In bril . liant as welt as soft colors . Inexpensive .
Glass curtains .
TOILES DE JOUY
Printed cotton material with repeat designs showing landscapes, or historical scenes. Reproductions of famous printed fabric woven at Jouy, near Paris, France. Designs and figure groups usually in colors on white or cream background.
Draperies, watt hangings, upholstery, bed coverings . Excellent for French, English and American period rooms of late 18th Century and early 19th Century ; also French Provincial .
TWEED WEAVES
Term applied to a large group of woolen goods made from worsted yarns, woven in plain, twill, or herringbone twill weaves in homespun type.
Draperies and upholstery. Very good for modern or masculine rooms.
VELOUR
I
Really a French word for velvet . Through common usage, a short-pile velvet .
I
Same as velvet .
General Reference Data ELECTRICAL Office and Electronic Equipment
TABLE 16
Typical Amperage Ratings
Equipment
Amperage Electronic Equipment'
Video Display Terminals (Detached Keyboards) Normal maximum Burroughs/MT 983 TP1 10 Digital/VT 278 Decmate Form-Phase Systems/8115-2 Harris/8680A Hewlett-Packard/2382A IBM/3101 IBM/3278 or 3276 I BM/3279 IBM/5251 Model 11
IBM/6580 ITT Courier/2790-2A Perkin/Elmer/1251
Prime/PT-45 RaytheonIPTS100 Sperry-Univac/UTS20 (313) Texas Instruments/940/200 Texas Instruments/DS990 Wang/5503 Xerox/8000 Series Video Display Terminals (Integrated Keyboard) Normal maximum Hewlett-Packard/ HP-9845A Lear Siegler/ADM31 NCR/7900-01 Perkin-Elmer/550B Tektronics/4112 Wang/5536 Printers (Stand Alone) Digital Equipment/LA-120AA Wang/5503 Xerox/8000 Print Server Printers (Desk Top) Normal maximum Centronics/7030 Digital EquipmenUDecwriter IV Form-Phase Systems/8125 Hewlett-Packard/7221 B Hewlett-Packard/HP7240A IBM/3287 IBM/5256 Epson/FX 185 NEC/3510 ITT Courier/8700 Lear Siegler/300 Series Perkin-Elmer/650 Raytheon/PTS 1200 3472 Sperry-Univac/0786 Tektronix/4612 Texas Instruments/Omni-800 81 ORO Wang/5531-2 w/floor mount Wang/5577 (DW-20 Series)
2 .50 08 1 .25 48 1 .00 75 1 .20 1 .33 2 .50 2.10 4.80 1 .50 1 .30 1 .00 80 50 2.00 2.20 3.00 50 3.00 4.50 50 60 80 3.00 2.00 3,00 4.00 11 .00 3.50 1 .50 1 .30 1 .60 1 .00 2.50 2.36 4.70 70 2 .50 1 .60 1 .60 1 .50 1 .50 4 .00 3 .30 5 .00 1 .70
Amperage
Equipment Electron ic Eq uipment Memory Storage Devices (Desk Top) Wang/5503 Disk Xerox/8000 NS Digital Equipment/RX02 Hewlett-Packard/8290 ZM Hewlett-Packard/9895A Sperry-Univac/8406 Texas Instruments/WD-500 BeIIANestern Electric/Dataphone 300, 1200
400 12 .00 3.00 1 .00 1 .60 1 .50 3.00 08
Office Eq uipm ent* General Typewriter Transcriber Microfiche Manuscript holder Calculator A.C . adapter Electric eraser Pencil sharpener Fan Space heater (1,000 watts) Space heater (1,250 watts) Space heater (1,500 watts) Coffee pots Copy machine Clock CRT (average) Printer (average) Lighting Adjustable task light 2' task light (20 watt) 2' task light (30 watt) 2' task light (40 watt) 2' task light (35 watt, energy-saving ballast) Indirect ambient light (30 watt/2 lamp) (30 watt/3 lamp) (40 watt/2 lamp) (40 watt/3 lamp) (35 watt/2 lamp) (35 watt/3 lamp with energy-saving ballast) HID light (400 watt) (250 watt) (175 watt) PLP light (20 watt) (40 watt)
1 .50 .15 85
75 25 05 25 25 1 .00 8.50 10 .50 12 .50 10 .00 15 .00 03 1 .50 3.50 80 27 40 48 38 68 1 .08 80 128 63 1 .01 4.00 2 .50 1 .80 65 80
1 .20
Note : These figures are for quick reference only For specific information consult the manufacturer. *Some appliances - such as large copiers, coffee makers, or space heaters - require most of the current available on a 20-amp circuit. It is recommended that such devices be supplied with their own receptacle, directly from the building, This leaves the capacity of Series 9000 circuits available for the more dynamic requirements of the office occupants,
General Reference Data
ELECTRICAL
Locations of Receptacles in Dwelling Units
Fig . 15 From any point along wall, at floor line, a receptacle must be not more than 6 ft away.
Fig.16 Location of the receptacle as shown will permit the plugging in of a lamp or appliance located 6 ft on either side of the receptacle .
COUNTER SPACES in kitchen and dining rooms such as shown by arrows (above) must be supplied with receptacles if they are over 12 in . wide Appliances are frequently used even on narrow counter widths . this requirement is designed to remove the dangerous practice of stretching cords across sinks . behind ranges . etc . t o feed such appliances
Inaccessible receptacles .
LOCATION of receptacle wIll vary, depending upon available watt apace . Arrows show severe[ possibilities . A receptacle In a medicine cabinet or In the bathroom lighting fixture does not satisfy thIs rule .
Fig. 18
RECEPTACLE LOCATED behind an appliance . making the receptacle inaccessible, does not count as one of the required 'counter-top' receptacles . (Neither does it count as one of the appliance-circuit receptacles required to be located every 12 ft )
Fig . 17
Countertop receptacles are needed and must be accessible .
Receptacle required adjacent to wash basin in residence .
General Reference Data ELECTRICAL Appliance Loads and House Circuits
TABLE 17
Residential Appliance, Load, and Circuit Chart*
Appliance Range Countertop range Oven built-in Dishwasher Waste disposal
Typical wattage 12,000 6,000 5,000 1,200 500
TABLE18
Voltage Amps Wiresand Sizefuse or breaker I needed load size t
Type of circuit and comments
115/230 115/230 115/230 115 115
52 26 22 10 5
3#6 3#10 3# 10 2# 12 w/grd§ 2u 12 w/grd
50A 30A 30A 20A 20A
Separate circuit-grounded Separate circuit-grounded Separate circuit-grounded These two can be connected on one circuit; must be grounded.
Broiler Fryer Coffeemaker Refrigerator Toaster Frypan Roaster
1,500 1,300 600 400 1,100 1,200 1,500
115 115 115 115 115 115 115
13 11 7 4 10 10 13
2#12 2#12 2#12 2#12 2#12 2#12 2#12
20A 20A 20A 20A 20A 20A 20A
Twoormore 20-ampcircuitsneeded for these appliances depending on number used at once. A 115/230 V 'sphtwired' circuit provides capacity of two ordinary circuits at any outlet. Ask your wiring inspector about this.
Clothes dryer
5,000 to 9 ,000
115/230
25
3#10 to 3#6
30A to 45A
Separate circuit-grounded
500
115
9
2#12w/grd
20A
Grounded-advise fused outlet for motor protection .
Hand iron Hot plate boner
1,000 1,500 1,650
115 115 115
9 13 15
2# 12 w/grd 2 it 12 w/gril 2 # 12 w/grd
20A 20A 20A
A 20-A circuit will carry only one of these in addition to washer .
Workshop
-
115
-
2 # 12
20A
Separate circuit grounded.
Portable heater Television Portable hghts-(up to)
1,500 300 3011
115 115 115
2#12 2 .= 14 2# 14
20A 15A 15A
Use on general-use circuits .
Lighting, general (each)
100
115
14s 2# 14
15A
(Not over 9 per circuit, including convenience outlets .)
Air conditioner (window unit)
1,500
115 or 230
13 or 7
24r12w/grd
20A
Requires separate circuit ; 230 volt operation preferred . __
Air conditioner (central unit)
3,400
115/230
20
3 dt 10
-
Check manufacturers recommendations ; should be grounded .
Washer
13 3 3
500
115
5
2#12w/grd
20A
Separate circuit-grounded. Provide motor protection (230V. for 'A hp. or larger) .
Heating plant
600
115
6
2# 12 w/grd
20A
Separate circuit-grounded . Provide motor protection .
Electric heaters (built-in)
750 to 4,500
230
-
Water heater
1,500 to 4,500
230
7 to 20
-
2#12w/grd 2#10w/grd
-
t
- -
Water system
Wiring should be planned with heating. Provide separate circuits for heating. Separate circuit-grounded .
20A to 30A
Typical Office Amperage Loads
CAD station* Calculator Coffee pot* Clock Radio Stereo
----
Tape recorder Laser printer* Desktop copier*
6.00-' _ 10 .00-' E _111'
Electric eraser Fan Freestanding copier*
15 .00-2 -- X -
Pencil sharpener Task light (4') Adding machine
' !-
Letter opener Dictaphone Telecopier
' ?=
I-001e . ... . watt, 1 7,25 141 .1
Personal computer Desktop printer CRT
3.50- 8 :.C 1 .50- 5 OC 1 .00- 3 :11_
Space heater* Typewriter Microfiche reader Transcriber A.C . adapter 100-00 lamp
U,. of 'n-it I-1.Iwhghting . ~~nel. fin I-p, m d low wattage appfianees all over the house
Types of outlet, Th-for .u .,hed hght hxlore, ordm .ry vom urannynr groondeda,noutlets ,nch,hnaryor gmundedcom lence uorlets lie, e't-le for phng with 3 heavy pnmgs orapphanma) he atmched
20 25
115-1211 2300-24(X1 2875-31XX1
lormbleappliinWmheo, drningroom. work m, l-ml y
Individual appliance
u12
20
115-1211 2300 .241X1
Awomaliew-her, refrigerator, free.,
Individual power
b ., .8
2211-2411
k .oge,water heater, clothe, dryer
30-W
tia00 .14AX1
-
2 _. : -=t-
'Some appliances such as coffeepots, copiers, printers -c heaters consume most of theamperage available on a tire. is recommended that these devices be connected direc - . the building power supply, leaving flexibility for other c _ planning .
anmmaln12 rar-nmendedtr10
m,-Appliance,
=1 .50- 3 X 2 8E
Common House Circuits
Ampere ratmg,d fuse or , iron break,., vnll, Type skin,GeneralpnrWse o . 14 15 115-120 morn' remnrnwnded a 12 211
=-
Word processor Postage meter Tape dispenser
i Wire ,izc, aa' for copper wire . For aluminum, use next larger size . I Fustats advised in plate of ordinary fuses up to 30 amp as they do not blow on harmless short-time overland, and cannot he replaced by a larger size § W /grd means with groundwire. This is usually a bare woe run inside the same cable but can be installed separately Portable equipment is grounded through the third prong on the plug . Permanent equipment is grounded by direct connection of the thbd wire to the frame of the appliance . ' Courtesy Agricultural Extension Service, South Dakota Slate University,
TABLE 19
:5 8.50-15-CE
-
General Reference Data COLUMNS, CAPITALS, AND ENTABLATURES Proportions
General Reference Data NAILS, SCREWS, AND BOLTS Nails
STANDARD TACK SIZES
ESTABLISHED LENGTHS OF TACKS MEASURED UNDER THE HEAD
General Reference Data NAILS, SCREWS, AND BOLTS Nails
General Reference Data NAILS, SCREWS, AND BOLTS Screws and Baits
General Reference Data MATHEMATICAL DATA AND FORMULAS Units of Measuremeni
General Reference Data MATHEMATICAL DATA AND FORMULAS Metric Conversion Tables
General Reference Data MATHEMATICAL DATA AND FORMULAS Fraction, Decimal, and Metric Conversion Tables
METRIC CONVERSION
FACTORS
METRIC TO AMERICAN _
Millimeters - 25 .4 = inches Centimeters X 0 .3937 = inches Meters X 39 .27 = inches Millimeters X 0 .003281 = feet Centimeters X 0.03281 = feet Meters X 3 .281 = feet Meters X 1 .094 = yards Kilometers X 0.621 = miles Kilometers X 3280 .7 = feet Square millimeters - 645 .1 = square inches Square centimeters - 6 .451 = square inches Square meters X 10.764 = square feet Square kilometers X 247 .1 = acres Hectares X 2 .471 = acres Cubic centimeters - 16 .383 = cubic inches Cubic meters X 35 .315 = cubic feet Cubic meters X 1 .308 = cubic yards Cubic meters X 264 .2 = gallons Liters X 61 .022 = cubic inches Liters X 0 .2642 = gallons Liters - 28 .316 = cubic feet Hectoliters X 3.531 = cubic feet Hectoliters X 2 .84 = bushels Hectoliters X 0.131 = cubic yards Hectoliters X 26 .42 = gallons Kilograms X 2 .2046 = pounds Kilograms _ 1102 .3 = tons AMERICAN TO METRIC Inches X 25.4 = millimeters Inches X 2 .54 = centimeters Inches X 0 .0254 = meters Feet X 304 .8 = millimeters Feet X 30 .48 = centimeters Feet X 0.3048 = meters Yards X 0.9143 = meters Miles X 1 .6093 = kilometers Feet - 3280 .7 = kilometers Square inches X 645.1 = square millimeters Square inches X 6.451 = square centimeters Square feet - 10 .764 = square meters Acres - 247 .1 = square kilometers Acres - 2 .471 = hectares Cubic inches X 16.383 = cubic centimeters Cubic feet - 35.315 = cubic meters Cubic yards - 1 .308 = cubic meters Gallons (231 cu . in .) - 264 .2 = cubic meters Cubic inches - 61 .022 = liters Gallons X 3 .78 = liters Cubic feet X 28 .316 = liters Cubic feet - 3.531 = hectoliters Bushels - 2 .84 = hectoliters Cubic yards - 0.131 = hectoliters Gallons - 26.42 = hectoliters Pounds - 2 .2046 = kilograms Tons X 1102.3 = kilograms
General Reference Data MATHEMATICAL DATA AND FORMULAS Areas of Plane Figures
General Reference Data MATHEMATICAL DATA AND FORMULAS Functions of Numbers
TABLE 20
Functions of Numbers 1000 NO . - DIAMETER x ROOT LOGARITHM RECIPROCAL CIRCUM . AREA
SQUARE CUBE
NO . SQUARE CUBE ROOT 1 2 3 4 5
1 4 9 16 25
1 8 27 64 125
1 .0000 1 .4142 1 .7321 2 .0000 2 .2361
1 .0000 1 .2599 1 .4422 1 .5874 1 .7100
0 .00000 0 .30103 0 .47712 0 .60206 0 .69897
1000 .000 500 .000 333 .333 250 .000 200 .000
3 .142 6 .283 9 .425 12 .566 15 .708
0 .7854 3 .1416 7 .0686 12 .5664 19 .6350
6 7 8 9 10
36 49 64 81 100
216 343 512 729 1000
2 .4495 2 .6458 2 .8284 3 .0000 3 .1623
1 .8171 1 .9129 2 .0000 2 .0801 2 .1544
0 .77815 0 .84510 0 .90309 0 .95424 1 .00000
166 .667 142 .857 125 .000 111 .111 100 .000
18 .850 21 .991 25 .133 28 .274 31 .416
28 .2743 38 .4845 50 .2655 63 .6173 78 .5398
11 12 13 14 15
121 144 169 196 225
1331 1728 2197 2744 3375
3 .3166 3 .4641 3 .6056 3 .7417 3 .8730
2 .2240 2 .2894 2 .3513 2 .4101 2 .4662
1 .04139 1 .07918 1 .11394 1 .14613 1 .17609
90 .9091 83 .3333 76 .9231 71 .4286 66 .6667
34 .558 37 .699 40 .841 43 .982 47 .124
95 .0332 113 .097 132 .732 153 .938 176 .715
16 17 18 19 20
256 289 324 361 400
4096 4913 5832 6859 8000
4 .0000 4 .1231 4 .2426 4 .3589 4 .4721
2 .5198 2 .5713 2 .6207 2 .6684 2 .7144
1 .20412 1 .23045 1 .25527 1 .27875 1 .30103
62 .5000 58 .8235 55 .5556 52 .6316 50 .0000
50 .265 53 .407 56 .549 59 .690 62 .832
201 .062 226 .980 254 .469 283 .529 314 .159
21 22 23 24 25
441 484 529 576 625
9261 10648 12167 13824 15625
4 .5826 4 .6904 4 .7958 4 .8990 5 .0000
2 .7589 2 .8020 2 .8439 2 .8845 2 .9240
1 .32222 1 .34242 1 .36173 1 .38021 1 .39794
47 .6190 45 .4545 43 .4783 41 .6667 40 .0000
65 .973 69 .115 72 .257 75 .398 78 .540
346 .361 380 .133 415 .476 452 .389 490 .874
26 27 28 29 30
676 729 784 841 900
17576 19683 21952 24389 27000
5 .0990 5 .1962 5 .2915 5 .3852 5 .4772
2 .9625 3.0000 3.0366 3.0723 3 .1072
1 .41497 1 .43136 1 .44716 1 .46240 1 .47712
38 .4615 37 .0370 35 .7143 34 .4828 33 .3333
81 .681 84 .823 87 .965 91 .106 94 .248
530 .929 572 .555 615 .752 660.520 706 .858
31 32 33 34 35
961 1024 1089 1156 1225
29791 32768 35937 39304 42875
5 .5678 5 .6569 5 .7446 5 .8310 5 .9161
3 .1414 3 .1748 3 .2075 3 .2396 3 .2711
1 .49136 1 .50515 1 .51851 1 .53148 1 .54407
32 .2581 31 .2500 30 .3030 29 .4118 28 .5714
97 .389 100 .531 103 .673 106 .814 109 .956
754 .768 804 .248 855 .299 907 .920 962 .113
36 37 38 39 40
1296 1369 1444 1521 1600
46656 50653 54872 59319 64000
6 .0000 6 .0828 6 .1644 6 .2450 6 .3246
3 .3019 3 .3322 3 .3620 3 .3912 3 .4200
1 .55630 1 .56820 1 .57978 1 .59106 1 .60206
27 .7778 27 .0270 26 .3158 25 .6410 25 .0000
113 .097 116 .239 119 .381 122 .522 125 .66
1017 .88 1075 .21 1134 .11 1194 .59 1256 .64
41 42 43 44 45
1681 1764 1849 1936 2025
68921 74088 79507 85184 91125
6 .4031 6 .4807 6 .5574 6 .6332 6 .7082
3 .4482 3 .4760 3 .5034 3 .5303 3 .5569
1 .61278 1 .62325 1 .63347 1 .64345 1 .65321
24 .3902 23 .8095 23 .2558 22,7273 22 .2222
128 .81 131 .95 135 .09 138 .23 141 .37
1320 .25 1385 .44 1452 .20 1520 .53 1590 .43
General Reference Data MATHEMATICAL DATA AND FORMULAS Functions of Numbers
TABLE 20
NO .
Functions of Numbers (Continued)
1000 NO . = DIAMETER x SQUARE CUBE SQUARE CUBE ROOT ROOT LOGARITHM RECIPROCAL CIRCUM . AREA
46 47 48 49 50
2116 2209 2304 2401 2500
97336 103823 110592 117649 125000
6 .7823 6 .8557 6 .9282 7 .0000 7 .0711
3 .5830 3 .6088 3 .6342 3 .6593 3 .6840
1 1 1 1 1
.66276 .67210 .68124 .69020 .69897
21 .7391 21 .2766 20 .8333 20 .4082 20 .0000
144 .51 147 .65 150 .80 153 .94 157 .08
51 52 53 54 55
2601 2104 2809 2916 3025
132651 140608 148877 157464 166375
7 .1414 7 .2111 7 .2801 7 .3485 7 .4162
3 .7084 3 .7325 3 .7563 3 .7798 3 .8030
1 1 1 1 1
.70757 .71600 .72428 .73239 .74036
19 .6078 19 .2308 18 .8679 18 .5185 18 .1818
160 .22 163 .36 166 .50 169 .65 172 .79
1661 .90 1734 .94 1809 .56 1885 .74 1963 .50 2042 .82 2123 .72 2206 .18 2290 .22 2375 .83
56 57 58 59 60
3136 3249 3364 3481 3600
175616 185193 195112 205379 216000
7 .4833 7 .5498 7 .6158 7 .6811 7 .7460
3 .8259 3 .8485 3 .8709 3 .8930 3 .9149
1 1 1 1 1
.74819 .75587 .76343 .77085 .77815
17 .8571 17 .5439 17 .2414 16 .9492 16 .6667
175 .93 179 .07 182 .21 185 .35 188 .50
2463 .01 2551 .76 2642 .08 2733 .97 2827 .43
61 62 63 64 65
3721 3844 3969 4096 4225
226981 238328 250047 262145 274625
7 .8102 7 .8740 7 .9373 8 .0000 8 .0623
3 .9365 3 .9579 3 .9791 4 .0000 4 .0207
1 1 1 1 1
.78533 .79239 .79934 .80618 .81291
16 .3934 16 .1290 15 .8730 15 .6250 15 .3846
191 .64 194 .78 197 .92 201 .06 204 .20
2922 .47 3019 .07 3117 .25 3216 .99 3318 .31
66 67 68 69 70
4356 4489 4624 4761 4900
287496 300763 314432 328509 343000
8 .1240 8 .1854 8 .2462 8 .3066 8 .3666
4 .0412 4 .0615 4 .0817 4 .1016 4 .1213
1 1 1 1 1
.81954 .82607 .83251 .83885 .84510
15 .1515 14 .9254 14 .7059 14 .4928 14 .2857
207 .35 210 .49 213 .63 216 .77 219 .91
3421 .19 3525 .65 3631 .68 3739 .28 3848 .45
71 72 73 74 75
5041 5184 5329 5476 5625
357911 373248 389017 405224 421875
8 .4261 8 .4853 8 .5440 8 .6023 8 .6603
4 .1408 4 .1602 4 .1793 4 .1983 4 .2172
1 1 1 1 1
.85126 .85733 .86332 .86923 .87506
14 .0845 13 .8889 13 .6986 13 .5135 13 .3333
223 .05 226 .19 229 .34 232 .48 235 .62
3959 .19 4071 .50 4185 .39 4300 .84 4417 .86
76 77 78 79 80
5776 5929 6084 6241 6400
438976 456533 474552 493039 512000
8 .7178 8 .7750 8 .8318 8 .8882 8 .9443
4 .2358 4 .2543 4 .2727 4 .2908 4 .3089
1 .88081 1 .88649 1 .89209 1 .89763 1 .90309
13 .1579 12 .9870 12 .8205 12 .6582 12 .5000
238 .76 241 .90 245 .04 248 .19 251 .33
4536 .46 4656 .63 4778 .36 4901 .67 5026 .55
81 82 83 84 85
6561 6724 6889 7056 7225
531441 551368 571787 592704 614125
9 .0000 9 .0554 9 .1104 9 .1652 9 .2195
4 .3267 4 .3445 4 .3621 4 .3795 4 .3968
1 .90849 1 .91381 1 .91908 1 .92428 1 .92942
12 .3457 12 .1951 12 .0482 11 .9048 11 .7647
254 .47 257 .61 260 .75 263 .89 267 .04
5153 .00 5281 .02 5410 .61 5541 .77 5674 .50
86 87 88 89 90
7396 7569 1744 7921 8100
63605 65850' 681472 704961 729D0 :î
9 .2736 9 .3274 9 .3808 9 .4340 9 .4868
4 .4140 4 .4310 4 .4480 4 .4647 4 .4814
1 .93456 1 .93952 1 .94448 1 .94939 1 .95424
11 .6279 11 .4943 11 .3636 11 .2360 11 .1111
270 .18 273 .32 276 .46 279 .60 282 .74
5808.80 5944 .68 6082 .12 6221 .14 6361 .73
Credits 1 . Planning and Design of Interior Spaces Residential Spaces Pages 5-28 :
House and Garden's Complete Guide to Interior Decoration, edited by Richardson Wright, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1942 (copyright renewed 1970 by The Condé Nast Publications Inc.) . Pages 29-42: Gottshall, Franklin H., How to Design and Construct Period Furniture, Bonanza Books, New York, 1989 . Page 43 : The House and Home Book of Interior Design, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1976. Page 49 : New Spaces for Learning, Educational Facilities Lab, New York, 1966 . Pages 56-60: Ramsey, Charles George, and Harold Reeve Sleeper, Architectural Graphic Standards, 2d Edition, Wiley, New York, 1936 . Pages 62, 63, 81, 83, 84, 196, 197, 199 : Architectural Forum, October 1937 . Pages 65-68, 71, 72, 96, 118-124, 164: Thompson, Robinson, Toraby . Page 69 : Verna Cook Salomonsky, Architect . Page 70 : Ulrich Franzen, Architect ; Selected Architectural Details, Reinhold, New York . Pages 73-76: Parrish Hadley Associates . Page 80 : U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, D.C . Pages 82, 104, 105, 152: House Planning Handbook, 2d Edition, MWPS-16, Midwest Plan Service, Ames, Iowa, 1988 (reproduced with permission). Pages 85, 86 : Lehigh Furniture Company . Pages 88, 89, 153, 154 : Manual ofAcceptable Practices, U.S . Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, D.C . Pages 89, 201 : Internal Spaces of the Dwelling, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, 1984 . Pages 90-93, 125-127, 135, 166, 167: Bromley/Jacobsen . Page 94 : Knobloch, Philip G., Good Practice in Construction, Pencil Points Press, New York, 1931 . Page 95 : Comparative Architectural Details, Pencil Points Series /Francis Y. Joannes, Architect), 1935 .
Page 97 : Gensler Associates ; ISD; Bromley/Jacobson . Pages 98, 99 : American Architect and Architecture, January 1937 . Pages 100, 101, 149, 150, 206:
Panero, Julius, and Martin Zelnik, Human Dimension & Interior Space, Whitney Library of Design/Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1979 . Pages 102, 103, 202-204: Time-Saver Standards: A Manual of Essential Architectural Data, F. W. Dodge Corporation, New York, 1946 . Pages 106-108: Kohler . Pages 109, 110, 114, 170 (bottom) : Eller. Pages 111-113, 115, 116, 170 (top) : American Standard . Pages 117, 194, 198: Hombostel, Caleb, Architectural Detailing Simplified, Prentice-Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, N.J ., 1986 .
Pages 128, 156 :
A Design Guide for Home Safety, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, D.C., 1972 . Page 129: Space Design Group. Pages 130, 131 : Marble Institute of America. Pages 132-134, 136: Handbook for Ceramic Tile Installation, Tile Council of America, Princeton, N.J ., 1987 . Pages 137-140, 181-186: Adaptable Housing, Office of Policy Development and Research, U.S . Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1987 . Pages 141, 142, 179, 180: New York City Building Code . Pages 143, 146, 147, 178: Uniform FederalAccessibility Standards, 1985-494-187, U.S . Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C ., 1985 . Pages 144, 187: Handbook for Design, Veterans Administration, Washington, D.C. Pages 145, 148, 165, 168, 169, 188, 189, 191, 192: Jerry Caldari, Architect.
Page 151 : De Chiara, Joseph, and John Hancock Callender (eds .), Time-Saver Standards for Building Types, 2d Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1980 . Page 155: Formica Corporation . Pages 157, 158, 172, 173: Merillat. Pages 159, 160: St. Chartes. Pages 161-163: Triangle Pacific Corporation . Page 171 : Euroflair by Frigidaire . Pages 174, 175: Manual of Millwork, Woodworking Institute of California . Page 193: Pencil Points, April 1934 . Putnam Rolling Ladder Company. Page 195: Pages 196, 200, 205 : De Chiara, Joseph (ed.), Time-Saver Standards for Residential Development, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984 . Design Solutions, Architectural Woodworking Institute, Summer 1989 . Page 199: Council Notes, University of Illinois . Page 207 (top): Architectural Forum, October 1938 . Page 207 (bottom): General Services Administration . Page 208 (left) : Page 208 (right) : Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station . Pages 209, 213, 214: Pencil Points, 1935 . Pages 210 (top), 215: Bertram Bassuk, FAIA . Pages 210 (bottom), 211 (top), 212: ISD. Page 211 (bottom) : Chartes D. Flayhan Associates . Page 216: Schulte. Pages 217-220: Closet Maid Systems.
Office Spaces Panero, Julius, and Martin Zelnik, Human Dimension & InPages 223, 224, 231, 232, 241, 249, 260: terior Space, Whitney Library of Design/Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1979 . Pages 225, 226, 243-245: Pulgram, William L., and Richard E. Stonis, Designing the Automated Office, Whitney Library of Design/Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1984 . Gensler Associates . Pages 236, 237, 240, 259, 266, 267, 271: Chartes D. Flayhan Associates Pages 238, 263, 268, 269, 274, 275, 298, 299, 303, 304 (top) : Pages 239, 264, 277 : ISD. Page 242: Intergraph Corp., Interiors . Pages 246-248: Interiors, November 1985. Pages 250, 251 : Lehigh Furniture Company. Page 252 : Howe Furniture Corp. Pages 256, 283-295: Steelcase. Page 256 : Panero Zelnik Associates . Pages 257, 258, 270, 272: Design Solutions, Architectural Woodworking Institute, Spring 1986 . Page 262 : Will Ching, Planning and Design . Page 265 : Marble Institute of America. Pages 273, 276: Bertram Bassuk, FAIA. Page 278: De Chiara, Joseph, and John Hancock Callender (eds.), Time-Saver Standards For Building Types, 2d Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1980. Herman Miller. Pages 279, 280, 281: Page 282:
Vecta.
Hospitality Spaces Pages 307, 308: Architectural Record, 1943 . Page 312: Architectural Forum ; Manual of Acceptable Practices, U.S . Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, D.C. Pages 316, 317, 330, 377-380: Davies, Thomas D., Jr ., and Kim A. Beasley, Design For Hospitality: Planning for Accessible Hotels and Motels, Nichols Publishing, New York, 1988 . Pages 318, 322,346,347 : Panero, Julius, and Martin Zelnik, Human Dimension & Interior Space, Whitney Library of Design/Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1979 . Pages 319, 325, 326, 328, 338, 359, 365, 368, 369: Toni Chi and Associates . Pages 319, 320: Panero Zelnik Associates. Pages 321, 329, 332,363,364,366,367,369 : Jerry Caldari, Architect. Space Design Group. Pages 323, 324, 331 : Interiors, October 1985 . Pages 327, 333, 334 : Pages 335-337 : Gensler Associates . Page 339 : Chartes D. Flayhan Associates . PA .A Q eat-145v Isn
Pages 357, Page 360: Pages 361, 1990 . Pages 371, Pages 374, Building
358, 362 : Interiors, July 1985 . Selected Architectural Details, Reinhold, New York . 369, 370, 373, 381, 382: Design Solutions, Architectural Woodworking Institute, Spring 372:
Hochheiser-Elias Design Group.
376: De Chiara, Joseph, and John Hancock Callender (eds .),Time-Saver Standards for Types, 3d Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990 .
Retail Spaces Pages 387-389: Panero, Julius, and Martin Zelnik, Human Dimension & Interior Space, Whitney Library of Design/Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1979. Pages 390, 394, 400: Selected Architectural Details, Reinhold, New York . Pages 391, 392, 396-399: Design Solutions, Architectural Woodworking Institute, Winter 1987, Summer 1988 . Pages 393, 401-411: Walker Group/CNI.
Page 395: Marble Institute of America. Pages 412-417 : Panero Zelnik Associates . Pages 418-422: PAM International Co ., Inc.
Public Restrooms, Toilets, and Coatrooms Page 425: New York City Building Code . Pages 427-430: General Services Administration . Pages 431-438, 465: Bertram Bassuk, FAIA . Page 439 : William Morgan, FAIA . Pages 440-445: DeChiara, Joseph, Handbook of Architectural Details for Commercial Buildings, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1980 . Page 446: Toni Chi and Associates . Pages 447, 448: American Sanitary Partition Corporation . Pages 449-451 : Access America, Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board, Washington, D.C ., 1980 . Page 452: Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards, 1985-494-187, U.S . Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C ., 1985 . Page 453: A & J Washroom Accessories . Pages 454-457: Parker/Nutone. Pages 458, 459: American Specialties, Inc. Pages 461-463: Railex . Page 464: Jerry Caldari, Architect .
2. Construction Details and Finishes Pages 471, 472, 518, 542, 547, 660-664, 727 : Time-Saver Standards: A Manual of Essential Architectural Data, F. W. Dodge Corp ., New York, 1946 . Pages 470, 517 : McQuade, Walter (ed.), Schoolhouse, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1958 . Pages 473, 475-477: New York State Building Code . Pages 474, 478, 565: Hornung, William J., Reinhold Data Sheets, Reinhold, New York, 1965 . Pages 480, 487, 489, 491, 497, 500-502, 512-515, 522-526, 532, 540, 541 (top), 577-579, 581-588, 601, 606, 608, 609, 614, 617, 629, 630-632, 648, 657, 658, 692 (bottom), 698, 708, 714, 721, 722, 751 (bottom) : Bertram Bassuk, FAIA . Pages 481-483, 484 (bottom), 490 (bottom), 629, 649, 651 (top), 652, 754, 755 (top): ISD. Pages 484 (top), 485, 488, 492, 493, 495, 496, 529, 530, 534, 564, 653, 654, 656, 751 (top), 752, 753: Gensler Associates . Pages 486, 580, 605, 659, 669 (top): William Morgan, FAIA . Pages 490 (top), 650, 651 (bottom) : Charles D. Flayhan Associates . Pages 491, 754 (top), 755 (bottom) : Michael Lynn Associates . Pages 494, 543, 548, 549, 627, 628, 634: Anderson, L. 0., Wood-Frame House Construction, Department of Agriculture Handbook No . 73, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C ., 1970 . Pages 498, 550: Wood Frame Design, Western Wood Products Association . Pages 499, 504, 758, 759 : Panero Zelnik Associates . Pages 503, 508, 510, 616, 633, 665, 704,705,738: Knobloch, Philip G., Good Practice in Construction, Pencil Points Press, New York, 1931 . Pages 505, 506, 561-563: Handbook for Ceramic Tile Installation, Tile Council of America, Princeton, N.J ., 1988 .
Pages 507, 554-560: American Olean Tile . Pages 509, 520, 715, 733-736: Marble Institute of America. Page 519: Radford, William, Architectural Details, R. D. Radford, Chicago, 1938 . Pages 521, 749, 750: Callender, John Hancock (ed.), Time-Saver Standards forArchitectural Design Data, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982. Pages 527, 528 (top): Walker Group/CNI . Pages 531, 551 : Roppe Rubber Corp . Page 533 : American Architect and Architecture, May 1932 . Pages 535-539: National Terrazzo and Mosaic Association, Inc. Page 541 : Buckingham Virginia State Co . Page 544: American Parquet Association . Page 545: Hoboken Wood Flooring Co. Tarkett . Page 546: Page 553 : Franciscan Tile Company. Hollow Metal Manufacturers Association. Pages 566-571, 574-576, 589-599, 607: Jerry Caldari, Architect. Pages 572, 670, 671, 706: Page 573 : Methods and Materials of Commercial Construction. Page 600 : New York State Construction Handbook. Baker, Earl P., and Harold S. Langland, Pages 602, 603, 67'84, 687, 689, 695, 696, 710, 711, 742: Architectural Metal Handbook, National Association of Ornamental Metal Manufacturers, Washington, D.C., 1947 . Page 604 : General Services Administration . Page 610 : Eggers Industries. Pages 611, 675: Raymond, Antonin, Architectural Details, Architectural Book Publishing Co ., Inc., 1947 . Pages 612, 666: Burbank, Nelson L., House Construction Details, 3d Edition, Simmons- Boardman Publishing Corp ., New York, 1952 . Page 615 : Thompson, Robinson, Toraby. Page 618 : Progressive Architecture, April 1971 . Pages 620-626: Comparative Architectural Details, Pencil Points Series (Frank J. Forster, Architect), 1935 . Pages 637-640: Schlage. Pages 641-643: New York City Building Code . Pages 644-647: Sweet's Catalog. Pages 655, 707, 769, 771-773: Toni Chi and Associates. Page 667: Design Solutions, Architectural Woodworking Institute . Page 668: Simon B. Zelnik, FAIA. Page 672: Interiors, April 1985 . Page 673: Feirer, John L., Cabinet Making and Millwork, Chartes A. Bennet Co ., Peoria, III . Page 674: Ascente. Page 676, 712: Selected Architectural Details, Reinhold, New York . National Association of Pages 677, 685, 686, 688, 690, 691, 692 (top), 693, 694, 697, 699-703, 709: Architectural Manufacturers. Page 713: New York City Housing Authority. Page 716: Slate Institute . Page 717: Manual of School Planning, New York City Board of Education. Pages 718, 719, 723: Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards, 1985-494-187, U.S . Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C ., 1985 . Page 720: Lapeyre Stair. Page 726: Farmers Bulletin # 1889, U.S . Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C ., 1971 . Pages 728, 729: Handbook of Successful Fireplaces, Dunley Bros . Co ., Cleveland, Ohio, 1961 . Pencil Points (Ely Jacques Kahn, Architect), October 1938 . Page 731 : Pencil Points (Richard Neutra, Architect), 1938. Page 732: Page 736: Pencil Points (Frank Forster, Architect) . Page 737: Pencil Points (Walker & Gillette, Architects). Pages 739-741 : Architectural Paneling, Inc. Pages 743, 744, 778: General Electric Company. Pages 745-748: Nessen Lamp Company. Pages 756, 757: Horton Lees Lighting Designs, Inc. Pages 760-762: Space Design Group. Pages 763, 764: Bromley/Jacobsen . Page 765: Architectural Lighting, September 1987 . Roberts Step Lite Systems, Inc. Pages 766, 768: Pages 767, 770, 774: National Cathode Corp. Page 775: Philips Lighting Co . Pages 776, 777: Just Bulbs Ltd.
3 . Architectural Woodwork Pages 781, 78 5-787 : Time-Saver Standards: A Manual of Essential Architectural Data, F. W. Dodge Corp ., New York, 1946 . Pages 782-784, 788-797, 801-803: Woodworking Institute of California . Pages 798-800, 872, 873, 877, 879, 881-883: Architectural Woodwork Institute . Page 804: Leroy P. Ward, Architect. Page 806: Comparative Architectural Details, Pencil Points Series (Frank J. Forster, Architect), 1935 . Page 807: Comparative Architectural Details, Pencil Points Series (Evans, Moore, Peterson & Woodbridge, Architects), 1935 . Design SoluPages 812, 813, 839 (right), 842, 845, 847, 848, 849 (bottom), 853-856, 859, 862-864: tions . Pages 814, 815: Space Design Group; ISD. Page 816: Selected Architectural Details, Progressive Architecture (Perkins & Wills, Architects) . Pages 808-810, 851 : Knobloch, Philip G., Good Practice in Construction, Pencil Points Press, New York, 1931 . Page 818: Thompson, Robinson, Cecil, Inc. Pages 819-823, 829, 831A35 : Bertram Bassuk, FAIA . Pages 824, 828, 836-838 : Chartes D. Flayhan Associates . Page 825: ISD. Page 826, 827, 830, 839 (left), 846: Gensler Associates . Pages 840, 841 : Winebarger Church Furniture . Page 843: Panero Zelnik Associates . Page 844: Hochheiser-Elias . Pages 849 (top), 852: General Services Administration . Page 850: Roger H. Ballard, Architect . Page 857: Hyde and Shepherd, Architects . Page 858: Howard and Frenaye, Architects . Pages 860, 861 : Comparative Architectural Details, Pencil Points. Page 865: Manual of Millwork, Woodworking Institute of California . Pages 86670, 886: Architectural Paneling, Inc. Pages 871, 873-878, 880-885 : Camden Window and Millwork . Pages 887-889: Joyce, Ernest, Encyclopedia of Furniture Making, Sterling Publishing Co ., Inc., New York, 1987 . Pages 890-902: Hafele.
4. Specialties Pages 906-915: Everett Conklin and Susan Korner, in Alpern, Andrew led.), Handbook of Specialty Elements in Architecture, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982 . Pages 916-922, 923 (top): The Green Scene, National Park Service, U.S . Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C ., 1973 . Pages 923 (bottom), 924-926, 929, 930: Engel/GGP. Pages 927, 928: Hornbostel, Caleb, Architectural Detailing Simplified, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J ., 1986 . Pages 931-935, 940, 941, 943, 9455-948: Fred T . Knowles, in Alpern, Andrew led .), Handbook of Specialty Elements in Architecture, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982 . Pages 936-939: Designers Sign Company/Frank Rispoli. Pages 942-944 : U.S . Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C . Pages 949-957: Jerome Menell, in Alpern, Andrew led.), Handbook of Specialty Elements in Architecture, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982.
Pages 961-964: Hussey Seating Company. Pages 965, 966, 968-976: J.G . Furniture Systems. Design Guide for Music and Drama Centers, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C., Page 967 : 1981 . Pages 977-997: A Design Guide for Improving Residential Security, U.S . Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, D.C ., 1973 . Pages 998, 1002, 1028 : The House and Home Book of Interior Design, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1979 . Pages 999, 1013, 1014 : Halse, The Use of Color in Interiors, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968 . Pages 1000, 1001, 1003-1012: Derieux, Mary, and Isabelle Stevenson, The Complete Book of Interior Decorating, Greystone Press, New York, 1950 . Pages 1023-1026: Anderson, L. 0., Wood-Frame House Construction, Department of Agriculture Handbook No . 73, U.S . Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C ., 1970. Page 1016 : McQuade, Walter led.), Schoolhouse, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1958. Pages 1017-1020: Sweet's Catalog. Page 1021 : Marvin Windows.
Pages 1056-1059: Kirsch. Page 1060 : Armor Elevator . Pages 1061-1064: Dover Elevator Co. Pages 1065, 1066, 1102 : Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards, 1985-494-187, U.S . Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C ., 1985 . Page 1067 : Panero Zelnik Associates . Pages 1067-1074: Outdoor Sports Facilities, Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, Wash-
ington, D.C . Page 1068 (top): Mace, Ronald L., An Illustrated Handbook of the Handicapped Section of the North Carolina State Building Code, Raleigh, N.C ., 1974. Pages 1075-1078: Cutter Manufacturing . Page 1079 : Phillips and Brooks, Inc. Pages 1080-1086: Baker, Earl P., and Harold S. Langland, Architectural Metal Handbook, National Association of Ornamental Metal Manufacturers, Washington, D.C ., 1947 .
Pages 1087-1089: Brown Manufacturing Co . Page 1090 : Bertram Bassuk, FAIA . Pages 1091-1096: Pittcon Softforms. Pages 1097-1099: Alvarado Manufacturing Co . Pages 1100-1101 : Haws .
5. General Reference Data Pages 1106-1109: Ballast, David Kent, Architect's Handbook of Formules, Tables, and Mathematical Calculations, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J ., 1988 . Pages 1110, 1111 : Panero, Julius, and Martin Zelnik, Human Dimension & Interior Space, Whitney Library of Design/Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1979. Access America, Washington, D.C . Pages 1112,1113: Pages 1114 (top): Sister Kenny Institute . Uniform FederalAccessibility Standards, 1985-494-187, U.S . GovPages 1114 (bottom), 1115-1118 : ernment Printing Office, Washington, D.C ., 1985 . Pages 1119, 1120 : Woodson, W. E., Human Factors Design Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1981 . Page 1121 : Building for People, U.S . Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C . Pages 1123-1125: Foster, Norman, Practical Tables for Building Construction, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963 . Page 1128 : Halse, The Use of Color in Interiors, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968 . Page 1129 : Hombostel, Caleb, Architectural Detailing Simplified, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J ., 1986 . Pages 1130, 1131 : Derieux, Mary, and Isabelle Stevenson, The Complete Book of Interior Decorating, Greystone Press, New York, 1950. Pages 1132,1134: Steelcase. Page 1133 : National Electrical Code Book, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1981 . Page 1135 : Indiana Limestone Institute . Pages 1137, 1138 : Wing, Chartes, The Visual Handbook of Building and Remodeling, Rodale Press,
1990 . Time-Saver Standards: A Manual of Essential Architectural Data, F . W. Dodge Pages 1139-1142: Corp ., New York, 1946.
Index Accessible bathrooms, 143-148, 317, 380, 449-452 Accessible design, 317, 330, 377-380, 449452,1065,1066,1068,1102 (See also Barrier-free design) Accessories, 1075-1102
chalkboards, 1090 column covers, 1091-1096 drinking fountains, 1100-1102 fireplaces, 742 grilles, 1080-1086 guards, protection, 1087-1088 handrails, 1089 key cabinets, 1078 letter boxes, 1075 lockers, parcel, 1078 mail chutes, 1078 mail collection boxes, 1076 mail drops, 1077 telephone booths, 1079 turnstiles, 1097-1099 water coolers, 1100-1102 Accessory heights, toilets, 117, 128 Acoustical partitions, 494-498 Adaptable bathrooms, 137-142 Adaptable kitchens, 181-185 Aisle types, center-cross, 961-976 Altars, 840 Anthropometric data : bars, 346, 347 bathrooms, 100, 101 closets, 206 conference room, 249 electronic workstations, 241, 242 library, 190 reference data, 1110-1113 retail spaces, 387-389 Architectural woodworking, 804-865 altars, 840 bar sinks, 818 bars, 346, 347, 358-362, 364-366, 368-373, 864 base cabinets, 837 benches, 849 book and prayer shawl cabinets, 832, 833 bookcases, 808-812 cabinet doors, 797 casework, 788-794 clothes storage, 835 coat closet, 835 corner cupboards, 806, 807 cornices, 856-861 counters : teller's, 396-400, 855
Architectural woodworking, counters (Cant.) : work, 824-826 display cases, 819-823, 829, 862, 863 door finishes, 865 file countertop, 836 finishes, 865 hidden door, 853 lecterns, 843-846 lobby display, 829 mouldings, 856-861 overfile cabinets, 827, 828 paneling, 804, 805, 860, 861 pantry cabinet, 839 pass-through vision panel, 275, 276 pews, 841 planter/storage cabinets, 831 raised panel door, 794, 799, 801, 854 sanctuary door, 842 sash, 801 screen, 850 storage shelves, 834 storage walls, 816 tables, conference, 847, 848 trader's watt, 814, 815 wardrobes, 817 window seat, 851 windows, 802, 803
wood paneling, 804, 805 wood railing and gate, 852 wood stairs, 665-671, 673 Area requirements, 1106-1109 Areas of planes, 1142 Astragals, 875 Audio-visual systems, 950-960 equipment, 48, 953, 960 front projection, 952 optical design factors, 953 planning guidelines, 952-955 projection rooms, 951-960 rear screen, 952 remote control, 953 sound system, 953 Auditorium seating, 961-976 arrangements, 966, 970-976 chair dimensions, 962, 964, 965 continental, 961 design considerations, 961, 966, 968, 969 dimensions, 962, 964, 965 layouts, 961-976 row length, 962 row spacing, 963 screen sightlines, 969 screen sizes, 952 seat widths, 962, 965
Auditorium seating (Cant.) : sightlines, 950, 951, 961 terminology, 967 visibility, 969 Awning windows, 1016, 1018 Backbar, 347 Badminton court, 1073 Bank teller's counters, 396-400, 855 Banquet seating, 252 Banquette seating, 313-321 design criteria, 313-315, 318 details of, 319-321 Bar configurations, 348-356 Bar details, 346, 347, 358-373 Bar sink cabinet, 818 Bar stool spacing, 348-356 Barrier-free design : bathrooms, 143-145, 317, 380 drinking fountains, 1102 elevators, 1065 kitchens, 178-189 ramps, 723 restrooms, 449-452 stairs, 718, 719 toilets, 449-452 water coolers, 1102 wheelchairs, 1114 (See also Accessible design) Bars, 346-373 anthropometric data, 346, 347 backbar, 347 bar cabinet, 361 bar shapes, planning criteria, 348-356 bar stool spacing, 348-356 bottle steps, 363, 368, 369 clearances, public side, 347 cocktail tables, 347 customer activity zone, 347 dimensions of, 348-356 elevations of, 357, 362, 367 front- and backbar, 348-356, 358, 359, 364, 366-369 glass racks over, 365, 370 leaning, 347 planning criteria, 346, 347,358-362, 364-366,368-373 plans, elevations, and sections, 358-373 sections through, 346, 347,356-362, 364-366,368-373 standing, 347 working drawings of, 358-373 Base cabinets, 789, 792, 794, 837 Base cap mouldings, 877
Base details, 532, 533, 538 Base mouldings, 532, 533, 786 Base types, 532, 533, 538 carpet, 532 ceramic, 532 marble, 533 quarry tile, 532 resilient, 532, 551 stone, 533 terrazzo, 538 vinyl, 532 wood, 533 Baseboards, 532, 533, 786 Basketball court, 1069, 1071
Bathrooms, 100-148 accessible design of, 143-148, 380, 449-452 accessories, 117, 128 adaptable design of, 137-142 anthropometric considerations, 100, 101 barrier-free, 143-148, 380, 449-452 bathtub and shower details, 132-134 bathtub types, 113, 114 bathtub walls, tile, 132, 133, 136
bidet, 116 compartmented plans, 103, 105 controls, 128 countertops, 125-127, 130, 131 custom designs, 106-108 five-fixture plans, 103 four-fixture plans. 103, 119, 120 half, 102, 121 heights, 117, 128 lavatory types and dimensions, 109-112 planning data and fixture arrangement, 100, 101 plans, elevations, and details, 118-124 powder room, 102, 121 three-fixture plan, 102, 118 tile tubs, 132-134 two-fixture plan, 102 typical plans and fixture arrangements, 102-105 vanities, 125-127, 129-131 watercloset types and dimensions, 115, 116 wheelchair accessible, 144-148, 380, 449-452 whirlpool bath details, 113, 135
(See also Restrooms and toilets) Bathtubs : grab bars sizes, 113, 114 tile, 132, 133, 136 types, 113, 114 walls, 132, 133, 136 wheelchair accessible, 143-148, 317, 380, 449-452 whirlpool, 113, 135 Bedroom closets, 96-99, 220 Bedrooms, 87-99 built-in furniture, 90-95, 97 clearances and arrangements, 87-89 closets, 96-99 furniture, 56 planning data, 87-89 walk-in closets, 96 Beds and mattresses, 46 Benches, 841, 849-851, 929, 930
Bi-fold doors, 513 Bidet types and dimensions, 116 Billiard tables, 197 Blinds, woven wood, 1054 Bolts, 898, 1138 Bookcases, 808-812 Booth seating, restaurant, 316 Brackets, curtain, 1047 Bricks : bonds, 478 floors, 540 joints, 478 partitions and walls, 473-478 types, 478 Bulbs, tight, 775-777 Butt hinges, 887, 890
Cabinet doors, 797 Cabinet hardware, 887-901 castors and glides, 901 coat and hat hooks, 901 drawer runners, 897 flap stays, 895 latches, 898 lid stays, 896 locks, 899 magnetic and spring catches, 898 shelf supports, 900 wardrobe rails and supports, 901 Cabinet types: base, 837 book and prayer shawl storage, 832, 833
coat closets, 835 corner cupboard, 806, 807 display, lobby, 829 file, 285-289 kitchen, 154-169 overfile, 827, 828 pantry, 839 storage, 290 Cabinets, kitchen, 149-169 clearances above work surface, 149, 150, 153-156 dimensions for, 156-164 styles of, 159, 160 Cafeteria counters, 329, 333-338, 340-345 Carousel coat storage, 461, 462 Carpet : area conversion, 1122 construction, 1128 edgings, 531 stair finishings, 714 transitions, 522, 523, 525-527, 529, 530 Casement/hopper windows, 1017 Casement windows, 803 Casework, 788-794 custom, 789-791, 797 definitions, 788 drawer details, 791 economy, 789-791, 797 flush overlay, 792-794 premium, 789-791, 797 Cashier counter, 825 Casings, 878-880 Ceilings, 641-659 acoustical, 641-643, 647-650, 654-659
Ceilings (Cons.) : concealed spline, 647 curved, 651, 652 exposed T grid, 642 exposed Z bar, 643 gypsum board, 644 lay-in tile, 642, 643, 646, 654, 658, 659 plaster, 645, 648, 652, 657 plywood finish, 648 reflected ceiling plan, 659 suspended,641-653 suspended, concealed spline, 642 vaulted, 651, 652 Ceramic floors, 552-563 Ceramic tile : ceilings, 561 concrete stabs, 562, 563 expansion joints, 563 floors, 540, 561-563 installation details, 561-563 shapes, 507 soffits, 561 stairs, 561 wall finishes, 505-507 wood subfloors, 561 Chair dimensions, 278-281 Chair rails: marble, 508 wood, 870, 883 Chairs, office, 59, 278-281 Chairs, residential, 5-45, 51-55, 59 20th century classic, 51-55 Chalkboard, 1090 Checkroom systems, 460-463 Children's furniture, 44 Closers, door, 591, 593, 594
Closets : bedroom, 206-209, 213, 214, 218 children's, 218 foyer/front entry, 219 housekeeping/utility room, 217 linen, 216 master bedroom, 206-209, 213, 214, 218 narrow and deep, 207 pantry, 217 reach-in, 207 shallow and wide, 207 split, 206, 207 standard, 207, 208 U-shaped walk-in, 206, 207 walk-in, 206, 207 wardrobe, 817 Closets/storage areas, 206-220 anthropometric considerations, 206 details, 835 female, 206 garment dimensions, 208 male, 206 rod lengths and heights, 207 shelf heights, 206, 208 shelf space and lighting, 207 walk-in, 206, 207 wire shelving systems, 216-220 Clothes dimensions, hanging, 208 Coat shelf details, 210-212, 463, 835 carousel, 461, 462
Coat shelf details (Coi electric, 461, 462 fixed/stationary capacities, 461, 463 rotating reels, 461, 462 Coatroom systems, 461-463 Coatrooms, 460-465 coat capacity, 462 floor area requirements, 460 plans, elevations and sections, 464 public, 460-465 shelves for, 465 Cocktail tables, 347 Cold cathode, 774 Collection boxes, 1076 Color, 999-1013 areas and samples, 1001 effects of lighting on, 1014 hues, 998-1002 intensities, 998-1002 Munsell system of color, 1002 reflective values, 1013 values, 998-1002 Color combinations, 1000, 1001 charts, 1000 Color families :
blue, 1010, 1011 green, 1008, 1009 orange, 1005 red, 1003, 1004 violet/purple, 1012 yellow, 1006, 1007 Color reflectivity, 1013 values, 1013 Color schemes, 1000, 1001 planning, 998 Color terms, 1001 Color theory, 998-1014 Color wheel, 1002 Colors : accented, 998 analog or related, 998, 1000 color wheel, 999 combinations, 1001 complementary or contrasting, 998 cool, 1000 monochromatic, 998 neutral, 1000 primary, 998 safety color guide, 1013 secondary, 998 tertiary, 998 value scale, 999 warm, 1000 Columns: capitals and entablatures, 1135 covers, 1091-1096 fireproofing of, 514, 515 Computer floors, 564, 565 Computer workstations, 241-248 Concealed hinges, 892 Conference rooms, 248-259 anthropometric data, 249 clearances for, 249 credenzas, 259 heating unit, enclosures in, 259 layouts, 254, 255
Conference rooms (Cont.) : planning data, 249-255 seating capacities, 24255, 283, 284 table sizes, 249-255, 283, 284 Conference tables, 283, 284 bases, 256 boat-shaped, 251-254 circular, 249, 250, 253, 254 clearances around, 249 details of, 256-258 edge details of, 256 race track, 252 rectangular, 251, 252 room sizes for, 254, 255 round, 249, 250, 253, 254 shapes of, 250-253, 283, 284 sizes, 249-255, 283, 284 wood edge treatments, 256 Containers, plant, 831, 912 Continental seating, 961 Corner cupboards, 806, 807 Corner guards, 1087, 1088 Cornices, 856-858, 861 (See also Mouldings) Couches, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 26, 45, 57, 77-79 Counters : cafeteria, 329, 333-338, 340-345 cashier, 335, 337, 825 condiment, 339, 341, 342 file, 298, 299, 303 file countertop, 824-828 kitchen, 154-169, 792, 794 lavatory, 125-127, 130, 131 lunch, 322 pick-up, tray, 337, 341 plastic laminate, 174 retail, 387-389, 391, 392, 394-402 salad bar, 334, 340, 343, 344 self-service, 329 servery, 343, 345 service, 338 serving, 340-344 sink, 175 telephone, 825 teller's, 396-400, 855 walkup, 825 word processing, 825 work, 824-826 Courts : badminton, 1073 basketball, 1069, 1071 handball, 1070 paddle tennis, 1072 shuffleboard, 1074 tennis, 1070, 1072 volleyball, 1073 Cove lighting, 413-417, 751-759 cold cathode, 752, 774 mechandise display, 407-409, 412-417 retail stores, 407-409, 412-417 Cove mouldings, 881 Covering capacities and quantities : carpet, 1122 floor tile, 1123 paint, 1123 panel, 1126
Covering capacities and quantities (Cont.) wood flooring, 1127 Credenzas, 826, 830, 855 Crown mouldings, 866-868, 871, 872 Cupboard, corner, 806, 807 Curtains, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20-22, 24-26,28,1027-1041 caf6, 1033, 1036 colonial style, 1029 Federal style, 1029 headings, 1043 pocket, 1027 rods, 1048-1051 ruffled, 1033, 1034, 1036 shirred, 1034 (See also Draperies) Decibel scale for sounds, 1121 Decimal conversion tables, 1141 Desks, 7, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 27, 30, 58 lamps, 744, 747 reception, 260, 262-272, 855 registration, 381-383 workstations, 223-235 Dining room/ period furniture, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13,
15, 18, 19, 22, 23, 26-29, 31, 36-38, 40-41 Dining room seating, 316 Dining room sizes, 83, 85 Dining rooms, 80-86 furniture arrangements, 80 furniture clearances, 80-84 furniture dimensions, 50, 56 seating, 85, 86 tables, 80-86 Display cases, 387-393, 402-404, 408, 409, 819-823,829,862,863 cosmetic, 391, 402-404 feature watts, 412-417 island, 392 jewelry, 391 refrigerated, 392 shelving, 407-409, 412-414, 422 shirt, 391 television, 405, 406 Display systems: binning, 419 rack, 419-421 wall, 418, 419, 422 Door frames, 571-587, 607-609 Door hardware, 568, 569, 589-598, 634-643, 1129 installation of, 569, 1129 location of, 1129 Door jambs : hollow metal, 571, 573-582, 585, 586 marble, 629 wood, 581-586, 608 Door schedules, 570-572 Door trim, 854 Doors, 566-641, 842, 853, 854 acoustical, 610 bank vault, 605 bi-fold, 513 casement, 612 closers, 591, 593, 594 construction details, 610
Doors (Cont.) : edges, 599 entrance, 618-628 exterior, 613, 617-628 fire-protected, 600 flush, 795, 796 frames, 571-587, 607-609 hollow metal, 571, 573-582, 585, 586 French, 612 hardware, 568, 569, 589-598, 634-664, 1129 hidden, 853 hinges, 568, 598 hollow metal, 566-599 laminated, 566 lead-lined, 610 lightproofing, 576, 606 paneled, 612, 613, 615, 616 particle board, 610 raised panel, 842, 853, 854 saddles, 522-528 sanctuary, 842 sash, 801 schedules, 570-572 screen, 611 secret, 616, 808 shoji, 611 sizes, 568 sliding, 601, 611 sound proofing, 576, 606 stave, 610 stile and rail, 610 thresholds, 602-604 wood, 573, 587, 588, 600, 610-628, 632-634
wood-clad, 582, 584, 608 Double hung windows, 802 Down lighting, 749, 750 Draperies, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20-22,
24-26,28,1027-1042 bishop sleeve, 1035 cascade, 1037 colonial, 1029 colors, 1028 design, 1028 Directoire, 1030 fabric, 1028 Federal, 1029 finials, 1048 full-length, 1029-1032, 1034, 1035 Georgian, 1030 hardware, 1046-1051 headings, 1043, 1044 historical styles, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20-22,24-26,28 holdbacks, 1034 hooks, 1048 late Georgian, 1030 late Victorian, 1031 mid-19th-century Victorian, 1031 mounts, 1047 neo-Greek, 1031 panel widths, 1051 period styles, 1028-1032 rings, 1048 rods, 1049, 1050 single pleated, 1036 stackback requirements, 1058
Draperies (Cont.) : swags, 1029-1031, 1038-1040, 1042 upholstery, 1028 Drawers: capacities of, 286-291 card file, 291 details, 785, 789-791, 797 glossary, 292, 293 insert, 286 lateral file, 287, 287 legal file, 285 letter file, 285
linear capacities of, 286-291 with shelves and add-on cabinets, 289 vertical file, 285, 286
Dresser, 97 Drinking fountains, 1100-1102 Drywall partitions, 481-496
Electrical : amperage ratings, 1132, 1134 appliance loads, 1134 circuits, 1134 receptacle location, 1133 requirements, 1132-1134 Electronic media storage, 294, 295 Electronic workstations, 241-248 administrative, 244, 245 analyst/programmer, 245 anthropometrics, 241, 242 area requirements, 243-245 computer requirements, 241, 242 data retrieval, 243 managerial, 245 planning data, 241-248 secretarial, 243 shared tasks, 243 square footage for, 243, 245 task profiles, 243-245 trading desk details, 246-248 word processing, 244 Elevators : barrier-free considerations, 1065, 1066, 1068 doors, 1064 geared traction, 1060 gearless traction, 1061 hydraulic, 1061 low and mid rise, 1061 passenger,1060-1066 planning guidelines, 1060 security of, 978, 989-991 selection of, 1060 traction high rise, 1062, 1063 wheelchair lifts, 1068 Escalators, 1067 Exit doors, security of, 989 Fabrics : characteristics and suitability of, 1130, 1131 types, 1130, 1131 Face out display systems, 413, 414, 418 Family/recreation rooms, 196-199 arrangement and clearances, 196, 197 recreational activities, 196, 197 File cabinets, 285-289 card file drawers, 281
File cabinets (Coot.) : dimensions of, 285-287 drawer types in, 285-289 insert drawers, 286 lateral, 287, 288 legal file drawers, 285 letter file drawers, 285 linear capacities in, 286 overfile, 286 roll-away, 286 vertical, 285 weights of, toad, 287 File storage, details of, 298, 299 Fire doors, 6009----__ Fireplaces, 68-71, 724-742 accessories for, 742 construction details of, 725, 729 dimensions of, 725-729, 804 flue sizes of, 726-729 mantels, 68-71, 520, 521, 730-741, 804, 859 planning data, 724-729
Fireproofing, 514, 515 Fixture heights plumbing, 117 Flagstone, 520 Floor: raised, 564, 565 sound rated, 548-550 Floor construction : details, 516-565 computer floors, 564, 565 marble, 521 slate, 541 terrazzo, 535-541 wood, 542-550 wood on concrete stab, 547 wood strip flooring, 543 sound insulation, 548-550 Floor finishes : bases, 532, 533, 786 brick, 540 ceramic tile, 519, 540, 541, 552-568 characteristics of, 517 edgings, 531 marble, 541 parquet, 544-546 quarry tile, 541 resilient tile, 541, 551 saddles, 522-526 slate, 541 terrazzo, 53 55-541 transitions, 527-530 wood, 541, 544, 547 Floor lamps, 743, 745 Floor patterns : ceramic tile, 519, 552-563, marble, 520, 521 stone, 534 tile, 519 Flushbolts, 596 Folding table hinges, 891 French doors, 801 French paneling, 805 Functions of numbers, 1144 Furniture arrangements, living room, 61 Furniture clearances : dining rooms, 50, 56, 80-84
Furniture clearances (Copt.) : living room, 50, 57, 63 Furniture dimensions : audio-visual equipment, 48 bedroom, 56 beds and mattresses, 46 bookcases, 808-812 chairs, 45, 51-55, 59 chaise lounges, 45 chests, 58 children's furniture and tables, 44 convertible sofas, 47 couches, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 26, 45, 57, 77-79 desks, 58 dining room, 50, 56 highboys, 58 love seats, 45 lowboy, 58 mattresses and beds, 46 pianos, types and sizes, 199 secretary, 58 settees, 57 sofa beds, 47 sofas, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 26, 45, 57, 77-79 tables, 44, 45, 50, 60, television sets, 50 20th century classic chairs, 51-55 wall beds, 47 waterbeds, 47 Furniture, furnishings, and equipment, 278-304 chair dimensions, 278-281 chair types, 278-281 conference tables, 282-284 counter tops with base cabinets, 303 desks, 7, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 27, 30, 58 file cabinets, 285-289 file counter tops, 298, 304 kitchen, compact, 304 lounge seating, 282 office pantry details, 300-303 overfile cabinet, 299 reception seating, 282 storage cabinets, 290 Furniture glides, 902 Furniture hardware, 890-901 Furniture types/styles, 5-43 American, 17th century colonial, 5-8, 29, 30 American, 18th century colonial, 9-12, 29, 30 American, 18th century Federal, 13-16 American, late 18th-early 19th century Federal, 13-16 Brothers Adam, 39, 40, 17-24 Chippendale, 36 colonial, 5-16, 24, 30 Directoire and Empire, 25-28 Duncan Phyfe, 31 English 16th century Jacobean, 32 English, 17th century Jacobean, 33 English 17th century William and Mary, 34 English 18th century Georgian, 17-20, 36 English 18th century late Georgian, 21-24, 37, 38 English 18th century Queen Anne, 35 Federal, 13-16
Furniture types/styles (Cons.) : French, 17th and 18th century Louis XIV, XV, and XVI, 41 Georgian, 17-24, 36-38 Hepplewhite, 37 Jacobean, 32, 33 late Georgian, 39, 40 Louis XIV, XV, and XVI, 41 Queen Anne, 35 Sheraton, 38 Spanish, 42 table of, 43 William and Mary, 34 Furring of : columns, 488, 491 walls, 483, 484, 498, 499 wood, 497 Garage doors, 992-995 Gardens : drainage, 911 interior, 910 large, 910 planting procedures, 910-913 small, 910 (See also Plants ; Plantscaping) General offices, 223-230 area allocations, 225, 226 basic workstations, 223-226 groupings, 224 minimum square footage, 225, 226 multiple workstations, 227-230 open workstations, 225, 226 screened workstations, 225, 226 square footage for, 225, 226 task profites, 225, 226 U-shaped workstation, 224 Glass door cabinet hinges, 894 Glass partitions, 492 Glass shelving details, 402-404, 407, 408, 409, 413,414 Gliding windows, 1019 Grab bars, 458, 459 Grilles, 1080-1086 Guards, watt protection, 1087, 1088 Guestroom plans, 374-380 accessible, 377-380 Gymnasium, 1071 Gypsum board partitions, 481-496 Handball courts, 1070 Handrail details, 665-669, 671, 672, 681, 682, 692, 707, 718, 719 Hardware : bolts, 898, 1138 cabinet, 887-902 catches, 898 closet, 901 coordinators, 595 door, 568, 569, 589-598, 634-640 door closers, 593-594 door holders, 593-594 door stop, emergency fire exit, 595 flush bolts, 596 furniture, 887
Hardware (font.) : hand of lock, 635 hinge locations, 568 hinges, 589-591, 634, 887-894 hospital door latch, 597 installation in wood door, 534 locations of, 634, 1129 lock functions, 635 lockset types and descriptions, 592, 636-640 panic, 595 wood door, 534, 592, 636-640 Headings, drapery, 1043, 1044 Hearths, 726-729 Highboy, 58 Hinge types: anchor, 589 butt, 887, 890 concealed, 892 flap, 891, 895 folding table, 891, full mortise butt, 589, 590 full surface butt, 589, 590 full surface-swing clear, 590 glass door, 894 half mortise, 589, 590 half mortise butt, 589, 590 half surface butt, 589, 590 hospital 'swing' clear, 590 invisible, 590 mitred, 892 pivot, 888, 889, 893 Hinges, 887-894 Holdbacks, 1045, 1046 Hollow metal door frames, 571-582, 585, 586 anchorage of, 575, 577 details, 571, 573, 577-586 light and soundproofing of, 576 profiles, 574, 575, 576, 599 typical jamb installations, 571, 573, 577-586 schedules, 570-572 wood and metal, 582, 584 Hollow metal door hardware, 569, 589-598 Hollow metal doors, 566-599 construction types, 567 designs of, 568, 571 dimensions of, 568 edge treatments, 599 hardware, 569, 589-598 hinge locations, 568, 598 laminated construction, 566 sizes of, 568 steel stiffened, 566 Hospitality spaces, 307-383 bars, 346-373 guestroom plans, 374-380 hotel room plans, 374-380 hotels, 374-383 restaurants, 307-345 Hotel roam plans, 374 accessible, 377-380 Hotels, 374-383 accessible bathrooms, 143-148, 317 449-452 seeess,t e z a-s 377-38C guestroom pians, 374-383
Hotels (Copt.) : reception desk, 384 registration desks, 381-383 room layouts, 374-380 Indoor recreation, 1069-10'13 Indoor trees, 907 Interior plants, 906-930 Jalousie window, 1018 Jambs : hollow metal, 571, 573-582, 585, 586 marble, 629 wood, 581-586, 608 Joinery details, 781-803 Joinery types, 781-803 stile and rait, 503, 610, 798, 799, 805, 813 Joint, 781-784 butted, 781, 782 cabinet, 785-793 characteristics, 781 furniture, 781-784 mitered, 781, 782 shiplapped, 781, 782 terminology, 783 tongue and groove, 781-786 typical, 781-784
Kitchen layouts : adaptable, 178-189 broken U,151-153 corridor, 151-153 L-shaped, 151-153 U-shaped, 151-153 Kitchens : accessible, 178-189 adaptable, 181-185 anthropometric data, 149, 150 appliances, 171-173 barrier free design, 178-189 cabinet details, 154-169 cabinet types and dimension, 156--'.64 clearances, 149, 150, 153-156 compact, details of, 304 countertops, 174, 175 heights and equipment, 153 layouts of, 151-153 microwave cabinets, 163 minimum counter frontage, 153 planning information, 149, 150-155 plans, elevations and details, 176, 177 sink types and dimensions, 170 space criteria, 153 storage and cabinets, 154, 155 storage requirements, 154, 155 typical layouts, 151, 152 wheelchair accessible designs, 178-189 Ladders, 720, 721 Lamp (bulb) types, 774-778 Lamps (portable), 743-748 desk, 744, 747 floor, 743, 745 minimum shade dimensions, 743-748 personal, 743, 744 table, 744-746
Lamps (portable) (font.) : wall-mounted task, 748 Laundry room locations, 202, 203 Laundry/bathroom combinations, 202 Laundry/kitchen combinations, 204 Laundry/sewing combinations, 200-205 Laundry/sewing rooms, 200-205 sewing center clearances, 205 washer/dryer arrangements, 200, 201
Lavatory clearances, 100-103 Lavatory counter details, 441-446 Lavatory countertops, 441-446 Lavatory heights, 100, 101, 450 wheelchair accessible, 450 Lavatory types and dimensions, 109-112 Lectern, 843-846 Letterboxes, 1075 Lettering typestyle, 947,948 Libraries/studies, 190-196 anthropometric data, 190
bookcases, 80'12 capacities of, 190 details of, 192-195 heights of, 190 plans, elevations, and details, 191-194 rolling ladders for, 195 volumes per linear foot, 190 Lid stays, 895 Light cove details, 413-417 Lighting, 743-778, 1014 cold cathode ceiling mounted, 774, 752 cove, 413-417, 751-759 feature watts, 412-417 handrail lighting, 765 lighted column, 771-773 merchandise, 407-409, 412-417 miscellaneous, 760-764 nosings and treads, 766-769 planning data, 743, 744, 749, 750, 774-778 retail stores, 407-409, 415-417 skylite lighting, 770 stair lighting, 766-769 Lighting levels, 750 industrial, 778 office, 778 plants, 915 residential, 750
store, 778 Lighting plan, 659 Lighting types: cornice, 749 downlighting, 749, 750 valence, 415-417, 749 Living rooms, 61-79 bars in, 72 circulation, 62 conversation area, 62-64 fireplaces, 69-71 floor plan of, 67, 68, 73-76 furniture arrangments, 61 furniture clearances, 63 furniture dimensions, 50 media cabinet details, 65, 66 planning considerations, 61-63 plans, elevations, and details of, 67, 76 sofas, 77-79
Living rooms (Coot.) : television viewing areas, 64 Locks, 592 bored, 592 bored cylindrical deadlock, 592 functions of, 631-640
furniture, 899 mortise, 592 mortise deadlock, 592 unit, 592 Locks, latches, and deadlocks, 592, 636-640
Lockset functions, 636-640 Lockset types and descriptions, 592, 636-640 Lounge seating, 261, 281, 282 Lowboy, 58 Lunch counters, 322 Mail chutes, 1078 Mail drops, 1077 Mailboxes, 1076 Mantels, 68-71, 520, 521, 733, 735, 736, 738-741 marble, 733-735 wood, 736-741, 804 Marble : ceilings, 509 details, 68-71, 520-521, 733, 735, 736, 738-741 patterns, 520, 521
walls, 508-510 Marble flooring, 519, 520, 521 Marble jambs, 629 Marble stairs, 715 Masonry partitions and walls, 473-480 Mathematical data and formulas, 1139-1144 Mattress types and sizes, 46 Mattresses and beds, 46 Measurement conversion tables, 1139-1144 Media rooms, 65, 66 Medical symbols, 940 Men's toilet room, 427, 433, 436, 437, 440 Metal stud and gypsum board, 481-496 Metric conversion tables, 1140 Mirrors, triple, 410 Modular panel conversion chart, 1126 Mortar beds, 132, 541, 561-563 Mouldings, 856-858, 861, 866-886 backbands, 873 baluster, 884 base, 876, 877 base cap, 877 base shoe, 876 brackets, wood, 886 brick, 874 casings, 878, 879, 880 chair rail, 870, 883 clam shell, 885 colonial, 885 corner guards, 875 cove, 881 crown, 866, 867, 868, 871, 872 deep sculpt, 866, 867 door trim, 869, 870 floor, 876 half round, 884 handrail, 884
Mouldings (Cons.) : lattice, 885 mirror, 870 miscellaneous, 873-875 panel, 870, 882 picture, 870, 873 pilaster, 874 round, 824 sanitary, 875, 885 sash, 875, 885 step, 873 stop, 885 trim, 870 (See also Cornices) Mounting heights, telephone, 1079 Mounts, curtain rods, 1047 Munsell color system, 1002 Nail types and sizes, 1136, 1137 Newels and railings, 665, 666, 673, 692, 693, 694, 699, 703, 705 Nosings, stair lighting in, 766-769 Nosings and treads, abrasive, 687, 688, 691, 715,722 Office spaces, 223-304 conference rooms, 248-259 electronic workstations, 241-248 furniture, furnishings, and equipment, 278-304 general offices and multiple workstations, 223-230 pass-through windows, 512 private, 231-240 room arrangements, 233-235 reception areas, 260-277 workstation types, 223-232 Open workstations, 225, 226 Overfile cabinet, 827, 828 Paddle tennis court, 1072 Panel conversion chart, 1126 Panel mouldings, 503 Paneled door : details of, 784, 799, 801, 854 frame parts of, 784 Paneled wainscot, 503, 799 Paneled walls, 798, 799, 800, 801, 804, 805, 813, 814, 842, 856-861, 860, 861 Paneling, 500-504, 804, 805, 860, 861 French, 804, 805 raised, 503, 800 wood, 500-504, 736, 737 Panic hardware, 595, 596 Pantry cabinets, 839 Parquet flooring, 544-546 Partitions and wall finishes, 469-515 Partition types : metal stud and gypsum board, 481-496 toilet, 447, 448 Partitions, 470-499 acoustical, 494-498 brick, 473-478 concrete block, 480, 483 drywall, 481-496 fire-rated, 495
Partitions (Coot.) : glass, 492 gypsum board, 481-496 interior, 470-499 marble, 508-510 masonry, 473-478, 480, 483 miscellaneous types, 493 piers, 473 plaster, 470-473, 475-477, 508-511 slate, 511 sound transmission, 494-498 stone, 479, 508-511 wood stud, 472, 473, 494, 498 Pass-through windows, 275, 276 People, distance relationships, 1119, 1120 Period furniture : American, 17th century Colonial, 5-8, 29, 30 American, 18th century Colonial, 9-12, 29,
30 American, 18th century Federal, 13-16 American, late 18th century-early 19th century Federal, 13-16 Brothers Adam, 39, 40 Chippendale, 36 Colonial, 5-16, 29, 30 Directoire and Empire, 25-28 Duncan Phyfe, 31 English 16th century Jacobean, 32 English 17th century Jacobean, 33 English 17th century William and Mary, 34 English 18th century Georgian, 17-20, 36 English 18th century, late Georgian, 21-24, 37, 38 English 18th century Queen Anne, 35 Federal, 13-16 French, 17th and 18th century Louis XIV, XV, and XVI, 41 French, late 18th century-early 19th century, 25-28, 41 Georgian, 17-24 Hepplewhite, 37 Jacobean, 32, 33 late Georgian, 39, 40 Louis XIV, XV, and XVI, 41 Queen Anne, 35 Sheraton, 38 Spanish 16th and 17th century, 42 table of, 43 William and Mary, 34 Pews, 841 Pianos, 199 photometrics, 766 Picture mouldings, 870, 873 Pivot hinges, 888, 889, 893 Pivot windows, 1019, 1022 Plant containers, 831, 912 Planters, 831 diameters, 906-909, 912 window, 927, 928 Planting, 911, 912, 916-928 bed material, 411, 912, 916-923 details, 923-928 medium, 911, 912, 916-923 standards, 906-915 Plants, 906-930 design guidelines for, 906-915
Plants (Cont.) : diameters of, 906-909 floor, 907 heights of, 906-909 high light level, 915 light and sun requirements, 916-923 low tight level, 915 medium light level, 915 procedures for planting, 910-913 requirements, 906-915 soil requirements, 911, 912, 916-923
spacing, 906-909 species, 907 specifications, 910 temperature requirements of, 913-916 texture, 906 trees, indoor, 907 typical, 916-923 water and humidity requirements, 916-923 water requirements, 915
Plantscaping, 906-930 design guidelines, 906-915 specifications, 910 Plaques, 936-939
Pleated shades, 1053 measurements, 1058 Pleats, 1051, 1043, 1044 Plumbing fixtures, 107, 109-116 Pools, 912 Pot sizes, 906-909, 912 Projection, 950-960 distances, 953 front, 952 rear, 952 Projection room layouts, 950-960 Projection screens, 949-960 Quarry tile, 541 Railings, 665-669, 671, 672, 681, 682, 692, 707, 718 Raised floors, 564-565 Raised paneling, 503 Raised wood panels, 503 Ramps, 723 barrier-free, 718, 719, 723 Rear projection, 952 Receptacles, electrical, 1133 Reception areas: planning data, 260, 261 receptionists' workstation in, 262-276 seating arrangements, 261 Reception desks, 260, 262-272, 855 hotel, 381-384 Reception rooms : 260-277 seating, 261 Reception window detail, 273-276, 512 Recreation, indoor, 196, 197 Reference data, general, 1105-1144 Reflected ceiling plans, 760 Reflective values, color, 1013 Registration desks, 381-383 Residential spaces, 5-219 bathrooms, 100-148 bedrooms, 87-99 closet/storage areas, 206-220
Residential spaces (Coot.) : dining rooms, 80-86 family/recreation rooms, 196-199 kitchens, 149-189 laundry/sewing rooms, 200-205 libraries/studies, 190-195 living rooms, 61-79 period furniture, 5-43 Resilient floors, 541, 551 Restaurants, 307-345 accessible design, 317, 330
banquette seating, 313-316, 318-321 booth seating, 316 cafeteria/servery, 333-345 condiment cabinet, 339, 341, 342
counter details, 333-337 counter details, 323-327, 329, 331, 333-338, 340,343-345 counters, 323-327 dining room seating, 316 host cabinet, 338 lunch counters, 322 design criteria, 322 maitre d' station, 338 salad bar serving counter, 840, 844 seating, 313-316, 318-321
self-service counter, 329 servery counter, 843, 845 service counter, 338 table spacing, 308-316 trash counter, 338 tray pickup, 341 Restrooms and toilets, 425-465 accessible design, 317, 430, 449-452 accessories, 453-457 accessory heights, 426-429, 431, 433, 435-441,450,452 clearances for wheelchair access, 317, 449-452 (see Bathrooms; Hotels) fixture requirements, fixture count, 425 grab bar configurations, 458, 459 lavatory counter details, 442-446 lavatory heights, wheelchair accessible, 450 plans and elevations, 430-441 plumbing data, 425 plumbing fixture heights, 426-429, 431, 433, 435-441 public, 425-465 show facility for accessibility, 147 toilet accessories, 453-459 toilet stall details, 447, 448
toilet stalls, accessible, 449-452 vanity details, 441-446 wheelchair accessible, 317, 430, 449-452 women's toilet/powder room, 430, 434-437 Retail spaces, 387-422 anthropometric considerations, 387-389 back island details, 401 banks, 396-400 binning, 419 counter heights, 387-389, 391, 392, 394-402 department stores, 401-423 display cases, 387-393, 402-404, 408, 409, 862,863 faceouts, 413, 414, 418
Retail spaces (Cont.) : feature walls, 412-417 garment capacities, 418 lighting, 407-409, 412-417, 759 planning data, 387-389 rack display systems, 420-421 refrigerated case, 392 sales counters, 387-389, 391, 392, 394-402 shelving, 407-409, 412-414, 422 shops, 387-395 showcases, 387-393, 402-404, 408, 409 storefronts, 390 triplicate mirror, 410 valance and cove lighting, 415-417 wall display systems, 418, 419 Risers, 671, 686-688, 708, 713-716, 719 Rock formations, 912 Rod display system, 421 Rods : drapery-curtain, 1048-1050 traverse, 1050 Roll-in showers, 140 Rolling ladders, 195 Row length and spacing, 961-969, 970-976 Saddles, 522-528 under doors, 522-528 Salad bar counter, 340 Sates counters, 387-389, 391, 392, 394-402 Sash, profites of, 801 Screens: projection, 952 shoji, 611 Screw types, 1138 Seat widths, 968 Seating arrangements, 966, 970-976 auditorium, 961-976 standard, 961 Seating: continental, 961 multiple, 966 Secondary entries, security of, 989 Security, 977-997 alarms, exit, 995 bars, grills, and gates, 988 closers, 980 control of grounds, 977, 978 cylinders, 981, 983, 984 doors, 977-986 electronic systems, 994, 996, 997 elevators, 978, 989-991 exit doors, secondary, 989 fire doors and fire stairs, 977 garage doors, 992-985 general control guidelines, 977, 978 hardware, 979-986 hinges, 980 lighting, 993 lobby spaces, 977 locks, 981, 986, 987 mailbox rooms, 992, 993 multifamily dwelling, 977 public spaces of multiple dwelling, 977 secondary entries, 989 skylights, 988
Security (Cont.) : sliding doors, 984
window and hardware, 978, 986-988 Security alarms, 994-997 Serving counter, 329, 333-338, 340-345 Settees, 5, 9, 17, 25, 33, 57 Sewing equipment, arrangement of, 205 Sewing machines, heights and clearances, 205 Sewing rooms, 205 planning of, 205 Shades, window, 1052-1054 tamp, 743-746 Shelf and hanging pole, 835 Shelf edge, 826, 830, 834, 835 Shelf heights : closets, 835 storage, 826, 834 Shelf light details, 298 overhead file storage details, 827, 828 Shelf supports, 900 Shelf types: coat, 277 coatrooms, 465 phone, 277 wall, 277 wire basket and shelving system, 216-220, 419 Showcase types : cosmetic display, 391, 402-404 island display, 392 jewelry, 391, 401 refrigerated, 392 shirt display, 391 Shower floor details, 132, 133 Shower seat design, 132 Shower wall details, 132 Showers: grab bars for, 140, 142, 144, 147 roll-in, 140, 144, 147 wheelchair accessibility, 140 Shuffleboard court, 1074 Shutter details, 1057 Shutters, 1055-1057 Sign types, 931-948 area designation-wall mounted plaques, 937 ceiling hung, 937 code, 936 counter top, 939 cut letters, 939 design criteria, 931-935 desk top, 939 directional, overhead, 937 directional, wall mounted, 937 framed wall-mounted plaques, 938 room identifier, 938 Signage : celing hung, 937 checklist for, 934, 935 counter top, 939 desk bar, 939 desk top, 939 directional, 937 flag mount, 939 framed wall-mounted plaques, 938 room identifier, wall mounted, 938 symbols, 940-946
Signage (Cons) : type and mounting heights, 936-939 Signage and graphics, 931-948 Signage system design criteria, 931-936, 949 graphic symbols, 940-946 mounting heights, 936 mounting materials, 937 standard sizes, 936-939 types, 936-939 Sinks, kitchen, 170 Skylights, lignting, 770 State flooring, 541 State stairs, 716 Sliding windows, 1019 Sofa beds, 47 Sofa dimensions, 45 Sofas, 77-79 Sofas, chairs, tables, and stools, 45 Soffits (see Ceilings) Sound control partitions, 494-498 Sound insulation, floor construction, 548-550 Sound insulation and transmission details, 494-498,548-550 Sound levels, 1121 Sound transmission, partitions, 49'98, 1121 floor construction, 548-550 Space planning area requirements, 1106-1109 Specialties, 903-1102 audio-visual systems, 949-960 auditorium seating, 961-976 chalkboards, 1090 color theory, 998-1014 column covers, 1091-1096 drinking fountains, 1100-1102 elevators, 1060-1068 fireplaces, 742 guards, protection, 1087-1088 grilles, 1080-1086 handrails, 1089 indoor recreation, 1069-1074 key cabinets, 1078 letter boxes, 1075 lockers, parcel, 1078 mail chutes, 1078 mail collection boxes, 1076 mail drops, 1077 plantscaping, 906-930 security, 977-997 signage and graphics, 931-948 telephone booths, 1079 turnstiles, 1097-1099 watercoolers, 1100-1102 window treatments, 1015-1059 Spiral stairs, 674, 676, 709, 710 Sports, indoor, 1069-1074 Stair finishes : carpeting, 714 ceramic tile, 561 concrete, 713, 714, 722 marble, 715 state, 716 terrazzo, 539, 708, 712, 714 wood, 665-671 Stair lighting, 766-769 Stairs : barrier-free design data, 718, 719
Stairs (Cont.) : circular, 675, 711 classes of, 677 clearances, 660-664, 686
critical dimensions, 660-664, 686 details of, 665-672, 678-784, 687-699, 703-708,712-716,721,722 floor to floor heights, 660 handrail heights, 664 handrails, 664-673, 692-702, 717, 718, 765 headroom, 660, 664 layout of, 664 length of, 686, 661-663
lighting of, 766-769 minimum width of, 661 nosings and treads, 664, 687, 688, 691, 708, 713-716,722,766-769 number of risers, 660, 662, 663 oval, 674, 676, 709, 710 pitch of, 664 planning data, 660-664, 677, 717 platform, 683 riser calculations, 660 spiral, 674, 676, 709, 710 steel, 670, 671 stringers, 689, 690 treads, 687-688, 719 types, 682, 683 circular, 674-676, 709-711 concrete, 672, 712-714 double L, 662 L-shaped, 662, 663 ladders, 720, 721 oval, 675 scissor, 713 spiral, 674-676, 709-711 steel, 678-683, 722 straight run, 662 U-shaped, 663, 717 width, 661-663, 685 wood, details of, 665-671, 673 Stairway layouts (see Stairs) Standards and brackets, 422 STC (sound transmission classifications), 494-498 floor construction, 548-550 Steel stairs, 670, 671 details of, 670, 671 Storage : closet, 826, 834, 835 coatroom, 461-463 electronic media, 294, 295 overhead file, 827, 828 registration desks, 381-384 residential, 206-220 Storage cabinets, 290 dimensions of, 816 glossary of, 292, 293 wardrobe, 817 Storage components, 292, 293 Storage shelves, 834 Storage walls, 816 Stores : department, 401-422 shops, 387-395 Straight run stairs, 662
Stringers, steel, 666, 667, 671, 678, 680-686, 692-694,703-708 Strip flooring, 1127 estimating of wood, 1127 Study, 190-194 Suspended ceiling types, 641-659 concealed spline, 647 miscellaneous details, 653-655 perimeters and drops, 656 Suspension system types, 641-643 Swags, 1029-1031, 1038-1040, 1042 Symbols: commercial, 941, 942 medical, 940 recreation/sports, 445 travel, 943, 944 universal, 946
Tables, 44, 50, 60 banquet, 252 boardroom, 847, 848 conference, 283, 284 design criteria for restaurants, 312 dining room, 80-86 restaurant. 307-316 Table arrangements, restaurants, 307-311 Table lamps, 744 Table sizes: billiards, 197 conference room, 249-255, 283, 284 ping pong, 197 pool, 197 spacing in Tack sizes, 1136 Task tights, wall-mounted, 748 Telephone stations, 277, 1079 Telephone : clearances, 1079, 1118 mounting heights, 1079 Television viewing areas, 49 Teller's counters, 855 Tennis court, 1070, 1072
Terrazzo, 536-540 base, 538 flooring, 536, 537, 540 stairs, 539 Theater seating, 961-976 Thresholds, 522-528 Tiebacks, 1045, 1046 Tile walls, 132-134, 505-507 Toilet accessories, 143-148, 317, 380, 449-459 Toilet partitions, 447, 448 Toilet stalls : accessible, 449 grab bars, 143-148, 449, 452, 458, 459 Trader's wall, 814, 815 Trading desk details, 246-248 Treads, 671, 686-688, 708, 713-716 barrier-free, 719 cement, 713, 714, 722 concrete, 683, 686-688 marble, 687, 715 metal, 687 state, 716 terrazzo, 708, 714 wood, 671, 687
Trees, indoor, 907 Trim (see Mouldings) Turnstiles, 1097-1099 Typeface styles, 947, 948 Units of measurement, 1139, 1140 Valance and cove lighting, 749 Vanities, 125-127, 129-131 countertop details, 125-127, 130, 131 Veneer : marble, 508, 509 state, 511 Vertical blinds, 1059 Vertical circulation (see Elevators) Vinyl cove base, 532, 551 Volleyball court, 1073 Wainscot : flat paneled, 798-800
marble, 508-510 slate, 511 wood, 500-502, 805 Waiter station, 328 Wall areas of rooms, 1124, 1125 Walt beds, 47 wall board partitions, 481-496 Wall finishes, 500-511 ceramic tile, 505-507 marble, 508-510 paneling, 500-504 slate, 511 wood, 500-504 Wall-mounted task lights, 748 Wall paneling : stile and rail, 503 wallpaper area conversion, 1123 Wall protection guards, 1087, 1088 Wall types (see Partitions) Wall unit details, private offices, 236-239 Wallpaper covering, 1123-1125
Walls: marble, 508-510 slate, 511 terrazzo, 539 Washer/dryer arrangements, 200, 201 Waterbeds, 47 Waterclosets, 115, 116 wheelchair access, 143-148, 317, 380, 444-452 grab bars for, 143-148, 458, 459 Wheelchair : accessible bathrooms, 143-145, 317, 380, 449-452 adaptable kitchens, 181-185 clearances for, 1114-1118 elevators, 1065 lifts, 1068 restaurants, 317, 330
Wheelchair (Cont.) : terminology, 1114 Whirlpool baths, 113, 135 Window bars, grilles and gates, 1080-1086 Window treatments, 1015-1059
brackets, 1047 curtains, 1027-1041 draperies, 1027-1041 guidlines, 1058, 1059 mounts, 1047 shades,1052-1054 shutters, 1055, 1056 Window types, 1015-1026 austral, 1020 awning, 1016, 1018 bottom hinged, 1017 casement, 1015, 1024, 1025 casement hopper, 1017 custom shapes, 1021 double hung, 1015, 1016, 1019, 1022, 1024, 1025 dual vent, 1019 gliding, 1019 Gothic, 1021 hopper, 1017, 1018 jalousie, 1018 metal, 1018, 1020 oval, 1021 pivot, 1019, 1020 projected, 1018 reversible, 1020 round top, 1021 side hinged, 1017 sliding, 1019 special, 1020 stationary, 1023 top hinged, 1018
two-light, 1022 wood, 1017-1026 Windows, 1015-1026
pass-through, 275, 276 reception, 273-276, 512 security of, 978, 986-988 Windows and hardware, 1015-1026 Wire shelving systems, 216-220 Women's toilets, 430, 434-437 Wood : board feet of, 1127 door frames, 608, 609 floor construction, 542-550 flooring types, 544-547 joinery details, 781-787
paneling, 661, 804, 805, 860 parquet, 544-546 railing and gate, 852 railings, 665-671 stairs, 665-671, 673 strip flooring, 543 windows, 802, 803
Woodwork details. 804-865 attars, 840 bar sinks,818 bars, 346, 347, 358-362, 364-366, 368-373, 864 base cabinets, 837 benches, 849 book and prayer shawl cabinets, 832, 833 bookcases, 808-812 cabinet doors, 797 casework, 788-794 clothes storage, 835 coat closet, 835 corner cupboards, 806, 807 cornices, 856-861 counters, teller's, 855 counters, work, 824-826, 836, 855 display cases, 819-823, 829, 862, 863 door finishes, 865 drawers, 791 file countertop, 836 finishes, 865 hidden door, 853 lecterns, 843-846 lobby display, 829 overfile cabinets, 827, 828 moulding, 856-861 paneling, 804, 805, 860, 861 pantry cabinet, 839 pass-through vision panel, 275, 276 pews, 841 planter/storage cabinets, 831 raised panel door, 794, 799, 801, 854 sanctuary door, 842 sash, 801 screen, 850
storage shelves, 834 storage walls, 816 tables, conference, 847, 848 teller's counters, 855 trader's wall, 814, 815 wardrobes, 817 window seat, 851 windows, 802, 803 wood paneling, 804, 805 wood railing and gate, 852 wood stairs, 665-671, 673 work counters, 824-826 Workstation types, 223-232 basic, 223-226 electronic, 241-248 anthropometrics of, 241, 242 executive, 231, 232 general, 223-230 multiple, 227-229 receptionist, 260 trading desks, 246, 247 trading tables, 248 wood stud partitions, 472, 473, 494, 498
About the Editors JOSEPH DE CHIARA is a practicing architect and
city planner in New York City . He has taught at Columbia University, Pratt Institute, Cooper Union, the New York Institute of Technology, and the State University of New York at Farmingdale. He is coauthor of Time-Saver Standards for Site Planning and the author of Handbook of Architectural Details for Commercial Buildings and Time-Saver Standards for Building Types, all published by McGraw-Hill. De Chiara received a Bachelor of Architecture degree from Pratt Institute and a Master's degree in Urban Planning from Columbia University . JULIUS PANERO, AIA, ASID, is a practicing
architect, interior designer, and Professor of Interior Design at the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City . He has taught interior design for the past 32 years and was a former chairperson of the interior design department at FIT. A graduate of Pratt Institute, where he received a Bachelor of Architecture, and Columbia University, where he received a Master of Science in Urban Planning, Panero is a member of the American Institute of Architects and the American Society of Interior Designers . Licensed to practice architecture in New York, Panero is a principal in the architectural and consulting firm of Panero Zelnik Associates, Architects/Interior Designers. He is coauthor of Human Dimension & Interior Space, a sourcebook of design reference standards . In 1986, he was awarded the prestigious ASID Joel Polsky Prize for this book . He is also the author of Anatomy for Interior Designers and a contributing author to the Time-Saver Standards series . MARTIN ZELNIK, AIA, ASID, IDEC, is a practicing architect, interior designer, and Professor of Interior Design at the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City, where he has taught interior design for the past 23 years . He served as chairperson of the interior design department from 1983 to 1986 . He is a graduate of Brandeis University, where he received a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree, and
Columbia University, where he earned a Master of Architecture degree . Zelnik is a member of the Interior Design Educators Council, the American Society of Interior Designers, and the American Institute of Architects ; has served as a special consultant to the National Council of Interior Design Qualifications ; and holds certification with the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards . He has been a principal in the New York City-based architectural and consulting firm of Panero Zelnik Associates, Architects/Interior Designers, for over 18 years. The firm specializes in institutional, religious, and transportation facilities, and corporate interiors. Zelnik is coauthor of Human Dimension & Interior Space, a sourcebook of design reference standards. In 1986, he was awarded the prestigious ASID Joel Polsky Prize for this book .